胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的体会

目的探讨胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性和有效性。方法采用自膨式胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸78例病人。术前实验室检查血总胆红素为(362.4±106.7)μmol/L,以直接胆红素升高为主[(271.9±74.3)μmol/L]。结果所有病例均成功放置支架,术中、术后无因操作原因致死病例,1～4周黄疸完全消退68例,血胆红素降到正常水平,10例血胆红素平均降至65.2μmol/L;并发症以胆道感染为主。结论胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸有效、安全。     

胆道外引流对大鼠肝再生的影响及其细胞周期调控机制

目的: 观察胆道外引流(ED)对大鼠肝再生及肝细胞周期的影响。方法: 采用大鼠70％肝切除模型,SD大鼠随机分成6组,每组8只,分别为正常切肝24 h组、48 h组,阻塞性黄疸(OJ)切肝24 h组、48 h组,OJ后ED 3 d切肝24 h组、48 h组。采用增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)标记和Feulgen染色测定肝再生能力;采用RT-PCR 测定肝组织肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、p27和cyclin D1 mRNA水平变化;免疫组化法测定HGF、转化生长因子β₁(TGF-β₁)和p21在肝细胞的表达。结果: OJ切肝后PCNA标记指数较对照组低(P<0.05),ED后PCNA标记指数更低,与OJ组对比差异显著(P<0.05)。DNA含量变化与PCNA标记指数相似。与正常切肝组比较,OJ后切肝组HGF mRNA下降(P<0.05),ED后切肝组进一步下降并较OJ组低(P<0.05)。与正常组相比,OJ后切肝24 h和48 h cyclin D1 mRNA均下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),ED后切肝组进一步下降,但差异不显著。与正常切肝组相比,48 h时OJ后切肝组高于正常切肝组(P<0.05),ED后p27 mRNA水平较OJ进一步升高(P<0.05)。与正常切肝组比较,OJ后切肝组肝细胞HGF表达在24 h下降(P<0.05),ED后切肝组进一步下降并较OJ组低(P<0.05)。p21表达各组间无显著差异。与正常切肝组相比,24 h时OJ后切肝组TGF-β₁表达上调,差异显著(P<0.05),ED后切肝组上调,但差异不显著。结论: OJ可造成大鼠肝再生能力下降,ED后其肝再生能力进一步降低。ED后肝再生能力下降可能和HGF、p27密切相关,与TGF-β₁、p21、cyclin D1无关。     

经皮肝穿胆道内外引流治疗上段胆管癌所致黄疸31例

目的探讨经皮肝穿胆道内外引流治疗上段胆管癌所致黄疸的疗效。方法对诊断为上段胆管癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者，在X线监视下实行、经皮肝穿胆道内外引流术，并观察其疗效。结果本组患者均一次胆道引流成功，所有患者术后病情明显好转，随访1个月引流效果均较满意。结论经皮肝穿胆道内皮引流是一种姑息性方法，如能在此基础上进行根治性手术治疗或结合对肿瘤的化疗、放疗治疗，可进一步延长生命。     

梗阻性黄疸患者胆道内、外引流手术前后血清白细胞介素的表达及临床意义

了解梗阻性黄疸胆道内、外引流术式对血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-12(IL-12)含量的影响。方法：43例由恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸中，胆道内引流32例，胆道外引流术11例，43例患者术前、术后均测得血清IL-6和IL-12含量。结果显示，梗阻性黄疸内、外引流术前血清IL-6和IL-12低于正常组，行胆道内引流术后血清IL-6、IL-12的值与正常组比较无显著性差异，表明其免疫功能有所恢复，而胆道外引流术后血清IL-6、IL-12的值低于正常组，表明免疫功能仍受损。该结论提示在临床上对于一般情况差，不能行根治手术的梗阻性黄疸病人，应尽可能行胆道内引流术。     

