PTCA围手术期硫氮酮对血小板活性和钙动力学的影响

目的研究硫氮(艹卓)酮对内皮损伤后血小板激活的影响及与胞浆Ca2+浓度的关系.方法35例拟行PTCA治疗的心绞痛患者随机分成对照(C)组和硫氮(艹卓)酮治疗(D)组,由冠状静脉窦和外周静脉采血,检测围术期血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达和胞浆Ca2+浓度.并在体外研究不同浓度硫氮(艹卓)酮对稳定型心绞痛患者全血GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达的影响.结果C组首次球囊扩张后5 min、10 min和PTCA后10 min时GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达和[Ca2+]i明显升高,而D组未见升高.高于治疗浓度的硫氮(艹卓)酮(200μg/L以上)显著抑制GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达.结论硫氮(艹卓)酮和阿司匹林/抵克力得联合治疗可防止常规阿司匹林/抵克力得治疗时发生的血小板激活.硫氮(艹卓)酮抗血小板作用可能是抑制[Ca2+]i升高的结果,但只在高于治疗浓度时有效.     

PTCA围手术期硫氮革酮对血小板活性和钙动力学的影响

目的：研究硫氮革酮对内皮损伤后血小板激活的影响及与胞浆Ca^2 浓度的关系。方法：35例拟行PICA治疗的心绞痛患者随机分成对照(C)组和硫氮革酮治疗(D)组，由冠状静脉窦和外周静脉采血，检测围术期血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa表达和胞浆Ca^2 浓度。并在体外研究不同浓度硫氮革酮对稳定型心绞痛患者全血GPⅡh／Ⅲa表达的影响。结果：C组首次球囊扩张后5min、10min和PICA后10min时GPⅡb／Ⅲa表达和[Ca^2 ]i明显升高，而D组未见升高。高于治疗浓度的硫氮革酮(200 μg/L以上)显著抑制GPⅡb／Ⅲa表达。结论：硫氮革酮和阿司匹林／抵克力得联合治疗可防止常规阿司匹林／抵克力得治疗时发生的血小板激活。硫氮革酮抗血小板作用可能是抑制[Ca^2 ]i升高的结果，但只在高于治疗浓度时有效。     

PTCA对血小板Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体及一氧化氮水平的影响及临床意义

目的了解PTCA(经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术)对GPⅡb/Ⅲa(血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体)、NO(一氧化氮)水平的影响 ,为临床上减少PTCA术后副作用提供帮助。方法静脉采血 ,采用放免和分光光度比色法检测PTCA术前后GPⅡb/Ⅲa及血浆NO水平。结果PTCA手术后GPⅡb/Ⅲa水平明显增高 ,术后12h达到高峰 ,48h接近术前水平。血浆NO变化与GPⅡb/Ⅲa的变化趋势相反。结论PTCA可能通过增加GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达 ,降低NO合成释放等环节 ,可诱发新血栓形成 ,导致急性冠状动脉闭塞。因此 ,为减少PTCA后急性再梗塞的发生 ,临床上除应用常规的抗凝治疗外 ,加用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂效果会更好     

急性冠脉综合征患者血小板活化及聚集的相关研究

目的 观察急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndromes,ACS)患者血小板聚集性及血小板活化指标P选择素、膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的变化.探讨活化血小板在ACS急性冠脉综合征发病中的作用.方法 选取健康体检者52名为正常对照组,ACS患者89例,按其病情分为不稳定心绞痛(unstable angina,UA)组43例,急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)组46例.检测两组对象的血小板聚集率及血小板表面表达的P选择素、膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达率等活化指标.结果 与正常对照组比较,UA组患者血小板聚集率、血小板P选择素、膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达率均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.001);ACS患者中,AMI组与UA组比较,血小板聚集率、血小板P选择素、膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达率均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.001).结论 随着ACS患者病情加重,血小板活化水平明显升高,聚集功能明显增强,血小板功能异常改变与急性冠脉综合征病情轻重有密切关系.     

血栓性脑血管疾病患者治疗前后血小板活化膜表面糖蛋白检测及临床意义

目的 :探讨血栓性脑血管疾病患者治疗前后血小板活化标记物CD62 P,GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表达及其临床应用价值。方法 :采用流式细胞仪 (FCM )检测治疗前后血小板活化标记物CD62 P、GPⅡb/Ⅲa的表达。结果 :血栓性脑血管疾病患者治疗前血小板活化标志物CD62 P、GPⅡb/Ⅲa分别为CD62 P5 2 .19± 12 .3 7% ,GPⅡb/Ⅲa 77.98± 14 .2 2 % ,较正常对照组有显著性升高 (P <0 .0 1) ;治疗后CD62 P3 1.16± 17.43 % ,GPⅡb/Ⅲa 40 .71± 11.64 %较治疗前有显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,但仍高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血小板活化标志物CD62 P、GPⅡb/Ⅲa对血栓性脑血管疾病的诊断具有重要价值 ,为临床症状缓解后患者长期药物预防提供理论依据     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62P表达探讨

