膝关节关节软骨的三维构建

目的:构建膝关节关节软骨的三维模型,为开展膝关节数字医学研究进行模型构建的探索。方法:人体成年新鲜膝关节标本1例,行CT、MRI扫描,利用三维重建软件Mimics及逆向工程软件Geomagic对图像进行三维重建及图像配准,构建膝关节骨、关节软骨结构。结果:利用Mimics 10.01软件构建关节软骨的三维模型,并形成骨-关节软骨复合模型,导入Geomagic软件中与CT构建的骨三维模型相配准,再次导入CT影像中进行逐层微修饰,验证关节软骨分割效果。最终建立具有骨、关节软骨的三维膝关节模型。结论:三维图像重建技术与图像配准技术可将CT、MRI图像两者结合起来,发挥其各自优势,构建出形态较好的膝关节三维模型。     

The effects of joint immobilization on articular cartilage of the knee in previously exercised rats

Studies have determined the effects of joint immobilization on the articular cartilage of sedentary animals, but we are not aware of any studies reporting the effects of joint immobilization in previously trained animals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether exercise could prevent degeneration of the articular cartilage that accompanies joint immobilization. We used light microscopy to study the thickness, cell density, nuclear size, and collagen density of articular cartilage of the femoral condyle of Wistar rats subjected to aerobic physical activity on an adapted treadmill five times per week. Four groups of Wistar rats were used: a control group (C), an immobilized group (I), an exercised group (E), and an exercised and then immobilized group (EI). The right knee joints from rats in groups I and EI were immobilized at 90 °C of flexion using a plastic cast for 8 weeks. Cartilage thickness decreased significantly in group I (mean, 120.14 ± 15.6 μm, P < 0.05), but not in group EI (mean, 174 ± 2.25), and increased significantly in group E (mean, 289.49 ± 9.15) compared with group C (mean, 239.20 ± 6.25). The same results were obtained for cell density, nuclear size, and collagen density (in all cases, P < 0.05). We concluded that exercise can prevent degenerative changes in femoral articular cartilage caused by immobilization of the knee joint.     

Sonoelastography of the knee joint

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally the preferred method for assessing lesions of the knee cartilage and subchondral bone. There have been a few cartilage imaging studies using real‐time elastosonography (RTE), which has increased in importance and range of use in recent years. The aim of this cadaveric study was to assess the efficacy of a new diagnostic method combining USG and RTE and also to perform intra‐articular examinations together with arthroscopy. A total of 12 fresh unpaired human knees were examined. The laparoscopic ultrasound transducer was deployed using standard anteromedial and anterolateral arthroscopic portals. Iatrogenic defects were examined using mosaicplasty tools in healthy‐looking areas of cartilage, and strain in those areas was measured using RTE. The median strain value of the pathological femoral cartilage region was significantly higher than that of the normal cartilage region (1.23 [0.71–2.24] vs. 0.01 [0.01–0.01], P = 0.002, respectively). Arthroscopic study of cartilage using RTE can be a guide for orthopedic surgeons and use of intra‐articular probes could be universalized. Clin. Anat. 32:99–104, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Deluxe-ps膝关节假体在一期双膝关节置换过程中的应用

背景：Deluxe-PS型人工膝关节假体是根据中国人膝关节解剖特点尤其是股骨髁的形态特征而设计的,其膝关节假体股骨髁内外侧距(M-L)较进口假体少3.5 mm。 目的：探讨Deluxe-ps膝关节假体行一期双膝关节置换中的近期疗效。 方法：纳入使用Deluxe-ps型膝关节假体行一期双侧膝关节置换的膝关节炎患者15例(30膝)设为实验组,对照组为同期采用P.F.C.Sigma膝关节假体行一期双侧膝关节置换的20例患者(40膝)。采用KSS评分和关节功能HSS评分、膝关节关节活动度评估两组手术前、后膝关节功能,对比两组手术时间、及术中输血量。 结果与结论：两组患者置换后均得到12-24个月随访,平均16个月。置换后患者膝关节疼痛均缓解,关节功能恢复满意。两组膝关节置换后与置换前KSS评分、HSS评分及膝关节关节活动度比较,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。置换后,两组间KSS评分和HSS评分及膝关节关节活动度,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),两组间置换过程中出血量比较,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),手术时间比较,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。说明采用Deluxe-ps膝关节假体行一期双膝关节置换近期疗效满意。     

