中国4城市中学教职工吸烟现状调查

目的开展教职工吸烟现状调查，为在今后教师群体中实施控烟工作提供科学依据。方法在濮阳、上海、天津和珠海4个城市的城乡随机选取中学各25所，对校内教职工进行问卷调查。结果教职工总吸烟率濮阳男性45．4％，女性1．0％；上海男性54．1％，女性3．4％；天津男性44．9％，女性2．8％；珠海男性47．6％，女性3．1％。男性教职工总吸烟率高于女性，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。不同年龄教职工总吸烟率不同，〈24岁和25～29岁组分别低于60岁～年龄组．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同职位教职工总吸烟率不同，学校领导高于其他职员，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不同年龄组教职工戒烟率不同，50-59岁和60岁～年龄组分别高于〈24岁组，差异有统汁学意义（P〈0．05）。结论4城市教职工吸烟率均低于普通人群，戒烟率较高。教师作为教育群体，其知识层次和素质优于一般人群，在行为上有一定的自律意识。     

合肥市初一学生吸烟状况调查

目的 了解安徽省合肥市初一学生的吸烟状况及其相关因素，以便为进一步开展干预研究提供依据。方法 在合肥市采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取4500名初一学生，并对其进行问卷调查。结果 尝试吸烟率为12．7％，吸第一支烟学生的年龄平均为9．5a，多因好奇而吸烟，占40．2％，其次为受他人影响。在尝试吸烟中发展为现在吸烟占10．0％。促使学生放弃吸烟的主要原因是知道吸烟危害健康，异性朋友反对和家人反对。结论 及早开展积极的健康教育是预防学生吸烟和放弃吸烟的关键，学校应将控烟重点放在小学高年级的初中阶段。     

青岛初中生烟草使用情况及烟草广告和促销暴露调查

目的 了解烟草广告和促销对青岛市初中生吸烟情况的影响,为开展学校控烟工作提供科学依据。方法 于2014年9-11月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取山东省青岛市44所初中6 155名初中生为调查对象,采用全球青少年烟草调查核心问卷,了解青少年烟草使用情况、烟草广告和促销暴露等内容,对数据加权后,采用SPSS 19.0软件进行分析。结果 青岛市初中生现在吸烟率为1.5%,尝试吸烟率为7.3%。在过去30 d内,34%的学生报告看到过烟草广告和促销,其中通过互联网看到的比例最高（12.8%）,其次为户外广告牌（12.6%）、电视（11.9%）和报纸杂志（11.6%）。50.7%的学生在电视、录像、视频中看到过吸烟镜头,3.3%的学生报告自己拥有印着烟草品牌标识的物品。烟草广告和促销暴露与烟草使用状态之间有关联,现在吸烟者的烟草广告和促销暴露率最高（72.1%）,高于不吸烟者（33.3%）;尝试吸烟者的烟草广告和促销暴露率为55.6%,高于未尝试者暴露率（32.1%）。结论 青岛市初中学生暴露于烟草广告和促销的现状严重,暴露使学生更容易对烟草使用持正向态度。     

衢州市中学生吸烟状况及其影响因素分析

  目的  了解贵州省贵阳市中学生烟草使用现状及控烟知识情况,为今后开展干预措施提供依据。  方法  于2015年5 — 6月采用分层整群抽样方法,在贵阳市抽取14所中学3 847名中学生,使用2013年中国青少年烟草流行调查问卷进行调查。  结果  贵阳市中学生尝试吸烟率为40.4 %,现在吸烟率为17.1 %,经常吸卷烟率为5.7 %。男生尝试吸烟率（54.5 %）、现在吸烟率（28.5 %）及经常吸卷烟率（10.9 %）均高于女生的27.3 %、6.5 %、0.9 %（均P < 0.05）。性别、地区、饮酒、学校类型是贵阳市中学生尝试吸烟、现在吸烟及经常吸卷烟的主要影响因素。贵阳市中学生烟草广告及促销暴露率高,控烟信息覆盖率低。  结论  贵阳市中学生烟草使用情况严峻,卫生计生及教育部门应加强控烟宣传,同时结合青少年身心发育特点及影响因素制定针对性的干预措施。     

