活动期溃疡性结肠炎活检黏膜的病理组织学特征、分级及其与疾病程度的关系

目的 研究活动期溃疡性结肠炎(UC)活检黏膜的病理组织学特征、分级及其与疾病程度的关系，为UC诊断提供病理学依据。方法 应用大样本(133例)进行前瞻性研究，按UC的严重程度将133例UC患者进行分组研究，应用HE染色进行病理形态学分析和分级。结果 活检黏膜的病理特征是：上皮细胞间的中性粒细胞(100．0％)、嗜酸性粒细胞(99．2％)、浆细胞(91．7％)与淋巴细胞(75．2％)的浸润和淋巴滤泡的形成(72．2％)，固有层小血管炎(63．9％)和灶性出血(68．4％)，黏膜隐窝脓肿(43．6％)、腺体异常(44．4％)、腺体杯状细胞减少或消失(18．8％)、上皮细胞再生(36．8％)、非典型增生(28．6％)和肉芽组织的形成(42．9％)。随着UC严重程度的增加，小血管炎、血管壁坏死、腺体异常、不典型增生、杯状细胞减少或消失、肉芽组织、纤维细胞增生和隐窝脓肿发生率显著升高。淋巴细胞增生、淋巴滤泡形成、嗜酸性粒细胞和浆细胞浸润，三组间差异均无显著性。轻度UC以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级病变为主，中度UC以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级病变为主，重度UC以Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级病变为主；轻、中、重度间各分级，均差异有显著性。结论 活动期UC活检黏膜具有一定的病理特征，其部分指标与组织学分级能反映活动期UC的严重性和活动性。     

结肠镜和组织病理学检查在炎症性肠病诊断中的价值

结肠镜检查和黏膜活检的组织病理学评估是诊断炎症性肠病(IBD)的主要方法。克罗恩病(CD)可累及口腔至肛门的任一部位,以节段性、透壁性炎症为主要特征;溃疡性结肠炎(UC)主要表现为由直肠向上延伸至盲肠的广泛黏膜炎症,可伴有或不伴倒灌性回肠炎。缺乏慢性炎症的组织学证据如隐窝变形、固有层单核细胞浸润、基底层淋巴细胞增多时,不能诊断为CD或UC。直肠、结肠、回肠末端的结肠镜黏膜活检是区分慢性与急性黏膜炎症、评估疾病分布以及鉴别诊断CD与UC的关键。UC的诊断可能较为直观,而诊断CD需结合临床表现、内镜表现、影像学和组织病理学结果。     

内镜下胃肠道黏膜黄斑辅助血吸虫病诊断的价值

目的探讨内镜下胃肠道黏膜黄斑辅助诊断血吸虫病的特异性和临床价值。方法对8000例胃镜、结肠镜受检者行常规内镜检查，观察胃肠道血吸虫性黏膜变化，并随机活检，将胃镜、结肠镜检查结果进行统计学分析，总结胃肠道黏膜黄斑的发现率。结果有702例内镜下发现消化道黏膜血吸虫性改变，发现率为8．8％（702／8000）。胃镜受检者中，516例发现血吸虫病，发现率为8．0％（516／6421）；发现6例患者存在黏膜黄斑，发现率为0．1％（6／6421），占胃型血吸虫病者总数的1．2％（6／516）。结肠镜受检者中，186例发现血吸虫病，发现率为11．8％（186／1579）；发现177例患者存在黏膜黄斑，发现率为11．2％（177／1579），占大肠型血吸虫病者总数的95．2％（177／186）。结论内镜下发现胃肠道黏膜黄斑并进行适当的活检，可辅助对血吸虫病的诊断，具有一定的临床应用价值，为为临床诊断血吸虫病开辟了一条新的途径。     

结肠镜结合病理检查对结直肠溃疡病因诊断的价值

结直肠溃疡可由多种疾病所致，目前结肠镜结合病理检查是诊断结直肠溃疡病因的主要手段。目的：探讨不同病因结直肠溃疡的特征和诊断方法，以期提高对相应疾病的认识。方法：回顾性分析四川大学华西医院93例结直肠溃疡患者的临床特点、结肠镜检查和活检病理资料。结果：结直肠溃疡的病因以溃疡性结肠炎（UC）、肠结核、缺血性结肠炎、结直肠孤立性溃疡、克罗恩病（CD）、感染性肠炎、内痔，息肉术后、恶性淋巴瘤等常见。临床诊断的敏感性为33．3％，病理诊断为46．2％，内镜诊断为61．3％，结肠镜检查结合病理诊断为73．1％。结肠镜下UC多为弥漫分布的不规则浅小溃疡；肠结核多为环形溃疡；CD多有铺路石样改变；缺血性结肠炎病变与正常肠段界限明显。多数UC患者可见隐窝脓肿；异型淋巴细胞见于恶性淋巴瘤，经免疫酶标检查可证实；干酪样肉芽肿和抗酸染色阳性对肠结核有确诊意义，肠结核和CD中均可见非干酪样肉芽肿。结论：结直肠溃疡病因复杂多样。结肠镜结合病理检查对结直肠溃疡的病因诊断具有重要价值。可显著提高其诊断敏感性。     