以关节不稳建立的大鼠骨关节炎模型

背景：骨性关节炎是一种复杂的多病因退变性关节疾病。早期进行骨性关节炎的防治尤其重要。但获取足量的适合研究的早期骨性关节炎的人类骨标本十分困难。 目的：观察关节不稳方法建立骨关节炎模型大鼠的关节软骨组织学变化。 方法：10周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组：实验组切除右膝内侧半月板及内侧副韧带,对照组仅切开关节囊。于术后1,2,4,6,8周取右膝关节标本,行病理组织学检查分析大鼠骨关节炎病程的变化情况。 结果与结论：①术后2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨退变程度呈现轻度糜烂、溃疡磨损、严重磨损、骨赘形成等病理变化。②术后1,2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨评分均明显高于对照组(P < 0.05)。结果显示该实验采用内侧副韧带切断+内侧半月板切除方法成功建立了大鼠膝关节骨关节炎模型,且造模后4周内的病理、形态学改变类似于人类早期膝关节骨关节炎表现,是研究早期骨关节炎的理想模型。     

膝关节神经支切断术的解剖学基础

目的：为膝关节神经支切断术治疗膝关节疼痛性疾患提供解剖学基础。方法：在３５侧常规防腐成人下肢标本上,对股内侧肌支和上关节支进行解剖观测。结果：股内侧肌支在股骨内上髁上１３．３±４．２ｃｍ处延续为膝关节支,在股骨内上髁后０．５±０．４ｃｍ、上２．８±１．２ｃｍ处分支,分布于膝关节内侧及前面内侧半;上关节支在股骨外上髁后１．３±０．５ｃｍ、上２．４±０．６ｃｍ处分支,分布于膝关节外侧及前面外侧半。结论：手术切断股内侧肌支膝关节支和上关节支治疗膝关节疼痛性疾患具有可行性。     

Localization of knee joint cartilage pathology by multichannel vibroarthrography

This paper proposes non-invasive techniques to localize sound or vibroarthrographic (VAG) signal sources in human knee joints. VAG signals from normal subjects, patients who subsequently underwent arthroscopy, and cadavers with arthroscopically-created lesions, obtained by stimulation with a finger tap over the mid-patella and swinging movement of the leg, were analyzed for time delays using cross-correlation functions for source localization. Correct results were obtained for 13 of the 14 subjects tested by finger stimulation, and for 11 of the 12 subjects whose VAG signals during swinging movement were analyzed. The techniques could be valuable in the diagnosis and treatment of knee pathology before and after joint surgery or drug therapy.     

Synovial haemangiopericytoma of the knee joint

We report a case of haemangiopericytoma occurring intra-articularly in the synovium of the knee joint. This is a rare tumour which, as far as is known to the authors, has not previously been described in a subsynovial site.     

开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术后膝关节的关节线收敛角影像学分析

目的:研究开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术前仰卧位关节线收敛角（JLCA）与术后站立位JLCA的关系。方法:选取接受开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术治疗的84名膝关节内侧骨性关节炎患者,根据术前JLCA<4°（低JLCA组）和≥4°（高JLCA组）对患者进行分组。术前和术后1年分别测量膝关节活动度（ROM）、髋-膝-踝角（HKA）、负重线（WBL）比、美国膝关节协会（AKS）膝关节评分和功能评分、Lysholm膝关节评分,膝关节损伤骨性关节炎预后评分（KOOS）。结果:术前,高JLCA组的HKA、WBL比和潜在外侧松弛度明显小于低JLCA组（P<0.05）。高JLCA组的Kellgren和Lawrence评分高于低JLCA组（P<0.05）。两组之间在胫骨后倾斜度（TPS）、内侧近端胫骨角（MPTA）、总JLCA和关节线倾斜度（JLO）方面无明显差异（P>0.05）。高JLCA组的仰卧位JLCA、ΔJLCA、内翻JLCA、外翻JLCA和潜在内侧松弛度高于低JLCA组（P<0.05）。低JLCA组的ROM相比高JLCA组的运动范围大（P<0.05）。两组之间的任何临床评分均无明显差异（均P>0.05）。术后,在HKA、矫正误差、WBL比、TPS、MPTA骨矫正、总JLCA或JLO之间未发现明显差异（P>0.05）。但高JLCA组的矫正角和软组织矫正高于低JLCA组（P<0.05）。高JLCA组的术后JLCA、ΔJLCA、内翻JLCA和外翻JLCA高于低JLCA组（P<0.05）。低JLCA组的术后ROM高于高JLCA组（P<0.05）。两组之间的任何术后临床评分均无明显差异（P>0.05）。术前仰卧位JLCA与术后站立位JLCA相关（r=0.696, P<0.001）。结论:在控制术中JLCA时,术后冠状面排列不受JLCA改变和低JLCA组与高JLCA组软组织矫正差异的影响。然而,与目标冠状面排列相比,两组仍然存在过度矫正。     

