IL—12以及IL—12P40对子宫内异症患者NK细胞功能的免疫调节

目的通过观察正常人及子宫内膜异位症(EM)患者外周血及腹腔液中IL-12、IL-12P40含量变化,分析其分子诱导NK细胞对子宫内膜细胞的细胞毒效应的影响,探讨IL-12、IL-12P40分子与EM患者NK细胞功能低下的相关性.方法ELISA酶联免疫检测IL-12、IL-12P40含量以及MTT释放法检测NK细胞毒活性.结果①EM患者腹腔上清液可使正常人外周血NK细胞杀伤活性(16.80%±3.6%)明显下降(8.37%±4.5% )(P＜0.05).② EM患者IL-12含量血清为66.38±12.6 pg/ml,低于对照组84.97±13.7 pg/ml(P＜0.05);腹腔液中为77.76±14.6 pg/ml,低于对照组106.92±10.7 pg/ml(P＜0.05).③EM患者IL-12P40含量血清为35.64±10.6 pg/ml, 与对照组无明显差异;腹腔液含量为79.76±12.6 pg/ml, 高于对照组40.54±10.0 pg/ml(P＜0.05), 并与疾病的程度呈负相关.④IL-12能增强NK细胞对子宫内膜细胞的杀伤,并呈剂量依赖.在10 ng/ml浓度诱导后杀伤率为31.90%,高于对照组的16.80%.⑤IL-12P40能拮抗IL-12对NK细胞活性的诱导,当加入IL-12P40后,使IL-12诱导的活性(29.3%)下降为19.36%.结论子宫内膜异位症患者腹腔液中IL-12P40含量的增高可能与NK细胞功能下降有关.     

脑梗塞患者血液中GMP-140、sICMA-1及VEGF的检测分析

探讨脑梗塞患者血液中GMP-140、sICMA-1及VEGF水平变化关系。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测80例脑梗塞患者及30例正常对照的血液水平变化的相关性。结果发现脑梗塞组GMP-140(36.7±5.9)ng/ml,明显高于正常对照组(17.2±3.1)ng/ml(P<0.05);脑梗塞组sICAM水平为(670.2±206.8)ng/ml,明显高于正常对照组(290±80.5)ng/ml(P<0.05);脑梗塞组VEGF水平为(317.3±105.2)pg/ml,明显高于正常对照组(81.6±10.6)pg/ml(P<0.05)。此三个变量与正常对照比较均有明显的相关性。据此上述三项水平的测定有助于评价脑梗塞患者的病理状态及转归。     

Graves''病患者GH与IGF-1水平观察

目的:探讨Graves病(GD)患者对血清生长激素(GH)与胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平的影响.方法:采用放射免疫分析(RIA)检测42例GD患者、20例经治疗甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平GD患者与30例健康人血清GH与IGF-1水平.结果:GD组,血清IGF-1水平(170.8±44.4)ng/ml、GH水平(2.89±1.18)ng/ml明显升高,与对照组(IGF-1为90.5±30.5ng/ml、GH为1.58±1.20ng/m1)比较有显著性差异(p＜0.01、p＜0.05),且IGF-1与FT4正相关(r=0.58,p＜0.01).GD治疗缓解组,IGF-1水平(105.1±37.0)ng/ml、GH水平(1.71±1.36)ng/ml明显低于初诊未治疗组,差异有显著性(P＜0.01、P＜0.05).结论:GD患者血清IGF-1和GH水平明显升高,并且可能与甲状腺激素存在一定的关系.     

血浆ET与ANF在急性胰腺炎早期发病中的作用及意义

目的探讨内皮素(ET)与心钠素(ANF)在急性胰腺炎(AP)早期发病中的作用及临床意义.方法采用放射免疫分析测定急性发病期(24～48)h轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)35例,重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)17例和正常对照组(NC)30例的血浆内皮素与心钠素的含量.Imrie评分＞3分,APACHE Ⅱ评分≥8分者为SAP.结果SAP患者Imrie评分和APACHE Ⅱ评分明显高于MAP患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).SAP患者血浆ET水平(59.20±10.69)pg/ml明显增高,MAP患者血浆ET水平(34.20±9.44)pg/ml明显降低,两组之间比较以及与NC组比较具有非常显著差异(P＜0.001).SAP和MAP患者血浆ANF分别为(155.76±34.24)pg/ml,(181.59±58.15)pg/ml,与NC组(165.51±57.16)pg/ml比较无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论ET可能参与了SAP早期胰腺微循环障碍,对胰腺组织具有内源性损伤作用.提示早期给予拮抗ET或ET-A受体的药物,可能有利于减轻胰腺组织损害,改善胰腺微循环,防止胰腺出血坏死性改变.ANF可能对AP早期的胰腺血循环无明显影响.     

