Nutritional therapy. Indication and approaches]

Appropriate nutritional therapy of surgical patients intends to supply calories for the maintenance of essential body functions. Beyond this goal, nutritional support may also significantly reduce nosocomial morbidity if applied properly and to the right patients. In surgical patients, nutritional therapy should start preoperatively by identifying and treating malnutrition and be continued postoperatively as a patient-tailored supportive measure. Oral/enteral nutrition is feasible in the majority of patients. Rare exceptions are patients with intestinal leakage, overt ileus, and circulatory shock. If the upper gastrointestinal tract is not functioning (as in swallowing disorders or after construction of surgical anastomoses), tube systems may be used. They can be placed endoscopically or at the time of surgery (needle catheter jejunostomy) to allow continuous enteral nutrition. If oral/enteral nutrition cannot completely meet caloric requirements of the patient, additional parenteral supply is indispensable to reach the intended caloric goal.     

Surgical approaches to the liver and spleen]

A three-edge arbalest access to subdiaphragmatic organs is suggested. The access in its total or partial extent was tested in 393 operations. This access is considered to be more advantageous as compared with the analogous known ones.     

New conservative therapeutic approaches in benign prostatic hyperplasia]

The efficacy of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is presently under critical consideration. In addition, various new therapeutic modalities are currently being evaluated. When medicamentous treatment is planned, in particular, the natural history of the disease must be carefully considered. Summarized data from several studies indicate that spontaneous improvement of symptoms may occur within 3-6 months, while in most cases deterioration takes a longer period of time. As intraprostatic urethral pressure depends on prostatic volume as well as on tone of the prostate smooth muscle, different medical treatment modalities seem reasonable. The dynamic component of the smooth muscle cells may be influenced by alpha-blockers. Administration of selective alpha 1-blockers will be advantageous as these have fewer side effects. Prostate volume represents the static component, which can be influenced by hormone treatment. Androgen deprivation via surgical castration must now be regarded as of historical interest only. Antiandrogens or LH-RH analogues have undesirable side effects and are expensive, making such treatment unacceptable for routine use. 5 alpha-Reductase inhibitors may emerge as a new treatment form allowing androgen suppression with a low rate of side effects. As it has been proposed that estrogens play an important role in the regulation of prostatic growth, aromatase inhibitors, which inhibit metabolization from androgens to estrogens, may receive special attention in the near future. Based on the theory that androgens may be of special importance for the epithelium, while estrogen action may be concentrated on the stroma, a combined treatment with inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase plus aromatase may be even more effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Surgical technique and approaches in orthotopic liver transplantation]

The first clinical experience with orthotopic transplantation of the liver was summarized. Within the period of from February 1990 to May 1991, 8 operations were performed, including one retransplantation of the liver. The peculiarities and variants of surgical technique, general principles of the performance of operation, methods for vascular and biliary reconstruction are presented. After the operation, 3 patients are alive, no surgical complications were observed.     

Abdominal approaches and drainages of the abdominal cavity]

Appropriate access to the abdominal cavity is the first and crucial step for successful abdominal surgical intervention. In planning the incision, several variables have to be considered, such as anatomy of the abdominal wall, localization of the target organ, and individual conditions (previous incisions, minimal access surgery, etc). Medial laparotomy is the preferred incision for emergency cases and ill-defined pathologies, allowing access and hence exploration to all quadrants. Transverse laparotomies give superior access to the dorsal and right aspects of the liver and cause less pain in patients unfit for regional anesthetic procedures. Draining of the abdominal cavity is used after various resective and reconstructive procedures, but there is little evidence for its use in a number of operations such as gastric, hepatic, and colorectal resections. Advantages and disadvantages of different abdominal wall incisions and drainages are discussed.     