不同干预频次对降低中学生吸烟率效果分析

目的 评价基于学校的青少年吸烟干预计划对降低初中生吸烟率的干预效应,探索不同次数干预的效应差异。方法 将25所初中学校随机分为3组,分别为对照组、1次干预组和3次干预组。每所学校的初中一年级学生均为研究对象。在每次干预后6个月时对3组进行一次问卷调查。结果 1次干预组在干预后一年半时的吸烟率显著低于对照组(OR=0.56,95%CI=0.33~0.87);3次干预组在第2次干预后(OR=0.32,95%CI=0.15~0.63)和第3次干预后(OR=0.27,95%CI=0.13~0.48)吸烟率均显著低于对照组。同时发现,在第3次干预后3次干预组的吸烟率显著低于1次干预组(OR=0.48,95%CI=0.28~0.81)。结论 本研究所实施的干预能有效地降低初中生吸烟率,且3次干预的效应强于1次干预。     

Factors associated with physician interventions to address adolescent smoking

OBJECTIVE: To determine the percent of adolescent Medicaid patients with medical record documentation about tobacco use status and cessation assistance; and factors associated with providers documenting and intervening with adolescent smokers. DATA SOURCE: Secondary analysis of data collected in 1999 from medical records of Wisconsin Medicaid health maintenance organization (HMO) recipients 11 to 21 years old. STUDY DESIGN: Random reviews and data collection were related to visits from January 1997 to January 1999. Data collected included patient demographics, provider type, number of visits, and whether smoking status and cessation interventions were documented. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: Medical charts were reviewed and a database was created using a data abstraction tool developed and approved by a committee to address tobacco use in Medicaid managed care participants. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Among adolescents seen by a physician from 1997 to 1999, tobacco use status was documented in 55 percent of patient charts. Most often tobacco use status was documented on history and physical or prenatal forms. Of identified adolescent smokers, 50 percent were advised to quit, 42 percent assisted, and 16 percent followed for smoking cessation. Pregnant patients were more likely to have tobacco use documented than nonpregnant patients (OR=10.8, 95 percent CI=4.9 to 24). The odds of documentation increased 21 percent for every one-year increase in patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Providers miss opportunities to intervene with adolescents who may be using tobacco. Medical record prompts, similar to the tobacco use question on prenatal forms and the tobacco use vital sign stamp, are essential for reminding providers to consistently document and address tobacco use among adolescents.     

广州市初中男生尝试戒烟和戒烟成功的影响因素

目的了解初中男生的尝试戒烟率、戒烟成功率及其影响因素。方法用自填式问卷对4658名初中男生进行横断面调查,收集人口学资料、学校情况、有关吸烟与健康的知识和态度以及个人吸烟和戒烟行为等信息。结果初中男生的规律吸烟率为7·6%,68·6%的规律吸烟男生在过去12个月中尝试过戒烟,戒烟成功率为17·2%。前两位的戒烟动机是“吸烟会影响健康”和“有人劝我戒烟”。筛选出4个有统计学意义的影响尝试戒烟的因素,促进戒烟的有“曾经被人劝戒烟”、“健康缘故”、“心情不好时才吸烟”和“父母反对吸烟”等。另外,有2个影响因素与戒烟成功有统计学关联:“曾接触过反烟宣传”能促使戒烟成功,而“经常在校外吸烟”是阻碍因素。结论大部分规律吸烟者尝试过戒烟,但成功率低。应根据青少年的生理和心理特点,整合学校、家庭和社会等多方力量来帮助其成功戒烟。     

高中生吸烟行为相关因素分析

目的了解当前高中学生的吸烟行为及其相关因素。方法分层抽样随机抽取995名高中学生进行横断面问卷调查研究。结果男女高中学生的吸烟行为与多种因素相关。男生中，家里人是否吵架、在家独处时间、学习成绩、最要好的朋友劝吸、同龄人吸烟人数、好友吸烟人数、拒绝别人递烟是否礼貌、给家里客人递烟是否为礼节等是尝试吸烟的危险因素；女生中，父母是否允许与他们不相识的朋友外出、最要好的朋友劝吸、好友吸烟人数、拒绝别人递烟是否礼貌、给家里客人递烟是否为礼节等是尝试吸烟的危险因素。结论预防控制高中学生吸烟应从家庭、学校、社会等多方面入手采取综合性干预措施。     

Patterns of smoking, quit attempts and services for a cohort of 15- to 19-year-olds

