肝硬化患者血浆降钙素原、内皮素-1与食管静脉曲张的关系

探讨肝硬化患者血浆降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)与食管静脉曲张的关系。采用免疫发光法和放射免疫法测定78例肝硬化患者血浆PCT、ET-1水平,并与食管胃镜检查结果比较。肝硬化患者血浆PCT、ET-1水平均显著高于正常(P<0.01),二者水平呈正相关(r=0.38,P<0.01)。食管静脉曲张组血浆PCT、ET-1水平显著高于未并发食管静脉曲张组(P<0.01),血浆ET-1与食管静脉曲张程度的相关性优于血浆PCT。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的防治

食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化患者的严重并发症,病死率高,是最常见的消化系统急症之一。近年来,随着研究的深入,食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的预防和治疗方法都有了一些新的进展,本文对此进行综述。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张的替代诊断方法

食管静脉曲张(EV)破裂出血是肝硬化最为严重的并发症之一。上消化道内镜(UGE)是诊断EV的金标准,但为侵袭性检查。目前,已经报道了很多诊断EV的替代方法,包括血清学模型、超声指标、肝脏及脾脏硬度检测、食管胶囊内镜、核磁共振和CT等。综述了这些替代方法诊断EV的准确度及其临床意义。认为超声指标(脾门指数、门静脉充血指数及血小板与脾直径比值)、脾脏硬度检测、CT和食管胶囊内镜诊断EV的准确度较高,故可考虑应用于临床实践以减少UGE的使用。     

肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张破裂早期再出血的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EGVB)患者再出血的危险因素。方法收集宁夏医科大学2006年1月-2009年12月收住入院的432例肝硬化患者,初次治疗后出血停止的325例为对照组(即出血停止组),再出血的107例为研究组(即再出血组)。分析2组患者的临床和相关检查资料。两组间计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料的比较采用卡方检验,并进行多个样本率间的多重比较。应用单因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析出血的影响因素。结果性别、吸烟、血红蛋白、白细胞、ALT、AST、脾脏厚度两组患者中差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。单因素非条件Logistic回归分析中性粒细胞相对值(OR=0.976,P=0.034)、白细胞计数(OR=1.173,P=0.007)、门静脉宽度(OR=7.530,P=0.001)和血红蛋白(OR=1.015,P=0.013)与出血具有相关性。结论白细胞、中性粒细胞、血红蛋白、门静脉为肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂早期再出血的危险因素。     

肝硬化BEV持续出血判断及再出血的预测

食管静脉曲张破裂出血(BEV)是肝硬化最常见的并发症和重要死亡原因,食管静脉的异常血流动力学变化是造成食管静脉曲张破裂的主要因素。判断BEV失血量,预测持续出血及再出血十分重要。本文综述肝硬化BEV持续出血及再出血预测的研究进展。     

肝硬化患者脾肝体积比与食管胃底静脉曲张的关系

目的探讨脾肝体积比在预测静脉曲张程度中的价值。方法对51例确诊的肝硬化患者进行胃镜和增强CT检查,将食管胃底静脉曲张程度分级并计算患者的脾肝体积比;比较这两个指标的相关性和各级静脉曲张患者的脾肝体积比。结果食管胃底静脉曲张的分级与脾肝体积比相关性明显(t=0.693,P<0.001)。各级食管胃底静脉曲张之间的脾肝体积比差异均有统计学意义。结论肝硬化患者随着脾肝体积比值的升高,静脉曲张程度加重,脾肝体积比可以作为无创性检测手段判断静脉曲张程度,为进一步的工作打下了一定的基础。     

Lamivudine treatment-related morphological changes of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis

Aim: Many studies have reported the therapeutic effects of lamivudine on cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B; however, no study has investigated the morphological changes of esophageal varices after lamivudine treatment. Method: The morphological changes of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis were retrospectively compared between 12 patients treated with lamivudine and six historical untreated patients. Results: In the treated group, the HBV DNA and hyaluronic acid (HA) levels in the serum were significantly lower than those in the untreated group (P = 0.013 and P = 0.009, respectively) at the end of follow-up, with a significant improvement in the Child-Pugh-Turcotte score (P = 0.022). In the treated group, the disappearance or reduction of esophageal varices was observed in six (50%) of the 12 patients. In three (25%) of the 12 patients, esophageal varices worsened. In the remaining three patients (25%), there were no changes in esophageal varices. In the untreated group, all patients showed the worsening of esophageal varices during the follow-up period, with a significant difference between this group and the treated group (P = 0.009). The serum HA level decreased in the nine treated patients without worsening of esophageal varices. However, in the three patients with worsening, the HA level significantly increased. Conclusion: Lamivudine treatment for patients with cirrhosis improves not only liver function but also esophageal varices.     