目的检测原发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患者血小板表面GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62P的表达情况,以探讨其在ITP患者中的临床应用价值.方法采用美国BD公司的FACSCalibur流式细胞仪,对32例ITP患者、17例非免疫性血小板减少、21例其它自身免疫性疾病及20例健康正常人的血小板表面GPⅡb/Ⅲa、CD62P的表达情况进行了分析测定.结果ITP患者GPⅡb/Ⅲa血小板阳性表达率明显高于其它三组(P＜0.01),但CD62P血小板阳性表达率四组无明显差别(P＞0.05),15例无临床症状ITP患者GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达明显高于17例有临床症状ITP患者的表达(P＜0.01).结论GPⅡb/Ⅲa作为监测血小板活化指标,对ITP的鉴别诊断及监测病情发展、判断预后具有重要意义;ITP患者的GPⅡb/Ⅲa表达明显增高,但CD62P表达并不增高,CD62P并非监测ITP患者循环中活化血小板的理想标志物.     

人源性抗血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa Fab抗体的研制及其对血小板聚集功能的影响

目的:构建人源性抗血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(GPIⅡb/Ⅲa)Fab噬菌体抗体库,筛选抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa特异性的噬菌体抗体,并对其功能进行研究.方法:取血小板膜糖蛋白抗体(抗GPⅡIb/Ⅲa)阳性的特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患者脾细胞,采用噬菌体抗体库技术构建人源性抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa Fab噬菌体抗体库,以表达GPⅡb/Ⅲa的CHO123细胞筛选抗体库,并以ELISA法检测噬菌体抗体;用Western blot对抗体进行鉴定,并测定其与血小板抗原的结合;观察筛选到Fab抗体对血小板聚集的影响.结果:筛选出2株能够与血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa特异性结合的Fab抗体,其序列与人免疫球蛋白轻、重链可变区序列具有高度同源性,表达纯化的Fab抗体能抑制血小板聚集.结论:成功地从人源性抗血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa Fab抗体库筛选出特异性识别GPⅡb/Ⅲa,具有抑制血小板聚集作用的人源性抗体.     

血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa复合体分子生物学研究进展

GPⅡb/Ⅲa作为血小板膜上粘合蛋白(Integrin),主要参与血小板的聚集作用。随着分子生物学的进展和相关实验技术的应用,逐渐的对 GPⅡb/Ⅲa的分子结构和基因结构有了进一步的了解,对GPⅡb/Ⅲa的结构与功能的关系也有了更为深入的认识。本文就血小板膜GPⅡb/Ⅲa的分子结构、基因结构特征和基因突变对血小板聚集功能的影响进行综述。     

ITP血小板特异性自身抗体（GPⅡb/Ⅲa和GPIbα）与糖皮质激素和静脉丙种球蛋白临床疗效的关系

目的检测特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）患者体内的抗血小板膜糖蛋白（GPⅡb/Ⅲa和GPIbα）特异性自身抗体,并探讨特异性自身抗体与糖皮质激素和静脉丙种球蛋白（静丙）治疗的临床疗效是否存在针对性,以便得到更经济和个体化的治疗方案,为ITP提出新的分型依据。方法应用改良的单克隆抗体特异性俘获血小板抗原（MAIPA）法检测抗GPⅡb/ⅡIa,GPIbα特异性自身抗体。结果双抗体阳性组与单一抗GPIbα抗体阳性组总疗效比较,差异无显著性（χ^2=0.995,P〉0.05）双抗体阳性组与单一抗GPⅡb/ⅡIa抗体阳性组总疗效比较,差异有显著性（χ^2=17.439,P〈0.01）,后者优于前者;单一抗GPⅡb/ⅡIa抗体阳性组,双抗体阳性组,双抗体阴性组,糖皮质激素治疗与糖皮质激素联合静丙治疗比较,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论血小板特异性自身抗体种类（GPⅡb/Ⅲa和GPIbα）及种类数目与ITP的临床疗效（糖皮质激素、静丙）有一定关系,对临床治疗方案的选择有一定意义。以抗血小板膜糖蛋白（GPⅡb/Ⅲa和GPIbα）特异性自身抗体为ITP进行新的分型依据尚不足,需扩大样本量进一步研究。     

噬菌体抗体库中筛选血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱ b/Ⅲa特异的人源性Fab抗体

本研究利用特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)患者产生抗血小板自身抗体的特点,从ITP患者脾脏细胞中提取RNA,扩增抗体轻链和重链Fd基因,插入噬粒载体pComb3H,构建人源性抗GP Ⅱ b/ⅢaFab噬菌体抗体库.以表达GP Ⅱ b/Ⅲa的CHO123细胞筛选抗体库,制备人源性GPⅡb/Ⅲa Fab噬菌体抗体.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.