经皮经肝胆管引流途径胆道支架置入与姑息性胆肠内引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效比较

目的：探讨不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮经肝胆管引流（ PTCD)途径放置胆道支架与姑息性胆肠内引流减轻黄疸方式的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科2005年12月—2011年12月不能手术切除且资料完整的210例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中 PTCD 途径胆道金属支架置入术137例（支架组),男83例、女54例,年龄（67．64±12．68)岁;姑息性胆肠 Roux-en-Y 内引流术73例（引流组),男50例、女23例,年龄（64．69±12．99)岁。比较两组患者的疗效差异。结果支架组和引流组均可有效解除患者胆道梗阻、改善肝功能;在身体状况、黄疸程度及肝功能损害更严重的情况下,支架组在解除胆道梗阻、改善肝功能方面优于引流组,且不增加手术并发症和住院时间;两组术后生存时间分别为（9．25±6．24)个月和（10．36±8．02)个月,差异亦无统计学意义（P>0．05)。结论对于失去手术切除肿瘤机会的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,可选择PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术解除胆道梗阻、改善全身状况,其与姑息性胆肠内引流相比具有简便、安全、创伤小、可重复及可为后续治疗创造条件等优点,可作为首选。     

阻塞性黄疸患者术前护理问题的分析与对策

阻塞性黄疸(以下简称阻黄)患者多需手术治疗,因多伴有肝功能损害,故手术危险性大,术后并发症多.我科于1999年-2001年对124例阻黄患者进行手术治疗,经过对术前存在的护理问题进行分析,提供了有针对性的护理帮助,使患者顺利进入手术期,提高了治疗的安全性.     

阻塞性黄疸患者血清EGF测定的临床意义

目的：探讨阻塞性黄疸病人手术前后血清表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）水平的变化及其在胃粘膜病变中的作用。方法：采用放射免疫分析法检测３１例阻塞性黄疸病人手术前后血清ＥＧＦ水平。结果：与正常对照组相比,阻塞性黄疸病人血清ＥＧＦ术前即降低,术后降低更明显。结论：阻塞性黄疸患者手术前后血清ＥＧＦ均减少,ＥＧＦ不能发挥对胃粘膜的保护作用,致使胃粘膜保护性因素减弱,可能是阻塞性黄疸时胃粘膜病变及术后应激性溃疡的发病机     

术前胆道引流对肝胆管结石合并胆汁性肝硬化的作用

目的探讨肝胆管结石合并继发性胆汁性肝硬化病人，在进行肝叶切除手术前行胆道引流（PBD）的作用。方法回顾性分析67例行肝叶切除治疗合并继发性胆汁性肝硬化的肝胆管结石病例，其中PBD组35例均行术前胆道引流，非PBD组32例未行术前胆道引流，将两组的肝功能变化、结石清除率、并发症发生情况等进行比较分析。结果PBD组的术前肝功能较入院前有所改善，术中结石清除率高于非PBD组，两组的手术并发症发生情况无显著差异。结论术前胆道引流虽然没有减少手术并发症，但可以改善术前肝功能，增加结石清除率。     

精氨酸对阻塞性黄疸大鼠的免疫调节作用

阻塞性黄疸患者围手术其易感性明显高于非黄疸者，其发病原因尚不完全清楚。本文研究了阻塞性黄疸大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞白细胞介素２生成能力及抑制性Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的变化；同时观察了精氨酸对阻塞性黄疸大鼠免疫功能的影响。结果显示：胆管结扎大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞白细胞介素２生成能力明显下降，抑制性Ｔ淋白细胞活性明显增强；应用精氨酸治疗的阻塞性黄疸大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞白细胞介素２生成能力较单纯胆管结扎大鼠明显增强；抑制性Ｔ淋巴     

急性胆囊炎患者应用胆囊穿刺引流对炎症因子和应激反应的影响

目的 探讨急性胆囊炎患者应用胆囊穿刺引流对炎症因子和应激反应的影响。方法 随机选择在本院因急性胆囊炎就诊并收治入院的患者62例,分为观察组和对照组各31例,其中对照组患者术中开展常规胆囊造瘘术,观察组患者均接受胆囊穿刺引流术。比较两组患者围手术期的胆囊炎症状缓解情况、住院时间、并发症持续时间、二次手术情况;比较两组患者术前1 d和术后1、3、7 d的炎症因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α的水平变化情况,比较两组患者术前1 d和术后1、3、7 d的应激反应指标ACTH、Cor和GLU水平变化情况。结果 两组患者围手术期的胆囊炎症状均得到了显著缓解,缓解率均为100.00%;且均未出现二次手术。但观察组患者的住院时间、并发症持续时间均较对照组明显减少和缩短。两组IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α等炎症因子指标水平存在时间、组间、时点与组别的交互效应(P均<0.05)。术前1 d,两组IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。和术前相比,术后观察组IL-2降低,IL-4、IL-6、h...     