Objectives To establish patterns of smoking among 15‐to 19‐year‐olds within mixed urban and suburban area and explore preference for the nature of services to assist quitting. Design Postal survey and depth interviews with focus group validation. Setting People registered with health services in the Borough of Solihull, UK. The borough has a diverse population with areas of high deprivation to the north and a range of prosperity elsewhere. Participants Questionnaires were sent to 50% of those registered and 20 people interviewed aged from 15 to 19 years. Main outcome measures The survey contained demographic questions relating to educational attainment and family, smoking status, history and quit attempts, use of facilities for quit attempts. Qualitative themes explored attitudes and experience of quitting, utilization of cessation services, barriers to access and nicotine replacement therapy. Results Total survey response rate was 32.6%. Three in five reported smoking a cigarette sometime, 17.2% current regular smokers, 7.2% current occasional smokers. Median age of starting smoking was significantly lower (P = 0.004) for current regular smokers, distinguishable in two groups; weekend smokers and all week smokers. More quit attempts had been made or planned by current regular smokers but were often short lived. Weekend smokers had a slightly longer duration of quitting (P = 0.03). Eight‐two per cent were optimistic about quitting in the future although the majority (80%) had already made one quit attempt. Knowledge and use of existing services was poor, with concerns about privacy and confidentiality. Models based on autonomy were identified as potentially useful. Conclusion Teenage smoking is characterized by optimism about quitting despite the failure of many quit attempts, lack of regard for existing services and barriers to uptake.     

青岛初中生尝试吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解山东省青岛市初中生尝试吸烟状况及影响因素,为制定青少年控烟策略提供依据。方法 通过多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2014年9-11月,抽取青岛市44所初中6 155名初中生为调查对象,采用全球青少年烟草流行核心问卷调查青少年烟草使用和戒烟情况、二手烟暴露情况、获得卷烟的途径、烟草使用认知等。对数据加权后,采用SPSS软件进行数据分析。结果 青岛市初中生尝试吸烟率为7.3%,男生尝试吸烟率为11.0%,高于女生的3.5%;初三学生尝试吸烟率为10.3%,高于初二学生的6.7%,初二学生高于初一学生的3.7%;城市学生尝试吸烟率为8.4%,高于农村学生的6.4%,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。尝试吸烟的单因素分析结果显示,年级、性别、城乡等个体因素,家庭环境因素,社会环境因素以及吸烟认同度均对初中生尝试吸烟率有显著影响（P<0.01）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,初二、初三、男生、父母中有人吸烟、朋友中有人吸烟、看到教师吸烟、接触过烟草产品广告和营销的初中生尝试吸烟的危险度高。结论 青岛市初中生尝试吸烟率受个人、家庭、学校、社会环境因素影响。     

Lifestyles and psychosomatic symptoms among elementary school students and junior high school students

Objectives  To examine the relationship between lifestyles and psychosomatic symptoms in children, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey of elementary school students and junior high school students in Japan. Methods  We designed an original questionnaire to investigate the lifestyles and psychosomatic symptoms of children. In 1997, responses to the questionnaires were elicited from public elementary school fourth grade students (then aged 9–10) and public junior high school seventh grade students (then aged 12–13). The survey was repeated annually for three years as the students advanced through school. Results  For both boys and girls, each cross-sectional analysis revealed a strong relationship between lifestyle behaviors and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychosomatic, symptoms scores varied according to daily hours of sleep, eating of breakfast, having strong likes and dislikes of food, bowel habits, and daily hours of television watching. Both boys and girls with “good” lifestyle, behaviors evaluated by the HPI (Health Practice Index) showed lower scores for psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusions  These findings show that the lifestyle behaviors of children are significantly associated with psychosomatic symptoms and suggest that poor lifestyle behaviors are likely to increase physical and psychological health risks.     

高中生吸烟行为影响因素问题行为理论方法分析

目的了解北京市某区不同性别、类型学校高中生尝试吸烟状况,以问题行为理论为基础探讨影响高中生尝试吸烟行为的因素。方法方便选取北京市某区重点高中、普通高中和职业高中各1所,采用问题行为理论提出者Jessor编制的《青少年健康与发展问卷》的中文版调查了1 325名高中生。结果高中生尝试吸烟报告率为26.6%(325/1325),其中男生报告率为35.5%(225/633),女生报告率为18.4%(127/692)。有尝试吸烟行为高中生的自我控制、同伴吸烟控制、家庭吸烟控制平均分分别为(3.05±0.80)、(3.35±0.72)、(3.09±0.96)分,均低于未尝试吸烟行为高中生,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。高自我控制、同伴健康行为榜样、来自同伴和家庭的高吸烟控制、高家庭控制、高学校支持是降低高中生尝试吸烟行为的保护因素;同伴吸烟榜样、邻居吸烟榜样、容易获得香烟、高偏差行为是增加高中生尝试吸烟行为的危险因素。结论应用问题行为理论可以部分解释高中生尝试吸烟行为。     