Clinical trial of prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation for esophageal varices

Endoscopic variceal ligation is an effective therapy for variceal bleeding, and use of the method has recently been increasing. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation. Twenty-two patients with enlarged, tortuous varices and red color signs were selected. These patients were treated with ligation therapy alone and the varices were eradicated, i.e., reduced to small, straight varices without red color signs. Ligation therapy was withdrawn if the general condition of the patient worsened or if the varices could not be removed by suction. Follow-up endoscopy was performed every 4 months, and another ligation was performed if there were recurrent varices or variceal bleeding. The total reduction rate was 86.4%, and eradication required two sessions of therapy and 30 days of hospitalization on average. Complications included esophageal injury in 1 patient and treatment-induced bleeding in 1 patient; both complications were easily controlled. No variceal bleeding occurred after the eradication. There was no mortality due to gastrointestinal bleeding during the median follow-up period of 346 days. Prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation made it possible to prevent fatal variceal bleeding with a minimum risk of complications, suggesting that this could be an alternative method for the prevention of first-time variceal bleeding.     

102例肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血二级预防硬化治疗分析

目的 评价硬化治疗预防食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2010年3月—2012年2月行食管静脉曲张硬化治疗(esophageal varices sclerotherapy,EVS)二级预防的肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张出血患者102例的临床资料。102例共行EVS328例次,其中择期309例次,追加治疗19例次,首次治疗(3.0±0.8)次。对其中88例进行1～20(10.2±2.5)个月随访。结果 随访88例中,食管静脉曲张消失和基本消失率为79.5%,远期再出血率为12.5%。主要并发症为术后发热、食管注射点溃疡或糜烂出血。结论 EVS治疗食管静脉曲张出血,可明显降低再出血率。     

Hemorheology in patients with liver cirrhosis: special emphasis on its relation to severity of esophageal variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND: Patients with decreased blood viscosity are supposed to have a higher risk of bleeding and increased severity of bleeding (severity of bleeding proportional to transmural pressure x area of variceal tear/blood viscosity). However, the hemorheological factors have never been assessed in patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the hemorheological factors in liver cirrhotic patients with special emphasis on the outcome of variceal bleeding. METHODS: Forty-two liver cirrhosis patients with variceal bleeding and another 44 matched patients without bleeding were enrolled. The hemorheological and hemostatic factors of their peripheral blood were examined. The clinical course was under careful surveillance. RESULTS: Patients with poor hepatic reserve (Child B + C vs A) had lower whole blood viscosity (4.34 +/- 0.56 mPa.s vs 5.06 +/- 1.35 mPa.s, P < 0.05), lower hematocrit levels (32.86 +/- 5.97% vs 36.62 +/- 5.44%, P < 0.05), lower platelet counts (79.7 +/- 47.6 x 10(3)/mL vs 108.0 +/- 71.2 x 10(3)/mL, P < 0.05) and prolonged prothrombin time (2.88 +/- 2.33 s vs 1.27 +/- 1.37 s, P < 0.05). Patients with bleeding (vs non-bleeding group) had lower hematocrit levels (31.44 +/- 5.75% vs 36.57 +/- 5.19%, P < 0.01) and lower fibrinogen levels (226.7 +/- 92.7 mg/dL vs 286.4 +/- 111.8 mg/dL, P < 0.05). Patients with bleeding with shock had worse liver cirrhosis (Child A/B/C = 0/5/4 vs 11/18/4, P < 0.05), lower whole blood viscosity (4.01 +/- 0.17 mPa.s vs 4.57 +/- 0.76 mPa.s, P < 0.05), reduced erythrocyte aggregability (2.94 +/- 0.41 vs 3.54 +/- 0.61, P < 0.001), and lower platelet counts (56.22 +/- 17.05 x 10(3)/mL vs 88.87 +/- 38.12 x 10(3)/mL, P < 0.001). The Child-Pugh grade and erythrocyte aggregability were two independent factors associated with bleeding shock. CONCLUSIONS: Whole blood viscosity, hematocrit levels and platelet counts were lower in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. Advanced liver cirrhosis and reduced erythrocyte aggregability were independent factors for hypovolemic shock in cirrhotic patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. However, the causal relationship between hemorheology and bleeding needs to be clarified in further studies.     

