安徽省留守青少年心理健康状况现况调查

目的 描述安徽省留守青少年的心理健康状况,探索不同类型留守青少年的心理差异.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取皖南、皖北城乡普通中学7所,获得样本3421人,其中留守青少年682人.应用中学生心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对研究对象的一般情况和心理健康状况进行测评.结果 安徽省10～18岁青少年的留守率为19.94%;留守青少年的心理健康状况差于非留守青少年,其孤独倾向、过敏倾向、恐怖倾向均明显高于非留守青少年,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);不同类型留守青少年的心理健康状况:皖北差于皖南(MHT总分、自责倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向,P＜0.05);女生差于男生(MHT总分、学习焦虑、对人焦虑、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向,P＜0.05);初一学生MHT总分低于其他年级(P＜0.05);农村差于城镇(对人焦虑、孤独倾向,P＜0.05);非独生子女差于独生子女(MHT总分、对人焦虑、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向,P＜0.05).结论 安徽省留守青少年的心理健康状况差于非留守青少年,留守青少年中的女生、高中学生、非独生子女以及皖北和家庭所在地为农村的留守青少年的心理健康状况相对较差.     

某县农村中学留守青少年心理健康状况现况调查

目的 了解某县农村中学青少年心理健康状况,探索该地区不同类型青少年的心理差异,为青少年的心理健康发展制定有效干预措施提供依据. 方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法抽取某县农村中学的初中生700人,以班为单位,利用中学生心理健康诊断测验(MHT)中学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向四个因子对留守青少年、非留守青少年的一般情况和心理健康状况进行测评. 结果 某县农村中学11～17岁青少年的留守率为67.89％;留守青少年的心理健康状况差于非留守青少年,其MHT总分、学习焦虑、对人焦虑、自责倾向均明显高于非留守青少年,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);留守青少年女生的心理健康状况中学习焦虑、孤独倾向差于男生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);不同年级留守青少年心理健康状况在MHT总分、学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向项目中差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 某县农村中学留守青少年的心理健康状况差于非留守青少年,留守青少年的女生比留守青少年男生的心理健康状况相对较差,初一年级的留守青少年心理健康状况最好.     

广西玉林市农村高年级小学生心理健康状况调查

目的 了解广西玉林市农村高年级小学生心理健康的现状与存在问题,提出相应的干预策略。方法 采用心理健康诊断测验（MHT）对广西玉林市2 700名农村高年级小学生进行问卷调查,分析农村高年级小学生的心理状况。结果 玉林市农村小学生心理健康问题的检出率为1.80%,不同性别在总体心理健康状况、学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向和冲动倾向上差异显著（均P<0.05）。是否独生子女在对人焦虑、孤独倾向、身体症状和冲动倾向上,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;是否为留守儿童在总体心理健康状况、孤独倾向、恐怖倾向和冲动倾向上,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同年级的小学生在总体心理健康状况、学习焦虑、自责倾向、过敏倾向和身体症状上,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;不同照顾者类型的小学生在总体心理健康状况、学习焦虑、恐怖倾向和冲动倾向上,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论 玉林市农村高年级小学生的心理健康状况总体良好,学习焦虑是本次调查发现的首要心理健康问题。未来可从建设心理健康服务体系等方向着手,为心理健康问题的预防与...     

吉安市城乡小学生心理健康状况调查

目的:了解吉安市城乡小学生的心理健康状况,为吉安市小学生心理健康保健提供依据。方法:采用《心理健康诊断测验》(MHT)对1295名小学生进行测查。结果:吉安市小学生心理健康状况总体情况较好,但也存在一些问题,小学生中受各种情绪困扰和适应不良的人数达38.3%,其中过敏倾向、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向有性别差异(P<0.05);对人焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、冲动倾向有年级差异(P<0.05);总焦虑分、学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向有非常显著的学校差异(P<0.01)。结论:小学生心理健康状况受成长环境影响较大,社会、学校、家庭要共同关心小学生心理健康。小学生心理健康指导要针对不同情况,有的放矢地开展。     

团体心理辅导对留守儿童心理健康水平的干预研究

目的 对济宁市农村留守初中生进行心理健康干预并评价干预效果,探索适合改善留守学生心理健康水平的干预方法。方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,对济宁市1 705名农村初中生进行心理健康诊断测验(Mental Health Test,MHT)问卷调查,对留守初中生采取团体心理辅导为主的干预方法进行干预,并评价干预效果。结果 1)1 705名农村初中生中留守学生为546名,占32.0%;2)留守初中生与非留守初中生MHT得分比较,八个因子中(学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向、过敏倾向和自责倾向)除了过敏倾向和冲动倾向外,其他六个因子得分和总焦虑倾向得分留守组均高于非留守组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001~0.034);3)干预结束后,经重复测量资料的方差分析,学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、恐怖倾向因子处理因素和时间存在交互作用,除身体症状外,其他各因子干预前后得分差异具有统计学意义。 结论 留守初中生的心理健康状况不如非留守初中生,团体心理辅导可以提高留守学生的心理健康水平。     