High quit rate among smokers with tuberculosis in a modified smoking cessation programme in Dhaka,Bangladesh

Setting:

BRAC, a non-governmental organisation, implemented a modified smoking cessation programme for tuberculosis (TB) patients based on International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) guidelines in 17 peri-urban centres of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Objective:

To determine whether a modified version of The Union’s smoking cessation intervention was effective in promoting cessation among TB patients and determinants associated with quitting smoking.

Design:

Cohort study of routinely collected data.

Results:

A total of 3134 TB patients were registered from May 2011 to April 2012. Of these, 615 (20%) were current smokers, with a mean age of 38 years (±13.8). On treatment completion, 562 patients were analysed, with 53 (9%) lost to follow-up or dead, while 82% of smokers had quit. Patients with extra-pulmonary TB were less likely to quit than those with pulmonary TB. Patients with high-intensity dependence were less likely to quit than those with low-intensity dependence.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that a simplified smoking cessation intervention can be effective in promoting smoking cessation among TB patients in Bangladesh. This is encouraging for other low-resource settings; the Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Control Programme should consider nationwide scaling up and integration of this smoking cessation plan.     

北京市中小学生吸烟及被动吸烟现状调查

【目的】探讨北京市中小学生吸烟及被动吸烟行为的流行水平,为开展北京市中小学生控烟干预工作提供依据。【方法】采用方便抽样的方法对东城区、朝阳区和怀柔区三个区12所中小学校1 200名学生进行问卷调查,应用自填式问卷对其被动吸烟的暴露情况进行调查。【结果】中小学生吸烟率为4.2%(男生7.9%,女生0.7%)。影响中小学生吸烟的因素主要有:同伴、家庭、学校和个人认知的影响。90%以上的学生知晓不论是主动吸烟还是被动吸烟都会有害健康,54.2%的学生还存有"吸烟会减轻体重"的错误认识。在调查前7日内,有54.1%的中小学生曾经暴露在被动吸烟的环境下。【结论】北京市中小学生吸烟与被动吸烟的形势严峻,家庭和学校还应承担更大的责任,避免学生过早地吸食烟草制品以及长期暴露于被动吸烟的环境之下。     

Effects of multiple attempts to quit smoking and relapses to smoking on pulmonary function. Lung Health Study Research Group

The effect of intermittent smoking on pulmonary function was assessed among participants in the Lung Health Study, 5887 adult smokers with evidence of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), followed up for 5 years. The mean annual rate of loss in FEV₁% of predicted after year 1 was smallest for those who quit at some point during the first year of the study and stayed quit (−0.33%/year, ±0.05%), intermediate for those who smoked intermittently during the study (−0.58%/year, ±0.05%) and greatest for those who continued to smoke throughout the study (−1.18%/year, ±0.03%). Surprisingly, those who made several attempts to quit smoking had less loss of lung function at comparable cumulative doses of cigarettes than those who continued to smoke. Quitting smoking for an interval followed by relapse to smoking appeared to provide a measurable and lasting benefit in comparison to continuous smoking. In this early COPD population, not only quitting smoking but attempts to quit smoking can prevent some loss of lung function. These results provide some encouragement to exsmokers who relapse on their way to complete cessation.     

西安市高中生吸烟行为与自尊及人格关系

目的 了解陕西省西安市在校高中生吸烟状况及吸烟行为与其自尊、人格的关系,为预防和矫治高中生吸烟行为提供依据.方法从西安市抽取4所中学的高一、高三年级学生691人,问卷调查自尊、人格与高中生吸烟的关系.结果西安市高中生吸烟率为39.8％,男生占86.2％,女生占13.8％,吸烟率性别差异有统计学意义(x2=143.140,P＜0.001);男生吸烟行为与自尊(t= -3.150,P=0.002)、精神质(t=-5.379,P=0.000)和神经质(t= -5.379,P=0.000)有密切关系;女生吸烟行为与自尊(t= -0.180,P=0.049)有密切关系;Logistic回归结果表明,男性(OR=9.207)、低自尊(OR=2.111)和精神质(OR=1.727)是吸烟行为的主要危险因素.结论高中生吸烟行为与其自尊和人格因素有密切关系.