New approaches to the surgical treatment of diffuse peritonitis]

OBJECTIVE: We intend to analyze if additional treatment concepts are necessary in any case as a part of the standard therapy next to the well established principle of source control in the treatment of secondary peritonitis. DESIGN: A treatment concept with early intervention, source control and extensive intraoperative lavage (20-301) should be evaluated as a standard procedure in a prospective survey. Additional treatment concepts will be applied only for special reason (on demand). RESULTS: From 11/1993 to 9/1997 241 patients with diffuse peritonitis were treated with the concept mentioned above. Additional treatment concepts as continuous postoperative lavage (n = 20) and staged lavage (n = 4) were applied as primary treatment in 24 patients only (10%), mainly for impossibility of source control and evisceration. Source control at the initial operation was possible in 216 patients (90%). Due to secondary evisceration 3 patients had to undergo laparostomy for staged lavage later. Severity of peritonitis was determined according to the Mannheim Peritonitis Index (median 26, range 15-43). The primary causes of peritonitis were perforation, leakage and abscess after operation (n = 56), followed by diverticular (n = 42) and gastric or duodenal perforation (n = 39). The hospital mortality rate was 14% in the whole group, and the postoperative morbidity rate was 39%. CONCLUSIONS: Due to progress in intensive care and antibiotic treatment only a few patients (ca. 10%) need additional therapies such as postoperative or staged lavage. Surgical source control in combination with intraoperative lavage is sufficient in most of the patients with diffuse peritonitis.     

Neoplasms of the major and minor salivary glands. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and case presentations]

Between January 1982 and December 1988, 37 patients with neoplasm of salivary glands have been treated in our Division of Surgical Oncology. The sites of tumors were: parotid 26, submandibular gland 4, minor salivary gland 7. The preoperative diagnostic procedures were: sialogram, ultrasonogram, fine needle aspiration. Malignant tumors were 16:5 adenoca., 4 metastases, 3 adenoid cystic, 2 mucoepidermoid, 1 acinic cells, 1 lymphoma. Twenty-one patients affected by neoplasms and 5 by malignant tumors were treated with surgery only. Nine patients affected by malignant tumors were treated with surgery and RT. Two patients were treated with RT only. The first therapeutic step is surgery; in order to control local evolution of tumor, postoperative irradiation is recommended. Possible indications of preoperative diagnostic procedures and the therapeutic choices are discussed.     

New approaches in diagnosis and therapy of the thoracic outlet syndrome]

The results of diagnosis and treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in 35 patients have been analysed. Compression of the subclavicular neurovascular bundle at the site of its outlet from the thoracic cavity was most frequent cause of TOS development. A degree of compression was assessed quantitatively by the data of a modified functional dynamic test. The modified operation, including resection of the I rib (and of a cervical one in its presence), scalene muscle, musculus pectoralis minor, periarterial sympathectomy of the subclavicular artery, was performed. In narrow (less than 1.5 cm) costoclavicular space, the II rib was additionally resected. An excellent long-term result is indicative of the effectiveness of the method.     

A comparison between midline and paramedian approaches for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]

We compared midline approach with paramedian approach for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) by needle through needle technique. Seventy patients undergoing elective gynecological surgery received CSEA with a 27 G Whitacre spinal needle, which protrudes 12 mm beyond the tip of the Tuohy needle. The successful subarachnoid puncture with first attempt was noted in 33 patients (94%) of midline group (M group), in 31 patients (89%) of paramedian group (P group). At the subarachnoid puncture, skin to epidural space distance (43.2 mm vs 53.4 mm) and protrusion length of spinal needle (5.5 mm vs 8 mm) were significantly longer in the P group than in the M group. Abdominal radiography revealed the flexion of epidural catheter in 19 patients (54%) of M group and in 2 patients (6%) of P group. The choice of midline or paramedian approach for CSEA did not affect the success rate of the subarachnoid puncture, but paramedian approach required longer protrusion length of the spinal needle than midline approach. To raise the success rate of subarachnoid puncture by paramedian approach, a long protruded spinal needle is recommended.     