动态观察高血压患者血清白细胞介素18改变的临床意义

探讨原发性高血压患者治疗前后血清白细胞介素18(IL-18)改变的临床意义. 采用酶联免疫分析法(ELISA)动态检测高血压患者治疗前后及对照组的血清IL-18含量. 高血压患者血清IL-8含量(1032.0±748.0pg/mL)明显高于对照组(420.6±385.3pg/mL), P＜0.05.1级高血压患者治疗前血清IL-8含量为955.2±808.0pg/mL, 治疗2周后血清IL-8含量为691.67±589.84pg/mL, 前后对照有明显差异(P＜0.01);2、3级高血压患者治疗前血清IL-18含量为1284.5±462.2pg/mL, 治疗2周后血清IL-18含量为881.84±474.04pg/mL, 前后对照有明显差异(P＜0.05).高血压患者血清IL-18含量明显高于对照组, 高血压患者治疗后血清IL-18含量明显低于治疗前血清IL-18含量, 因此提示 血清IL-18含量的改变可能参与高血压病的发病机制, 高血压患者存在免疫调节功能紊乱.     

巨大儿孕母血清、羊水、脐血瘦素水平测定及意义

目的探讨瘦素(1eptin)与巨大儿发病的关系.方法应用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测20例巨大儿(巨大儿组)及20例正常体重儿(对照组)孕母血清.羊水及脐血瘦素水平.结果(1)巨大儿组孕母血清瘦素平均(25.6±8.2ng/rml),羊水瘦素平均(5.9±1.7ng/m1)与对照组(18.8±7.8ng/ml)及(3.9±1.7ng/ml)比较相差显著.分别为(P＜0.05)(P＜0.01).(2)巨大儿组脐血瘦素水平平均(16.8±7.0ng/m1)明显高于对照组(7.7±4.6rg/ml)(P＜0.001).(3)两组孕母血清瘦素与胎儿出生重量无相关性,而脐血瘦素水平与胎儿出生重量呈正相关.(r=0.65,P＜0.01)结论脐血瘦素来源于胎盘及胎儿组织.巨大儿的发病与脐血瘦素水平相关.     

非Graves甲亢和Graves'病FT3、FT4、TSH、TGA、TPO-Ab的变化及意义

目的探讨FT3、FT4、s-TSH(超灵敏)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(antithyroid peroxidase antibody, TPO-Ab)、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(antithyroidglubulin antibody, TGA)水平在甲亢疾病和Graves'病中的改变及其临床意义.方法对43例非Graves'病患者和29例Graves'病患者、40例正常人分别检测血清TF3、FT4、s-TSH、TPO-Ab、TGA的水平.结果非Graves'病甲亢患者的FT3(15.01±11.01pg/ml)、FT4(38.30±19.82pg/ml)均明显高于正常人(分别为4.27±0.73pg/ml,16.16±2.58pg/ml,P＜0.01),s-TSH(0.25±0.25mIU/L)明显低于正常人(2.24±1.26mIU/L,P＜0.01),TPO-Ab(1319.74±1037.78IU/ml)明显高于正常人(0.01±0.01,P＜0.01)、TGA(33.39±22.43%)明显高于正常人(6.76±2.01,P＜0.01).Graves'病患者FT3(15.23±9.57pg/ml)、FT4(38.57±17.39pg/ml)均明显高于正常人(P＜0.01),s-TSH(0.79±0.46mIU/L)明显低于正常人(P＜0.01),TPO-Ab(2023.24±621.00IU/ml)明显高于正常人(P＜0.01)、TGA(49.72±20.55)明显高于正常人(P＜0.01),甲亢患者和Graves'病患者FT3、FT4、s-TSH无明显差别,但TGA和TPO-Ab明显低于Graves'病患者(P＜0.05).结论FT3、FT4、s-TSH(超灵敏)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPO-Ab)、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGA)在判断甲亢和Graves'病患者中有重要的临床鉴别诊断意义.     