肝脏硬度检测对乙型肝炎肝硬化食管静脉曲张的预测

目的遴选乙型肝炎（乙肝）肝硬化食管静脉曲张（esophagealvarices,Ev）的无创性诊断指标,并建立相应诊断模型。方法回顾性分析280例乙肝肝硬化患者资料,统计分析血常规、生化指标、超声指标及肝脏硬度,建立诊断模型。结果20例（7．1％）肝脏硬度检测失败。肝脏硬度、肝脏超声指标、清蛋白、血小板与EV具有相关性（Kendallb〉0．20无EV患者的年龄、肝脏硬度、肝脏超声评分、脾厚度、清蛋白、球蛋白、白细胞、血小板等指标与Ev患者相比,差异有统计学意义。肝脏超声评分联合肝脏硬度预测Ev的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（area under receiver operating characteristic curve, AUROC ）为0．83,以食管静脉曲张指数（esophagealvaricesindex,EVI）：4．254为诊断界值,预测患者无Ev的可能性为92．6％,阴性似然比为0．11;以EVI=6．853为诊断界值,预测患者存在EV的可能性为81．8％。在ALT〉5×ULN者中,肝脏硬度与EV相关性有所提高（Kendallb：0．421）,肝脏硬度检测预测Ev的AUROC为0．90。应用肝脏硬度预测Ev,80％患者可免除胃镜检查。肝脏硬度〈32．7kPa,排除EV的可能性为96．3％;肝脏硬度〉46．0kPa,确定EV存在的可能性为83．3％,阳性似然比为17．8。结论肝脏超声评分联合肝脏硬度可有效筛选、预测EV状态;在ALT〉5×ULN者中,肝脏硬度检测可独立准确预测EV状态。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血1例报告

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是肝内脂肪沉积或在此基础上发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）,进而引起肝纤维化甚至肝硬化,NAFLD的发生与遗传易感和胰岛素抵抗密切相关[1-2]。非酒精性脂肪性肝硬化（NAFLC）在欧美的成人患病率在2%～3%[3-4],其是隐源性肝硬化的重要原因[5]。本病在我国的报道少见,本文报道1例NAFLC合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者。     

Efficacy of transient elastography in screening for large esophageal varices in patients with suspicious or proven liver cirrhosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using transient elastography (TE) to predict the risk of esophageal varices (EVs) in Chinese patients. METHODS: In total, 46 patients with suspicious or proven liver cirrhosis underwent TE and liver biopsy. All participants were endoscopically screened for the presence of EVs and large EVs by two endoscopists who were blinded to the LSM status. Large EVs were defined as more than 5 mm in diameter. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for both TE and the platelet count/spleen diameter (PC/SD) ratio in predicting the presence of EVs or large EVs were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients, 30 (65%) had EVs including 19 (41%) with large EVs. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of LSM was 0.85 for the presence of EVs and 0.83 for large EVs, respectively. The cut‐off values of LSM were ≥13.4 kPa for the presence of EVs and ≥14.6 kPa for large EVs. Notably, the AUROC of the PC/SD ratio was 0.92 for the presence of EVs but only 0.69 for large EVs. CONCLUSION: LSM using TE can predict the presence of EVs or large EVs in Chinese patients with suspicious or proven cirrhosis and may identify patients who require endoscopic surveillance.     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像技术预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)技术在预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血中的临床价值。方法回顾分析2014年10月-2017年5月于解放军总医院第五医学中心就诊的271例肝硬化患者资料,所有患者均应用ARFI技术对肝脏和脾脏的超声弹性进行检测,并根据有无食管静脉曲张破裂出血将患者分为出血组(n=56)和无出血组(n=215),比较两组间相关指标的差异并结合受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估分析ARFI弹性测值对肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的诊断价值。正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验。结果肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血组及无出血组脾脏ARFI弹性测值分别为3.89(3.49~4.11)m/s和3.46(2.93~3.80)m/s,出血组显著高于无出血组(Z=-4.941,P<0.001);出血组及无出血组肝脏ARFI弹性值分别为2.08(1.57~2.74)m/s和1.98(1.49~2.70)m/s,两组间差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.025,P=0.305)。脾脏和肝脏ARFI弹性测值预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.714和0.544(P=0.0025),以3.71 m/s作为脾脏ARFI弹性测值预测食管静脉曲张出血发生的诊断界值,其敏感度为0.68,特异度0.69。结论脾脏ARFI弹性测值较肝脏弹性测值可更有效预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的风险,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

