抗CD4人-鼠嵌合抗体的表达和抗增殖效应

目的：制备抗CD4人－鼠嵌合抗体。方法：从分泌抗CD4单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞中提取总RNA，通过RT－PCR扩增出VH和VL的DNA 片优，对VH和VL进行DNA序列测定和分析，证实VH和VL具有小鼠Ig可变区完整的结构功能后，将VH亚克隆至重链表达载体pγ1-Expr,VL亚克隆至轻链表达载体pκ－Expr转化XL2－Blue细菌，通过菌落或质粒PCR筛选阳性克隆，通过电转染将VH－Pγ1，LV－pκ共转染至小鼠骨髓瘤细胞X63Ag8,653，通过G418筛选，ELISA和免疫荧光鉴定。结果：得到分泌抗CD4人－鼠嵌合体的阳性转染瘤细胞克隆。所得到的嵌合抗体在体外对PHA和IL－2诱导的PBMC增殖具有抑制作用。结论：人－鼠嵌合抗体得到成功表达，并有可能作为免疫抑制剂应用于抗移植排斥和自身免疫疾病的治疗。     

抗人黑色素瘤嵌合抗体真核表达载体的构建与表达

目的：构建嵌合型抗人黑色素瘤抗体的真核表达载体，并实现真核表达。方法：从3株杂交瘤细胞中克隆得到鼠源单抗的可变区基因，插入含有抗人Tac抗原信号肽以及人免疫球蛋白κ轻链恒定区基因和γ1重链恒定区基因的真核表达载体pMH-CA中，转染293T细胞，进行嵌合抗体表达，并用RT-PCR、ELISA、Westem blot免疫印迹等对抗体表达鉴定。结果：成功构建了抗人黑色素瘤人，鼠嵌合抗体，并实现其真核表达。RT-PCR证实了该抗体在mRNA水平上的表达，ELISA和Westemblot证实了抗人黑色素瘤人，鼠嵌合抗体的表达。结论：成功表达了抗人黑色素瘤人-鼠嵌合抗体。     

抗肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体受体2嵌合抗体表达载体的构建、表达及其抗肿瘤活性分析

目的:构建抗人肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体2(死亡受体5,DR5)的人-鼠嵌合抗体表达载体,获得稳定表达该嵌合抗体的细胞株,并分析嵌合抗体的抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用DNA重组技术,扩增抗人DR5的鼠源单克隆抗体(mAb)AD5-10的重链(HC)、轻链(LC)可变区基因片段,并将其分别插入含有人IgG重链、轻链恒定区基因的真核表达载体RpCI-neo,以重、轻链表达质粒共转染中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO),筛选稳定表达抗人DR5嵌合抗体(hmAD5-10)的重组细胞。采用Western blot和间接ELISA检测嵌合抗体的表达量及其与抗原DR5的结合活性。采用MTS比色法检测嵌合抗体的生物学活性。并对重组细胞株进行无血清培养驯化。结果:获得了2株稳定表达嵌合抗体的重组细胞株CHO-A5和CHO-B11,抗体的表达水平分别为(0.36±0.11)mg/L和(0.16±0.01)mg/L,嵌合抗体与DR5有较好的结合活性,对体外培养的人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞SVT35有显著的杀伤作用。结论:在真核细胞中表达了具有生物学活性的抗DR5的人-鼠嵌合抗体,为其应用于肿瘤治疗研究奠定了基础。     

抗TNF-α人-鼠嵌合抗体的构建及表达

目的：构建和表达抗ＴＮＦ－α人－鼠嵌合抗体。方法：将抗ＴＮＦ－α鼠单抗Ｚ８的轻、重链可变区基因插入到含有人ｋ链和ＩｇＧ１重链恒定区基因的真核细胞表达载体中,分别构建轻、重链分开表达和共同表达的人－鼠嵌合抗体真核表达载体转染真核细胞,通过ＥＬＩＳＡ,ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ、免疫印迹检测ＴＮＦ－α的活性。用Ｌ９２９细胞检测嵌合抗体体外中和ＴＮＦ－α的活性。结果：ＥＬＩＳＡ鉴定结果表明该嵌合抗体与ＴＮＦ－α特异性     

抗阿尔茨海默病Aβ人-鼠嵌合抗体基因的真核载体构建和表达

目的 通过基因工程抗体技术构建和表达抗β-淀粉样多肽(Aβ)人-鼠嵌合抗体,减低鼠源单克隆抗体在临床应用中引起的人体免疫排斥反应.方法从分泌抗Aβ1-42鼠单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株中提取总RNA,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增鼠源性抗体全长基因,并通过Blast对其序列进行分析;利用重组PCR技术拼接重轻链可变区及人IgG1的恒定区基因,并对重链Fc段进行定点突变以降低排斥反应;分别构建人-鼠嵌合基因重轻链表达载体,用脂质体法将其同时导入COS-7细胞中表达,并利用ELISA和免疫组织化学(SP法)对分泌的抗体功能和性质进行初步鉴定.结果 Blast比对分析结果显示克隆的基因序列符合小鼠抗体基因序列,将可变区基因与人IgG1的恒定区基因拼接以及Fc定点突变后,成功构建了嵌合抗体的真核表达载体,并实现真核表达;ELISA和免疫组织化学方法证实了所分泌抗体的人源性和与Aβ的结合特异性.结论成功地构建和表达了抗阿尔茨海默病Aβ人-鼠嵌合抗体,为其在阿尔茨海默病的临床诊治中应用和进一步改造奠定了基础.     