超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗

目的:探讨超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗的临床效果。方法:选择收治的60例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,划分为30例/组,两组均行经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术,对照组采取X线辅助,观察组采取超声导航技术辅助,比较两组的穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、穿刺次数、生命体征指标、疼痛评分、舒适度评分、并发症发生率、胆汁引流量、肝功能指标。结果:（1）统计首次穿刺和首二次穿刺的成功率,观察组均较对照组高（P<0.05）;（2）统计单次穿刺和总穿刺时间,观察组均较对照组短（P<0.05）,其穿刺次数,观察组也较对照组少（P<0.05）;（3）对照组穿刺前与穿刺后的心率、血压等生命体征指标均发生明显改变（P<0.05）,而观察组穿刺前与穿刺后的生命体征指标均未发生明显改变（P>0.05）;（4）穿刺时及穿刺后,观察组的疼痛评分均较对照组更低（P<0.05）,其舒适度评分均较对照组更高（P<0.05）;（5）并发症总发生率分别为0%（观察组）、13.33%（对照组）,观察组较对照组更低（P<0.05）;（6）术后第1天、第2天、第3天,观察组与对照组的胆汁引流量比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;（7）组内AST、ALT、TBIL等肝功能指标比较,两组手术后均较手术前降低（P<0.05）。结论:利用超声导航技术,完成经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术的实施,实现对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的胆汁予以充分引流,改善肝功能,还可提高穿刺成功率,减少穿刺耗时和次数,减轻穿刺疼痛感,减少并发症的发生。     

Comparison of clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness after various preoperative biliary drainage methods in periampullary cancer with obstructive jaundice

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of preoperative biliary drainage (BD) methods in periampullary cancer, and to suggest guidelines for selecting the appropriate preoperative BD method. Between October 2004 and August 2010, 211 patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy after preoperative BD. Clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of the preoperative BD methods were compared based on the final drainage method used and on intention-to-treat analysis. There was no significant difference in drainage duration between percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and endoscopic BD groups (14.2 vs 16.6 days, respectively; P = 0.121) but daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher in the PTBD group (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Based on intention-to-treat analysis, drainage duration was shorter (13.2 vs 16.5 days, respectively; P = 0.049), daily diminution of serum bilirubin level was higher (0.7 vs 0.6 mg/dL/day, respectively; P = 0.041). Medical care cost was lower (14.2 vs 15.7 × 10(3) USD, respectively; P = 0.040) in the PTBD group than in the endoscopic BD group. When selecting the preoperative BD method, practitioners should consider that PTBD is more cost-effective and safer than endoscopic BD.     

Myeloid sarcoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts presenting as obstructive jaundice

We report a rare case of myeloid sarcoma (MS) of the extrahepatic bile ducts presenting as obstructive jaundice in a patient without leukemia at time of diagnosis. A 75-year-old female presented with a one-month history of abdominal pain and jaundice. Computerized tomography scan of the abdomen showed stenosis of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography disclosed an irregular narrowing of the common biliary duct, suggestive of a cholangiocarcinoma, and resection was performed. Histologic examination showed diffuse transmural infiltration of malignant cells. These cells exhibited medium-sized round nuclei with central nucleoli and eosinophilic cytoplasm, and were strongly positive for myeloperoxidase, CD68, lysozyme, CD45, CD117 (c-kit protein) and CD43. Eight months following surgery the patient presented with multiple cutaneous nodules and bone marrow trephine biopsy showed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. A literature search identified two previously reported cases of MS of the extrahepatic biliary duct. MS should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of a patient with obstructive jaundice. Immunohistochemistry is essential for a correct diagnosis.     