FibroTouch检测脾硬度与肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张程度的相关性探讨

目的探讨瞬时弹性成像技术检查脾硬度与肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张程度的相关性。方法从吉林大学第二医院2012年12月-2013年12月收治的肝硬化患者中选择拟行胃镜检查的72例进行研究,利用瞬时弹性扫描仪对患者的脾脏及肝脏硬度值进行检测,并进行胃镜检查。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,食管静脉曲张程度与脾脏硬度的相关性采用Pearson相关分析。结果随Child-Pugh分级的增加,患者的肝脏和脾脏硬度值呈不断上升的趋势。肝硬化患者的脾脏硬度值与肝脏硬度值之间呈正相关(r=0.367,P0.05)。Child-Pugh A、B、C级患者的脾脏硬度值两两间比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.149、7.231、6.119,P值分别为0.031、0.025、0.037);中度和重度食管胃底静脉曲张患者的脾脏和肝脏硬度值均出现明显增高的情况,经受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析,脾脏硬度值的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、灵敏度、特异度均显著高于肝脏硬度值和PLT/脾厚度值。结论利用瞬时弹性扫描仪进行脾硬度检测与肝硬化患者的食管胃底静脉的曲张程度具有很好的相关性,且安全无创,特别适用于不适合胃镜检查的肝硬化患者。     

Effects of splenectomy on liver volume and prognosis of cirrhosis in patients with esophageal varices

BACKGROUND: Several previous studies have shown that hepatic regeneration after partial hepatic resection accelerates over time once a splenectomy has been performed. This was a retrospective study investigating whether a splenectomy has some beneficial effects for cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. METHODS: Ninety-three patients underwent either esophageal transection, including splenectomy (splenectomy group), or endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (controls) for esophageal varices. No patient had hepatocellular carcinoma and the grades of their hepatic function were from mild to moderate. The changes in hepatic and splenic functions and liver volume were evaluated, as well as the probability of survival. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both plasma white blood cell and platelet counts significantly increased in the splenectomy group compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The proportion of liver volume 1 year after the treatments compared to the volume before the treatments (which was 100%) was 96.4% in splenectomy group and 94.4% in controls. No patient had serious complications, such as severe infection caused by the splenectomy. The two groups showed no statistically significant differences in survival rates throughout this study. Although hypersplenism significantly was improved by splenectomy, no difference in changes in liver volume nor survival probability between the two groups was found. Further studies, such as those with a large number of patients, long-term volumetric analysis, or histopathological examination, are needed to clarify fully the effects of splenectomy on cirrhotic patients.     

Spleen stiffness measurement using Fibroscan for the noninvasive assessment of esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis patients