旋转平台全膝置换术治疗治疗重症膝关节炎34例的临床观察

目的探讨旋转平台全膝置换治疗重症膝关节骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法对2007年1月～2009年10月我院34例（41膝）人工旋转平台全膝置换术进行临床分析和总结,行HSS[5,6]膝关节评分系统进行分析。结果术后平均随访17个月（5～31个月）,手术前HSS（thehospitalforspecialsurgery）评分平均51分,手术后评分平均92分,手术优良率为91%。病人术后在膝关节疼痛,功能和活动度方面有明显改善。结论旋转平台全膝置换术对治疗重症膝关节炎有良好的疗效。     

Sodium relaxation times in the knee joint in vivo at 7T

The sodium concentration correlates directly with the concentration of proteoglycans (PG) in cartilage, the loss of which is an early signature of osteoarthritis (OA). As a result, quantitative sodium MRI is a promising technique for assessing the degradation of articular cartilage in patients with OA. Sodium relaxation times can also provide information on the degradation of cartilage: it has already been shown on bovine cartilage that T(1) and T2long are longer and T2short shorter when the PG concentration decreases. In this study, sodium T(1), T2*short and T2*long relaxation maps were measured in vivo at 7 T on 8 healthy volunteers and in 4 different regions of the cartilage in the knee joint. The patellar, femoro-tibial medial, lateral, and femoral condyle cartilage have an average T(1)~20 ms, but different T2*short (from 0.5 ms to 1.4 ms) and T2*long (from 11.4 ms to 14.8 ms). Statistically significant differences in T(1), T2*short and T2*long were observed between the different regions in cartilage (p < 10(- 5)). Statistical differences in T(1) were also observed between male and female data (p < 10(- 5)). These relaxation times measurements can further be applied as correction factors for sodium concentration maps in vivo and can also be useful as complementary information to quantitative sodium MRI in the quest for detecting early OA. These measurements were done on low resolution sodium images in order to acquire sufficient quality data for fitting (5 images for T(1) and 9 images for T2*) while keeping the total time of acquisition of the data reasonable for the volunteer's comfort (1 h 15 min).     

Development of the human knee joint

ABSTRACT Background: Many studies have been published on the development of the human knee joint, but different investigators disagree on its morphogenetic time table. Most discrepancies center on the cavitation of the knee joint and the participation of the superior tibiofibular joint in the joint knee system. Methods: We summarize our observations of the development of the knee joint in 50 serially sectioned human embryonic and fetal lower limbs (26 embryos and 24 fetuses). Results: The epiphysis of the femur and tibia become condryfied from O'Rahilly stage 18, and ossification begins during the 13th week of development. The patella appears as a dense blastema during O'Rahilly stage 19, becomes condryfied during O'Rahilly stage 22, and begins its ossification during the 14th week of development. The knee joint cavity appears during O'Rahilly stage 22, initially as the femoropatellar joint. This process begins at the periphery of the articular interzone. The superior tibiofibular joint communicates with the lateral meniscotibial joint between 10 and 11 weeks of development and becomes separated from the 13 week on. The menisci arise from the eccentric portions of the articular interzone during O'Rahilly stage 22; however, until week 9 of development, they are not easily distinguishable. Conclusions: We establish the morphogenetic time table of the human knee joint. Anat. Rec. 248:269-278, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