抗人组织蛋白酶B人-鼠嵌合抗体的表达及体外对癌细胞浸润的抑制效应

目的 制备抗人组织蛋白酶B人-鼠嵌合抗体。方法从分泌抗人组织蛋白酶B单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株提取总RNA，通过RT-PCR扩增单克隆抗体VH和VL的DNA片段，对其进行序列分析，证实具有小鼠可变区完整的结构，利用基因工程技术将它们分别和人Ig的Cγ1和Ck恒定区基因连接组建人鼠嵌合轻链和重链Fab抗体，并克隆到pcDNA3真核细胞表达载体。将重组体转染到中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)，通过G418筛选、ELISA检测和Western blot鉴定，分离纯化抗人组织蛋白酶B人-鼠嵌合抗体，用于体外抑制癌细胞浸润的试验。结果得到分泌抗人组织蛋白酶B人-鼠嵌合抗体的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞克隆(O62A2)，分泌的抗人组织蛋白酶B人-鼠嵌合抗体在体外能抑制癌细胞浸润。结论人-鼠嵌合抗体的成功表达，将有可能用于组织蛋白酶B过度表达的有关疾病的治疗。     

细胞因子受体-嵌合抗体真核表达载体的构建

目的：构建细胞因子受体-抗人AFP嵌合抗体基因真核表达载体。方法：用RT-PCR方法从人胚肝组织中扩增EpoR胞外区基因及gp130跨膜区基因，并用限制性酶切连接方法拼接。用PCR方法从抗人AFP单链抗体表达载体中扩增VL、VH基因，分别与人kappa轻链和人gammal重链恒定区基因重组，获得人鼠嵌合轻链和重链，再将EpoR-gp130与嵌合重链连接，最后将嵌合轻链和H—EpoR-gp130分别连接到质粒pVITRO上，构建pVITRO-E-g-Ig载体。结果：获得EpoR胞外区基因750bp，gp130跨膜区基因900bp。重组真核表达载体经限制性酶切鉴定示EpoR、gp130基因、嵌合重链基因和嵌合轻链基因正确连接到载体pVITRO。结论：成功构建细胞因子受体-抗人AFP嵌合抗体基因表达载体。     

抗癌胚抗原单克隆抗体可变区基因的克隆及鼠-人嵌合抗体基因在E.coli中的高效表达

本文采用反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,从抗癌胚抗原（CEA）单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞中克隆到了该抗体的重、轻链可变区（Ⅴ区）基因,并分别将其与人的恒定区基因 C_(3γ)、C_κ相拼接,构建鼠-人嵌合抗体基因。SDS-PAGE和Western-Blot分析结果证实嵌合重、轻链抗体基因在E.coli中得到高效表达,表达量约为菌体可溶蛋白的30％和15％。放射免疫分析法（RIA）和间接ELISA测定的结果表明嵌合重链基因表达产物具有与CEA结合的能力。     

抗人TNF-α单抗基因的克隆及鉴定

目的克隆抗人ＴＮＦ－α鼠单抗得可变区基因以构建人－鼠嵌合抗体表达载体。方法采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术,以前导肽序列的引物从１个分泌抗人ＴＮＦ－α的鼠单抗杂交瘤细胞系中克隆抗体轻链、重链可变区基因（Ｖκ,ＶＨ）,在大肠杆菌中表达Ｆａｂ段核实其功能活性。结果分别得到了２个Ｖκ和２个ＶＨ基因。ＤＮＡ序列测定表明,其中１个轻链可变区基因为骨髓瘤细胞系中固有的无功能基因。１个重链可变区基因经原核系统表达测活表明无抗体活性。另一个轻链和重链可变区基因的成熟蛋白编码部分与从第一骨架区引物所克隆的、可在大肠杆菌表达出抗体活性的Ｖκ、ＶＨ序列相符。将该轻链、重链基因分别克隆到了人－鼠嵌合轻链、重链表达载体中。结论通过原核表达系统核实,获得了抗ＴＮＦ－α单抗的可变区基因     

人-鼠嵌合抗体表达载体的构建和抗人HER2抗体的表达

目的 :构建表达人 鼠嵌合抗体的通用真核表达载体 ,用于以嵌合抗体的形式表达PCR获取的小鼠抗体可变区基因 ,以便将人 鼠嵌合抗体应用于临床治疗。方法 :用人Tac抗原信号肽以及人IgCκ基因和γ1CH基因 ,构建人 鼠嵌合抗体的表达载体 ,并转染真核细胞 2 93T进行表达。用RT PCR、FACS和ELISA进行抗体表达的鉴定。结果 :利用人Tac抗原信号肽以及人IgCκ基因和γ1CH基因 ,构建了用于表达人 鼠嵌合抗体的通用真核表达载体。用本研究设计的引物 ,扩增小鼠抗人HER2抗体的V区基因片段 ,酶切后先后插入所构建的载体的相应克隆位点 ,转染 2 93T细胞可将PCR获得的小鼠抗体V区基因片段表达为人 鼠嵌合抗体。用RT PCR、FACS和ELISA证实 ,本系统可表达嵌合抗体。结论 :构建了人 鼠嵌合抗体的真核表达载体 ,并证实了其可在 2 93T细胞中表达。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.