The blind spots in arthroscopic approaches

Summary Fifty-six knees from preserved cadavers were examined in order to compare the blind spots in different approaches to the knee during arthroscopy.After dissection of the skin pins were placed to define the main ligamentous structures of the knee, and arthroscopic examination was then carried out using a 30° Storz telescope.The blind spots were defined for each approach.The central approach gives a wide visualisation of the posterior compartment and has a smaller blind area than other approaches.

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Résumé L'étude anatomique de 56 genoux de cadavre a permis de comparer les «angles morts» en fonction des différents points d'introduction de l'arthroscope.Après dissection des téguments, nous avons placé des aiguilles dans les ligaments du genou. Puis nous avons introduit l'arthroscope avec une optique Storz de 30°, ce qui a permis de repérer les «angles morts» pour chaque abord.En conclusion, l'abord transtendineux nous a donné la meilleure vision des compartiments postérieurs en même temps que des «angles morts» plus petits que par les autres abords.

     

The transgluteal approaches to the hip

Summary The transgluteal approach to the hip, first described by Bauer et al. [1] in 1979, has since become a recognized routine method. Its longitudinal incision of the fibers of the gluteus medius and minimus and the vastus lateralis muscles takes advantage of the tendinous junction of these muscles over the greater trochanter. This paper describes the modifications of the transgluteal approach described in the literature and compares them to the original procedure. In 52 hip specimens, including attached muscles, the insertions and different variations of the junction of the gluteus medius, minimus and vastus lateralis muscles over the greater trochanter are described and statistically analysed. In 59.6% of all specimens there proved to be a united tendinous junction of all the muscles referred to above, while in 40.4% autonomous insertions of the gluteus medius and/or gluteus minimus were seen. In accordance with the anatomical results, the form of incision described by the original authors can be considered the most favourable. In roughly one-third of all hip operations, autonomous insertions of gluteus medius and minimus must be taken into account, since otherwise total or partial upward displacement of the autonomous muscle insertions could occur.     

不同类型肩胛骨骨折手术入路的选择

目的 探讨不同类型肩胛骨骨折的手术人路选择标准、适应证及疗效.方法 1997年1月至2007年12月手术治疗肩胛骨骨折161例,男120例,女41例;年龄20～65岁,平均38岁.术前均行CT检查,其中94例行CT三维重建.单纯型骨折54例,混合型骨折107例,共302处.根据Miller分型:Ⅰ A型25例,Ⅰ B型23例,Ⅰ C型25例,ⅡA型26例,ⅡB型28例,ⅡC型29例,Ⅲ型54例,Ⅳ型92例.其中Ⅲ犁肩盂骨折根据Ideberg分型:ⅢA型11例,ⅢB型10例,ⅢC型12例,ⅢD型13例,ⅢE型8例.合并多发伤112例,其中锁骨骨折致浮肩损伤14例,肩胛上神经损伤8例,多发肋骨骨折87例,血气胸和(或)肺挫伤53例,颈椎损伤8例,同侧肩关节脱位15例,同侧肱骨近端骨折12例,肩胛胸壁分离1例.前方入路11例(Ⅰ C型7例、ⅢA型4例),标准后方入路12例(Ⅰ B型3例、Ⅱ型8例、Ⅲ型1例),后上人路14例(Ⅰ A型2例、Ⅰ B型1例、ⅢC型6例、ⅢD型5例),后外入路10例(ⅡA型3例、ⅢB型3例、ⅢC型2例、ⅢD型2例),前后联合入路22例,改良Judet入路92例.结果 所有病例随访3个月以上,其中32例随访1～7年,平均38.5个月.术后3个月Rowe疗效评价,优102例、良33例、可18例、差8例,优良率84.4%.结论 肩胛骨骨折术前需完善影像学检查明确骨折类型和手术目标区.针对骨折类型选择手术入路,以操作安全、简单便捷、出血量少、损伤小、暴露骨折充分为原则.