瞬时感受电位M8在人类膝关节软骨组织中的表达

背景：瞬时感受电位通道在人体遍布多种组织和细胞,并参与人体几乎所有的生理功能和许多的病理变化。但是到目前为止,瞬时感受电位M8在人类软骨组织中的表达未见报道。 目的：观察瞬时感受电位基因亚家族成员瞬时感受电位M8在人类软骨组织中的表达。 方法：15例膝关节软骨样本来源于严重创伤截肢的患者。每个样本取300 mg软骨组织用于组织总蛋白的提取,再取相同部位的软骨组织做切片。Western blot方法检测瞬时感受电位M8在人类软骨组织中的表达,免疫荧光法检测瞬时感受电位M8在人类软骨组织中的分布。 结果与结论：Western blot结果显示在相对分子质量为130 000时出现特异性的瞬时感受电位M8条带,并应用Westen印迹技术分析了温度敏感性瞬时感受电位M8通道的年龄相关性,发现随着年龄的增加,其表达量呈下降趋势。免疫荧光染色结果显示瞬时感受电位M8蛋白均匀的分布在细胞膜上。提示瞬时感受电位M8在人类软骨组织中有表达,具体表达在软骨细胞膜上。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

膝关节神经分布的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为膝关节疼痛的诊断及手术治疗提供局部神经支配的解剖形态学基础。方法：对80例成人下肢标本膝关节神经分布进行解剖观测。结果：支配膝关节的神经可分为浅、深2层。浅层为皮神经，部分干较粗，容易形成皮神经瘤；深层可以分为伸膝肌支膝关节支组成的髌上区组，隐神经分支组成的内侧及髌下区组，腓总神经关节支组成的后外侧区组，胭丛神经组成的胭区组4组。4组神经在关节囊外分布有重叠交叉，但区域明确。深层的隐神经膝关节支、腓总神经膝关节支和股内侧肌支膝关节支等神经支粗约1mm，位置表浅且固定，具有选择性切断的可行性。结论：TKA、膝关节镜等术中通过滑膜切除、关节支切断进行髌骨周围去神经化术对降低髌股关节疼痛有合理的解剖机制；膝关节局部去神经化术对确诊局部皮神经瘤形成或神经支卡压等关节外源性疼痛具有可行性。     

膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌的表面肌电图变化

背景：膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换后下肢肌功能恢复一直存在着争议。 目的：评价膝骨关节炎患者膝关节置换手术后下肢肌肉功能。 方法：应用TELEMYO 2400R G2表面肌电图遥测仪对25例双膝骨关节炎单膝关节置换后患者在平常自然步态下进行双下肢股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌和腓肠肌内侧的表面肌电信号测试。在肌电图测试前,对患者双膝关节功能进行美国特种外科医院膝关节评分。 结果与结论：患者置换后美国特种外科医院膝关节评置换侧平均分91.44,其优良率达100%;未置换侧平均分54.52。置换侧在疼痛、关节功能方面有明显改善;膝关节置换后置换侧股直肌、胫前肌、股二头肌的肌电振幅、肌电积分、平均频率、中位频率的(平均值、最小值、最大值)与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);置换侧腓肠肌内侧肌电振幅值及肌电积分值显著大于未置换侧(P < 0.05);置换侧腓肠肌内侧平均频率、中位频率与未置换侧相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示膝关节置换后置换侧的下肢肌没有恢复到正常的功能活动水平,因此膝关节置换后康复要特别重视患者的肌肉锻炼。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