Background and Aim: Splenomegaly in a common finding in liver cirrhosis that should determine changes in the spleen's density because of portal and splenic congestion and/or because of tissue hyperplasia and fibrosis. These changes might be quantified by elastography, so the aim of the study was to investigate whether spleen stiffness measured by transient elastography varies as liver disease progresses and whether this would be a suitable method for the noninvasive evaluation of the presence of esophageal varices. Patients and Methods: One hundred and ninety‐one patients (135 liver cirrhosis, 39 chronic hepatitis and 17 healthy controls) were evaluated by transient elastography for measurements of spleen and liver stiffness. Cirrhotic patients also underwent upper endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal varices. Results: Spleen stiffness showed higher values in liver cirrhosis patients as compared with chronic hepatitis and with controls: 60.96 vs 34.49 vs 22.01 KPa (P < 0.0001). In the case of liver cirrhosis, spleen stiffness was significantly higher in patients with varices as compared with those without (63.69 vs 47.78 KPa, P < 0.0001), 52.5 KPa being the best cut‐off value, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.74. Using both liver and spleen stiffness measurement we correctly predicted the presence of esophageal varices with 89.95% diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: Spleen stiffness can be assessed using transient elastography, its value increasing as the liver disease progresses. In liver cirrhosis patients spleen stiffness can predict the presence, but not the grade of esophageal varices. Esophageal varices' presence can be better predicted if both spleen and liver stiffness measurements are used.     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血后肝静脉压力梯度测定指导二级预防的临床应用

目的探讨食管胃静脉曲张出血后行内镜二级预防或TIPS二级预防的选择依据,评估肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)协助临床决策的价值。方法回顾性分析了2016年1月-2018年2月解放军总医院第五医学中心食管胃静脉曲张出血后测得HVPG在12mm Hg以上并接受内镜或TIPS二级预防的患者148例,依据指南意见,HVPG>18 mm Hg是食管胃静脉曲张再出血的高危因素,将148例患者分为中压力组(HVPG 12~18 mm Hg)78例和高压力组(HVPG>18 mm Hg)70例,归纳两组的临床特点和内镜表现。再细化为12~16 mm Hg、>16~18 mm Hg、>18~20 mm Hg和>20 mm Hg 4组,对比各组行不同二级预防方式的安全性和有效性,重点关注再出血及预后情况。计量资料2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料2组间比较采用χ^2检验,等级资料多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。结果二级预防前中压力组和高压力组的血红蛋白、血小板、白蛋白、胆红素、肌酐、血氨和凝血酶原时间、Child-Pugh评分和MELD评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),中压力组有67.95%的患者存在侧支循环开放,显著多于高压力组的50.00%(χ^2=11.250,P=0.004)。中压力组和高压力组的食管胃静脉曲张LDRf分型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高压力组选择TIPS的患者比例(28.57%)较中压力组患者(10.26%)显著增多(χ^2=8.067,P=0.005)。二级预防后,平均随访(28.66±11.20)个月,未发生严重并发症,各组各预防方式患者肝硬化病程没有明显进展,腹水情况好转。随着HVPG值的增高,内镜二级预防后的1年内再出血率呈现增高趋势,HVPG>20 mm Hg的患者中有41.03%在1年内追加预防治疗。HVPG 12~16 mm Hg的患者,内镜预防疗效好,一年内再出血率为14.63%。HVPG>20 mm Hg组内镜预防1年内再出血率为34.48%,TIPS预防1年内再出血率为10%。结论建议基于HVPG值指导静脉曲张出血二级预防方式的选择,制订不同HVPG值患者二级预防后的随访计划,开展个体化治疗。     

Logistic回归分析肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的相关因素

为了寻找简单易行的方法早期诊断及预防食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血(EGVB),本文对110例肝硬化按其胃镜检查示曲张静脉直径(D)>5mm、红色征(RC)阳性为分组标准,选择有可能与其有关的9个危险因素进行多因素分析。结果显示年龄、PVD增宽是EGVB的危险因素(P=0．006、0．008),OR值为1．179、4．649,95％CI值为(1．049,1．324),(1．487,14．599),而SVD增宽是EGVB的保护性因素(P=0．036),DR值为0．423,95％CI值为(0．190,0．944)。故PVD增宽、年龄增大是判断肝硬化患者EGVB的重要指标,而SVD增宽是其保护性因素。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎临床疗效分析

目的 探讨内镜下套扎治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血(esophageal varices bleeding,EVB)的止血效果及影响因素.方法 对123例肝硬化食管静脉曲张(esophageal varices,EV)出血的患者应用内镜下食管静脉套扎术(endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL)进行治疗.结果 所有患者经过1次EVL治疗,EV消失31例(25.2%),EV减轻92例(74.8%),无效0例.近期出血13例,远期出血9例.结论 EVL是治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的一种有效方法,但并非没有风险,影响疗效因素众多.