安徽省中小学生心理健康状况调查

目的分析当前安徽省中小学生心理健康状况。方法采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对安徽省6088名中小学生进行测查。结果①安徽省中小学生心理健康问题总分阳性检出率为2%,各分量表阳性总检出率为总人数的68.1%,其中学习焦虑因子检出率为57.3%。各项检出率依次排序为:学习焦虑、身体症状、过敏倾向、自责倾向、恐怖倾向、对人焦虑、冲动倾向、孤独倾向。②不同性别、生源、年级的中小学生的心理健康水平差异有统计学意义。③留守儿童的心理健康水平低于非留守儿童,差异有统计学意义。结论安徽省中小学生整体心理健康水平较好,但心理问题还普遍存在,应该给予高度重视。     

沈阳市部分流动儿童心理健康状况分析

目的 了解流动儿童心理健康状况,为对其采取相关心理干预提供参考依据.方法 整群抽取沈阳市6所学校1 881名学生作为研究对象,采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)进行心理健康状况调查.结果 流动儿童存在心理健康问题,以学习焦虑最常见,发生率为46.22％,其余依次为自责倾向(17.76％)、身体症状(15.34％)、过敏倾向(10.29％).对人焦虑(6.26％)、恐怖倾向(5.15)、冲动倾向(3.63％)和孤独倾向(1.11％).流动男童的学习焦虑、自责倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向和总分高于常住男童(P值均＜0.05),流动女童的学习焦虑、自责倾向、恐怖倾向和总分高于常住女童(P值均＜0.05).结论 流动儿童存在心理健康问题,以学习焦虑、自责倾向为主,流动儿童的心理健康状况较常住儿童差.     

某地农村留守儿童心理健康状况调查

[目的]了解南充、眉山两地留守儿童心理健康状况及其特点,为有针对性地开展留守儿童心理健康教育提供参考.[方法]采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对南充和眉山两个镇中心小学3～5年级学生进行调查,留守儿童填写自编的一般情况调查表. [结果]留守儿童中,总焦虑倾向检出率为6.21%.留守儿童在学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向、总焦虑倾向上的检出率高于非留守儿童.留守女生在对人焦虑、自责倾向、恐怖倾向、总焦虑倾向上的检出率高于留守男生.高学年留守儿童的对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向、总焦虑倾向的检出率高于低学年儿童.与父母保持联系的留守儿童的孤独倾向和身体症状的检出率高于不与父母联系的留守儿童. [结论]留守儿童心理健康状况不容乐观,必须重视留守儿童的心理健康教育.     

贵州某少数民族地区初中生心理健康状况调查

了解少数民族地区初中生心理健康状况及其影响因素,为少数民族地区学生的心理健康干预提供理论依据.方法 整群抽取贵州省某少数民族地区2所中学全部学生共1 605名进行青少年心理健康问卷,内容包括一般情况、心理健康诊断测验(MHT).结果 初中生存在心理问题者431名,检出率为26.95%;女生对人焦虑、自责倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向得分及MHT总分均高于男生;不同家庭类型、成长环境初中生MHT总分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);父母学历不同及家庭经济条件不同的初中生MHT总分差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);对父母关系不满意的初中生MHT得分高于其他人(P<0.05);父母教养方式不一致的初中生MHT得分高于父母教养方式一致的初中生;父母不同管教方式的初中生MHT得分不同(P<0.05).结论 家庭类型、是否独生子女、成长环境、父母文化程度及教养方式等对初中生心理健康影响作用显著,应引起重视.     

农村留守儿童义务教育阶段心理健康状况调查

目的了解丽水市农村留守儿童义务教育阶段心理健康状况,为加强农村留守儿童心理健康教育提供依据。方法在丽水市莲都区历年劳务输出最多的雅溪、曳岭2个区随机抽取2所初中和2所小学的留守儿童,采用《心理健康诊断测验(MHT)》调查心理健康状况。结果共发放问卷940份,回收完整问卷896份,回收率为95.32%;经效度检测作废25份,获得有效问卷871份,有效率为97.21%。其中小学生495人,初中生376人;男生451人,女生420人。留守儿童学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向和冲动倾向检出率分别为46.96%、3.90%、1.61%、13.20%、14.81%、12.51%、4.13%和2.53%。小学阶段留守儿童在自责倾向方面的检出率为15.56%,高于初中阶段留守儿童的10.11%(P0.05);女生学习焦虑和自责倾向检出率为52.62%和17.62%,均高于男生的41.69%和9.09%(P0.05);男生冲动倾向检出率为3.55%,高于女生的1.43%(P0.05)。结论丽水市农村留守儿童义务教育阶段心理问题较多,应加强心理健康教育工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.