肝移植患者术后早期血乳酸及细胞因子变化分析

目的分析肝移植患者术后早期血乳酸及细胞因子变化规律,探讨其与预后的关系.方法2004年1月～2005年5月,选取实施同种异体原位肝移植手术患者30例,分别于转入ICU后即刻(0 h)及1、4、8、12 h测量血乳酸、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及血流动力学变化.结果30例患者中把存活24例编为一组,死亡6例编为一组;存活组入ICU在12 h时平均动脉压(MAP)从(7.33±1.08)kPa[(55.23±8.72)mmHg]增至(10.51±0.81)kPa[(79.51±6.69)mmHg],心率(HR)从(112.3±13.5)次/min降至(89.1±6.8)次/min;而血乳酸、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α分别从(11.12±4.34)mmol/L、(95.03±43.72)pg/ml、(57.25±34.66)pg/ml和(47.39±22.17)pg/ml降至(3.15±1.19)mmol/L、(27.01±19.14)pg/ml、(21.82±16.53)pg/ml和(18.56±15.64)pg/ml,与入ICU后即刻(0 h)比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而死亡组则差异不明显(P＞0.05).结论肝移植患者术后早期12h血乳酸及细胞因子下降,有助于判断肝移植患者的预后.     

孕酮及PAPP-A在先兆流产预测中的应用

目的 探讨孕酮及妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)对先兆流产的预测价值.方法 分别测定96例先兆流产患者血清中孕酮及PAPP-A的含量.结果 患者组孕酮16.24±6.13 ng/ml明显低于正常妊娠组26.30±6.91 ng/ml(P＜0.05),患者组PAPP-A的含量为26.31±9.26IU/L与对照组结果相比32.1±11.2 IU/L具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 孕酮及PAPP-A在对先兆流产的预测上有一定意义.     

较小剂量131Ⅰ联合中药治疗Graves病后血清sFas/sFasL变化及其与TRAb关系的探讨

目的探讨Graves病(GD)用较小剂量131Ⅰ联合中药治疗前后血清sFas/sFasL(可溶性细胞凋亡因子-1/sFas配体)变化的规律及其与TRAb的关系.方法31例GD患者,用较小剂量131Ⅰ(85.1～207.2MBq,平均140.6MBq)联合中药进行治疗,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测GD患者治疗前及治疗后不同时期血清sFas与sFasL含量,求出sFas/sFasL,并与正常对照组对比,分析GD患者血清sFas和sFasL含量,求出sFas/sFasL,并与正常对照组对比,分析GD患者血清sFas和sFasL与TRAb的相关关系.结果①GD患者治疗前sFas(179.8±64.2)pg/ml明显高于临床治愈期(104.2±23.5)pg/ml,P＜0.05和正常对照组(110.6±18.1)pg/ml,P＜0.05,甲低时的sFas(117.0±20.6)pg/ml与正常对照比无显著性差异.sFasL治疗前(353.8±92.8)pg/ml同样明显高于临床治愈期(261.1±85.3)pg/ml,P＜0.05和正常对照组(265.6±62.1)pg/ml,P＜0.05.甲低时的sFasL(257.1±55.3)pg/ml与正常对照比无显著性差异.②GD患者治疗前的sFas/sFasL(0.51±0.23)和甲低时(0.46±0.13)皆大于正常对照(0.41±0.16,P＜0.05).sFas和sFasL皆与TRAb呈正相关(r分别为0.52和0.49,P＜0.05).③较小剂量131Ⅰ联合中药治疗GD近期疗效良好,有效率100%(31/31),一次性治愈率74.2%(23/31),总治愈率83.9%(26/31).结论131Ⅰ联合中药治疗后sFas与sFasL呈规律性变化,治疗前和出现甲低时sFas呈优势表达,间接提示细胞凋亡与GD的治疗转归密切相关.TRAb可作为GD诊断和疗效观察的良好指标.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.