HMGCS2、PPARγ在炎症性肠病患者肠黏膜的表达活性及临床意义

目的观察HMGCS2、PPARγ在溃疡性结肠炎（uc）及克隆恩病（CD）中的表达情况,通过对UC、CD及健康对照组比较,分析其在IBD发生发展的分子学基础。方法收集南方医院消化科病房及门诊2010年2月-2011年1月间所行常规全结肠镜检查后内镜下活检的73例UC、42例CD、89例健康对照者的肠黏膜。比较UC组和CD组之间一般临床特点和检查资料的差异。结果73例UC中发生在直肠的28例（38．4％）,发生在直乙状结肠9例（12．3％）,发生在左半结肠的11例（15．1％）,发生在全结肠的25例（34．2％）;42例CD患者有29例发生在回末和小肠（69．0％）。HMGCS2、PPARγ在73例UC患者肠黏膜中阳性表达分别为48例（65．8％）和36例（49．3％）;在42例CD患者肠黏膜中阳性表达分别为37例（88．1％）和30例（71．4％）;在89例正常对照组肠黏膜阳性表达占82例（92．1％）和66例（74．2％）。结论HMGCS2、PPARγ在UC、CD、健康对照组均有表达,在UC患者肠黏膜明显下调,而在CD和健康者无明显变化。     

形似良性病变的早期胃癌的临床研究

目的总结形似良性病变早期胃癌临床特点，提高早期胃癌的诊断水平。方法回顾分析2001～2006年我院经手术切除和病理检查证实，且内镜下形态改变类似良性病变的早期胃癌25例。结果25例患者平均年龄为（58．59±9．35）岁，男女患病率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。21例（86．00％）患者有不同程度的临床症状。分化型癌19例，未分化型癌6例。黏膜内癌19例，黏膜下癌6例，均无淋巴结及远处转移。在内镜检查时发现可疑恶性病灶者18例，7例为内镜诊断良性病变由活检病理意外发现，漏诊率28％。有22例次接受色素染色后放大内镜、内镜荧光早期胃癌诊断仪（ISF）、智能电子分光内镜（FICE）检查等内镜精检，内镜精检和常规内镜检查的首次活检阳性率分别为81．8％和52．00％。大体形态以平坦型和凹陷型为主，内镜表现与良性息肉或炎性增生；局部黏膜发红或退色；局部黏膜粗糙或颗粒样或糜烂及良性溃疡相似。结论形似良性病灶早期胃癌易误认为良性病变，常规内镜首次活检阳性率低，应进行内镜精检并积极随访复查，避免延误诊断和治疗。     

结节病67例临床分析

目的探讨结节病的临床特点和诊断方法。方法回顾分析解放军总医院自1996年来经组织病理学确诊的67例结节病患者的临床资料。结果女性多于男性，男：女为1：2．0，平均发病年龄47．1岁。其中0期5例，Ⅰ期26例，Ⅱ期33例，Ⅲ期3例。呼吸道症状以咳嗽胸闷气促最多，分别占52．2％（35／67）、41．8％（28／67）和38．8％（26／67）。全身症状主要为乏力消瘦（28．4％）和发热（20．1％）。血清血管紧张素转换酶阳性率为83．0%。经气管镜支气管黏膜活检和肺组织活检阳性率分别为78．6％和72．7％，纵隔镜活检阳性率100％。结论结节病临床表现无特异性，对有肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大的可疑病例，应尽可能作组织病理学检查明确诊断。     

溃疡性结肠炎的内镜特点和临床分析

目的 总结溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的临床特点及内镜下表现。方法 收集1975年至2001年经结肠镜检查及病理确诊的UC患者的相关资料，其中1975—1994年组有486例，1995—2001年组490例，观察其临床特点及内镜表现。确诊靠病理活检。结果 在1975—1994年和1995—2001年两组中，经结肠镜检查确诊的UC患者占同期结肠镜的总数从3．51％上升至4．44％，男女之比分别为1．67和1．25，平均发病年龄从42．4岁上升至51．5岁，高峰年龄段分别是30—49岁和40—49，≥60岁。临床主要表现为黏液脓血便、腹泻、腹痛等，病变范围：直肠及乙状结肠炎占55．4％和64．5％，左半结肠炎占17.3％和13．9％，全结肠炎占11．9％和14．3％。分别有89．9％和90．4％的患者病程小于10年。结论 UC的发病例数有所增加，病变主要以左半结肠为主，病程短，发病年龄相对较大，癌症发生率及并发症低。结肠镜及活检是诊断UC的主要方法。     

回顾性分析82例溃疡性结肠炎的临床特征

目的研究溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)的临床特征,提高对UC的认识和诊断治疗水平。方法收集2008年1月-2013年12月6年荆门市第一人民医院住院治疗的82例UC患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点。结果 41~50岁年龄段发病比例最高,女性多于男性。UC的临床特征以黏液脓血便、腹痛、腹泻为主;内镜下黏膜弥漫性充血、水肿、糜烂和溃疡,13例伴有肠外表现,病变同时累及直肠和乙状结肠者最多见,病理以慢性炎性细胞浸润为主。结论 UC确诊主要根据临床表现、结肠镜检查和病理学检查,其中结肠镜检查可明确病变部位、范围、程度以及肠腔有无狭窄或癌变,有助于临床病情分期,对指导临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

527例溃疡性结肠炎临床与病理分析

目的 评价临床、内镜及活检三者在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)诊断中的作用。方法 总结我院10年间经肠镜诊断为UC的病例，分析其临床、内镜表现及部分活检资料。结果 527例确诊为UC，其中误诊34例，结肠镜诊断正确率为93．9％。UC临床主要表现为腹泻(88％)、粘液脓血便(52％)。结肠镜表现以粘膜充血水肿(94％)、糜烂溃疡(75％)最多见，病变部位以直、乙结肠为主(51％)，呈弥漫性、连续性分布。活检特征性表现为炎症程度重(49％)，固有层弥漫性混合性炎细胞浸润(76％)、杯状细胞减少(71％)、隐窝扭曲(63％)、萎缩(47％)、隐窝炎(45％)、隐窝脓肿(36％)及绒毛状表面(39％)。结论 UC的诊断应强调临床、内镜及活检相结合。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.