艾司洛尔预防颈丛神经阻滞引起的心血管反应

目的:观察艾司洛尔预防颈丛神经阻滞引起的心血管反应及其临床效果.方法:择期行单侧甲状腺手术患者46例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,按先后随机将病人分为艾司洛尔组(Ⅰ组)和盐水对照组(Ⅱ组).予1%利多卡因及0.25%布比卡因混合液行双侧颈浅丛阻滞,回抽无血,各注入混合液(不含肾上腺素)10 ml.I组颈丛神经阻滞前静注艾司洛尔0.5mg/kg,继以0.01 mg/(kg·min)的速度持续静脉泵入.Ⅱ组颈丛神经阻滞前静注生理盐水3 ml.观察病人入室后的基础值.颈丛神经阻滞前,颈丛神经阻滞后1、3、5、10 min,肿物摘除即刻和手术结束时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR).通过心率一收缩压乘积(RPP)间接了解心肌氧耗.结果:两组病人在基础值、颈丛神经阻滞前的SBP、DBP、HR及RPP均无统计学差异(P>0.05).Ⅰ组颈丛神经阻滞后各时间点的SBP、DBP、HR及RPP与基础值比较无显著差异(P>0.05).Ⅱ组颈丛神经阻滞后各时间点的SBP、DBP、HR及RPP明显高于基础值(P<0.05),尤其以3 min时最为显著(P<0.01),Ⅱ组颈丛神经阻滞后3、5、10 min的SBP、DBP、HR及RPP均显著高于同期Ⅰ组(P<0.05)肿物摘除时.结论:应用小剂量艾司洛尔可以有效防止颈丛神经阻滞引起的心血管反应.     

咪唑安定与芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于颈丛阻滞麻醉后对患者应激反应的影响

目的 探究与分析咪唑安定与芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于颈丛阻滞麻醉后对患者应激反应的影响.方法选取本院2012年8月至2015年8月收治的90例接受颈丛阻滞麻醉的颈部手术患者,采取随机数字表法分为咪唑安定组、芬太尼组及对照组,各30例.咪唑安定组给予罗哌卡因复合咪唑安定,芬太尼组给予芬太尼复合罗哌卡因,对照组仅给予罗哌卡因,对比三组麻醉阻滞前、麻醉阻滞后5、20、40 rain收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)及血氧饱和度(sP02).结果 对照组阻滞后5 rain SBP及DBP与阻滞前相比明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=3.42,5.56,P＜0.05).咪唑安定组及芬太尼组阻滞后20 rain、阻滞后40 min SBP及DBP与阻滞前相比均明显升高,但不如对照组升高显著,且芬太尼组与咪唑安定组相比SBP及DBP升高更加显著,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.23～6.19,P＜0.05).咪唑安定组及芬太尼组阻滞后20 min、阻滞后40 min HR与阻滞前相比升高,但不如对照组升高显著,差异具有统计学意义(t=5.10～6.23,P＜0.05).结论 采用咪唑安定或芬太尼复合罗哌卡因应用于颈丛阻滞麻醉后均可在一定程度上预防颈丛阻滞后血压升高、心率增快等应激反应,但咪唑安定复合罗哌卡因的效果更好,安全性较高.     

咪唑安定降低颈丛神经阻滞时心血管反应的临床观察

目的 评价颈丛神经阻滞术中应用咪唑安定能否减少血压和心率的变化.方法 将60例甲状腺肿瘤切除手术病人,随机分为A、B两组.A组:静注咪唑安定0.05mg/kg 芬太尼0.0015mg/kg;B组:静注氟哌利多0.05mg/kg 芬太尼0.0015mg/kg.两组均选用0.25%罗哌卡因,左右各10ml行颈丛神经阻滞.观察阻滞前、阻滞后5min、15min、30min时的SBP、DBP、HR及SPO2.结果 B组血压和心率均明显高于阻滞前(P＜0.05),B组血压和心率在15min、30min明显高于A组(P＜0.05).SPO2都无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 颈丛神经阻滞术中应用咪唑安定能减少血压和心率的变化.     

美托洛尔复合局麻药用于颈丛阻滞临床观察

目的探讨美托洛尔复合局麻药用于颈丛阻滞的可行性.方法选择择期行甲状腺手术ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、年龄18～60岁、男女不限患者40例,随机分为A、B两组.两组均采用G4一针法行患侧深丛和双侧颈浅丛阻滞.A组局麻药用1%盐酸利多卡因＋0.2%盐酸布比卡因共30 ml.B组采用1%盐酸利多卡因＋0.2%布比卡因＋美托洛尔0.06mg/kg共30ml.分别于阻滞前,阻滞后5、10、20、30 min记录SBP、DBP和HR.结果A组阻滞后5 min和30 min SBP、DBP和HR分别较阻滞前上升（P＜0.05）,阻滞10 min和20min SPB、DBP和HR分别较阻滞前明显上升（P＜0.01）.B组在阻滞后各时段SBP、DBP和HR较阻滞前有所上升,但差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论美托洛尔复合局麻药注入预防颈丛阻滞后心血管副反应是有效的.     