Endotoxaemia and hepatic injury in obstructive jaundice

To examine whether endotoxaemia contributes to the development of bile infarction and whether obstructive jaundice enhances endotoxin hepatotoxicity, the present study was undertaken in rats. The development of bile infarction and the elevation of serum transaminase activities in rats following ligation of the common bile duct were not prevented by administration of polymyxin B, neomycin, or lactulose, which have anti-endotoxin properties. Moreover, the morphological and functional changes in obstructive jaundice were not enhanced by administration of endotoxin. These data indicate that endotoxaemia does not contribute to the development of bile infarction. On the other hand, the administration of a small dose of endotoxin to rats with biliary obstruction--a dose which does not induce abnormalities of liver function tests or any morphological changes in the liver in non-jaundiced rats--led to focal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis and elevation of serum transaminase levels. These data indicate that endotoxin-induced hepatic injury is potentiated in obstructive jaundice.     

Expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice and their role in intestinal mucosal injury

IntroductionThe aim was to investigate the expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in the distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and their role in intestinal mucosal injury.Material and methodsA total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) bile duct ligation (BDL). The mice were respectively sacrificed before operation and on the 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th days after operation to collect specimens. Various indicators were detected by PCR, immunohistochemistry and other methods.ResultsTLR2 was increased gradually with the extension of OJ time in the BDL group (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the expression of TLR5 were not obvious at different time points. The amount of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus showed downward trends in intestinal tract of the BDL group. Furthermore, the amount of Escherichia coli was increased in intestinal tract of the BDL group. The pathological score of intestinal mucosa and the expression of NF-κB increased gradually in the BDL group with the extension of OJ time. There were positive correlations between the pathological score of intestinal mucosa and expressions of TLR2(r = 0.767, p < 0.05) and NF-κB (r = 0.817, p < 0.05) in BDL group. NF-κB expression was positively correlated with TLR2 expression(r = 0.706, p < 0.05).ConclusionsDisturbance of intestinal flora caused by OJ could increase the expression of NF-κB via up-regulating the expression of TLR2 to activate the downstream signaling pathway, thus aggravated the injury of intestinal mucosa.     

Endoscopic bile duct brushing of malignant pancreatic biliary strictures: retrospective study with comparison of conventional smear and ThinPrep techniques

Endoscopic bile duct brushing (EBDB) is carried out to differentiate benign from malignant biliary strictures in patients who have pancreaticobiliary disease. The sensitivity of this method for the diagnosis of malignancy is relatively low. The aim of this study is to analyze the cytomorphologic features that are helpful in increasing the sensitivity of detecting these lesions on cytologic samples. These features are compared with slides prepared with the ThinPrep technique. The study included 142 patients with bile duct obstruction or pancreatic mass who underwent EBDB and follow-up surgery or biopsy between 1997 to 2000. Twenty-five (18%) of these cases were positive for malignancy in both EBDB and follow-up surgical biopsy; 20 of these cases were used as positive controls (PC). Sixty-one (43%) were negative in both EBDB and follow-up surgical biopsy specimens, and 21 of those cases were used as negative controls (NC). Fifty-six (39%) cases were negative/atypical in EBDB cytology but were suspicious or positive in the surgical or biopsy specimens (false-negative). We identified the cytologic criteria that were helpful in differentiating our positive and negative control groups and applied these criteria to our false-negative group to see whether our sensitivity could be increased, using well-defined cytologic criteria alone. Of the 56 false-negative cases, 9 (16%) were upgraded to suspicious/positive based on the presence of the following features: three-dimensional (3D) micropapillae (95% PC vs 19% NC, P < 0.0001), anisonucleosis (90% PC vs 5% NC, P < 0.0001), high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio (95% PC vs 9% NC, P < 0.0001), nuclear contour irregularity (65% PC vs 24% NC, P = 0.0079), and prominent nucleoli (70% PC vs 38% NC, P = 0.0406). Cytomorphologic features which were not helpful in distinguishing positive and negative cases were: single naked nuclei (50% PC vs 28% NC, P = 0.1597), chromatin granularity (50% PC vs 62% NC, P = 0.54), and necrosis (10% PC vs 5% NC, P = 0.5197). Improvement in diagnostic sensitivity for carcinoma of pancreaticobiliary tract in EBDB samples may be achieved by identifying the key malignant cytomorphologic features: 3D micropapillae, anisonucleosis, nuclear contour irregularity, prominent nucleoli, and high N/C ratio. The sensitivity in detecting malignant biliary strictures increased from 31% to 42% based on these criteria in our current study.