右美托咪定辅助颈丛阻滞甲状腺手术的临床研究

目的 观察右美托咪定辅助颈丛阻滞甲状腺手术的麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响.方法 40例颈丛神经阻滞甲状腺手术病人随机分为2组,D组右美托咪定组（20例）,C组0.9%氯化钠对照组（20例）.观察麻醉效果并记录颈丛阻滞前（T0）、切皮（T1）、分离腺瘤（T2）、手术结束 （T3） 等各时点的SBP、DBP、HR.结果 D组麻醉效果优于C 组（P〈0.05）.D组各时点SBP、DBP、HR较平稳.C组T1、T2、T3各时点SBP、DBP、HR较T0明显升高（P〈0.05）,D组T1、T2、T3各时点SBP、DBP、HR较C组明显下降 （P〈0.05）.结论 右美托咪定辅助颈丛阻滞甲状腺手术,其镇静、镇痛作用好,血流动力学稳定.     

颈丛阻滞复合针刺麻醉在甲亢手术中的应用

目的 了解颈丛阻滞复合针刺麻醉行甲亢手术的麻醉效果.方法 80例甲亢患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为单纯双侧颈丛阻滞组(A组,n=40)和双侧颈丛神经阻滞复合针刺麻醉组(B组,n=40).两组均采用C4一针法行双侧颈丛阻滞,B组在此基础上行针刺麻醉.观察并记录两组麻醉前、麻醉后15 min、术中及术毕的循环变化,并进行两组的麻醉效果的评定.结果 A组麻醉后SBP、DBP、HR均较麻醉前上升(P＜0.05),B组麻醉后上述参数稍有上升,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).麻醉效果优良率B组多于A组(P＜0.01).结论 颈丛阻滞复合针刺麻醉行甲亢手术,术中循环稳定,麻醉效果优良,是甲亢手术较理想的麻醉方法.     

丙泊酚预防颈丛阻滞麻醉后高血压反应的作用

目的探讨丙泊酚预防颈丛阻滞所致高血压的作用.方法选择在颈丛阻滞麻醉下行甲状腺次全手术患者40例,随机分为2组,每组20例,A组麻醉前、中应用适量丙泊酚,而B组不用丙泊酚,分别于麻醉前、麻醉后不同时间监测收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)的变化.结果与A组比B组在颈丛阻滞后10、20 min SBP有显著升高(P＜0.01),阻滞后10 min DBP有显著升高(P＜0.01).结论预防性应用丙泊酚可明显减轻颈丛阻滞所致的血压升高反应.     

颈丛神经阻滞甲状腺手术辅助瑞芬太尼对麻醉效果和呼吸功能的影响

目的 观察瑞芬太尼加强甲状腺手术颈丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果和对呼吸功能的影响.方法 一侧甲状腺腺瘤行单纯腺瘤切除或单侧甲状腺次全切除术的患者40例,分为瑞芬太尼组(A组)和芬太尼+氟哌利组(B组),每组20例.施颈丛神经阻滞.手术开始后A组静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1 μg· kg-1·min-1,B组静注芬太尼、氟哌利多.观察2组麻醉效果以及不同时点:基础(TO)、颈丛阻滞后10 min (T1)、手术开始(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、肿瘤切除时(T4)和术毕(T5)时的RR、SpO2、SBP、HR值.结果 A组麻醉效果优良率高于B组(P<0.05).2组颈丛阻滞后各时点SBP、HR均较基础值升高(P<0.05或<0.01).肿瘤切除时(T4)的SBP、HRA组明显低于B组(P<0.05或<0.01).A组T3 、T4 、T5时RR、SpO2明显低于基础值(P<0.05或<0.01)并明显低于(T3RR除外)B组(P<0.05或<0.01).结论 以0.05～0.1 μg· kg-1·min-1的速度持续输注瑞芬太尼可以完善甲状腺手术颈丛神经阻滞麻醉效果,但对呼吸功能产生一定程度抑制.     

小剂量雷米芬太尼复合芬太尼全麻诱导对循环的影响

目的 观察芬太尼复合小剂量雷米芬太尼用于全麻诱导对循环的影响.方法 80例择期全身麻醉患者,随机均分为芬太尼复合小剂量瑞芬太尼组(RF组)和芬太尼组(F组).记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)、10 min(T5)时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR).同时观察诱导期间的不良反应如低血压等,以及应用血管活性药麻黄碱、阿托品和乌拉地尔的例数及平均剂量.结果 与T0比较,T1时两组SBP、DBP、HR均有不同程度下降(P＜0.05).与T0比较,T2、T3时RF组SBP、DBP、HR均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但F组均有明显上升(P＜0.05).RF组血管活性药物平均用量显著少于F组(P＜0.05).结论 全麻诱导应用丙泊酚复合芬太尼1.5 μg/kg和雷米芬太尼1μg/kg能有效抑制全麻诱导期的应激反应,维持循环平稳.     

右美托咪定和咪达唑仑联合颈丛神经阻滞在甲状腺切除手术中的效果比较

目的比较右美托咪定、咪达唑仑联合颈丛神经阻滞在甲状腺切除手术中的镇静效果。方法甲状腺手术患者40例,随机分为右美托咪定组(Ⅰ组,20例)和咪达唑仑组(Ⅱ组,20例)。Ⅰ组神经阻滞5min后立即给予右美托咪定,Ⅱ组神经阻滞5min后给予咪达唑仑。观察各组患者神经阻滞前、阻滞后5min、切皮时、甲状腺分离时、手术结束时患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)。结果与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组患者在分离甲状腺时和手术结束时SBP、DBP、HR值明显降低,P<0.05;患者术中镇静、镇痛更完善,未发生上呼吸道梗阻和呼吸抑制。结论右美托咪定辅助颈丛神经阻滞用于甲状腺手术可以有效的抑制颈丛麻醉下的心血管反应,具有更好的镇静镇痛作用,可以使患者更配合,安全性更高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.