国人膝关节面的应用解剖学观测

目的观测国人膝关节的相关形态学指标,为膝关节损伤修复和关节重建等提供解剖学依据。方法利用游标卡尺、求积仪等仪器对43具成人出土骨骼的完整膝关节进行形态学测量。结果膝关节面积测量：胫骨内侧髁关节面面积左侧（6.93±1.56）cm^2,右侧（7.08±1.51）cm^2;胫骨外侧髁关节面面积左侧（7.61±0.97）cm^2,右侧（7.74±0.64）cm^2;股骨内侧髁关节面面积左侧（21.66±3.22）cm^2,右侧（21.12±1.86）cm^2;股骨外侧髁关节面面积左侧（24.02±3.97）cm^2,右侧（24.02±3.97）cm^2;髌骨关节面面积左侧（5.24±1.19）cm^2,右侧（6.20±1.08）cm^2。胫骨髁间隆起测量：高度左侧（1.08±0.27）cm,右侧（0.89±0.09）cm;宽度左侧（1.33±0.24）cm,右侧（1.21±0.04）cm。股骨髁间窝测量：深度左侧（2.26±0.29）cm,右侧（2.30±0.18）cm;宽度左侧（1.94±0.12）cm,右侧（1.88±0.16）cm。结论膝关节损伤修复、关节重建等均应以膝关节的形态学为依据方能达到良好的治疗效果。     

膝关节矢状断层影像解剖学

目的 为膝关节疾患的影像学诊断提供矢状断层解剖学基础。方法 用成年男尸右膝部标本5例(新鲜3，福尔马林固定2)，按解剖骨性标志画线，其中1例标本先行矢状位MRI扫描，所有标本冻硬后，切制矢状断层解剖标本，每例切5个断层，皆观察其内侧面。结果 观察了构成膝关节的主要结构，交叉韧带、半月板及其周围软组织的形态特征、位置、毗邻及其在连续断层的变化规律，并匹配同一断层之MRI。测量股骨内、外侧髁关节软骨厚为2．3mm和2．4mm，胫骨内、外侧髁关节软骨厚为2．5mm和2．6mm，髌骨关节软骨厚为5．3mm，前交叉韧带长36．1mm，前、后交叉韧带中部矢状径为6．32mm和6．51mm，内、外侧半月板矢状径为42．4mm和33．2mm，内侧半月板前、后部厚度为5．1mm和5．8mm，外侧半月板为6．5mm和7．1mm。结论 膝关节的矢状断层解剖各结构形态、位置及变化规律，对骨科及影像学诊断和治疗有重要的价值。     

膝关节置换与关节镜治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎

背景：外科治疗色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎能够最大程度的切除病变滑膜,最大限度的恢复关节功能。目的：探讨人工全膝关节置换与关节镜下滑膜切除治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的膝关节功能和复发率。方法：回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院骨科2006年12月至2011年12月收治的34例膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎行手术治疗患者,治疗后病检均为弥漫性色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎,其中24例患者行膝关节镜下滑膜切除,10例色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者行人工全膝关节置换,治疗后根据病情行辅助放疗。膝关节镜下滑膜切除组采用Lysholm功能评分,人工全膝关节置换组采用美国膝关节协会评分,比较两组患者治疗前后膝关节功能,随访观察比较两组间的膝关节功能恢复情况及复发率。结果与结论：34例膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎患者均获有效随访,随访时间12-66个月,平均41.3个月。统计学分析结果表明关节镜下滑膜切除组治疗后膝关节Lysholm功能评分为(86.3±10.3)分,明显高于治疗前的(55.5±13.2)分(t=3.81,P =0.016,P < 0.05)。人工全膝关节置换组美国膝关节协会评分由治疗前的(40.7±2.2)分提高到(90.2±1.1)分(t =6.27,P < 0.01);关节镜下滑膜切除组美国膝关节协会评分由治疗前的(34.2±3.9)分提高到(80.8±1.9)分 (t =16.58,P < 0.01)。证实,关节镜下滑膜切除结合辅助放疗治疗膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎可取得较好效果,人工全膝关节置换治疗晚期膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎可较好恢复膝关节功能,且复发率较低。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

骨髓间充质干细胞于软骨组织工程的应用

关节软骨缺损在骨科临床十分常见,目前临床修复软骨缺损的方法很多,但是由于各自固有的缺陷难以达到满意的临床效果,因此探索软骨缺损的修复方法一直是人们不断深入研究的课题。软骨组织工程的发展为软骨缺损的修复提供了新的途径。种子细胞和支架材料是软骨组织的两个基本要素,根据近年来软骨组织工程的研究进展和方向,从骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导方式、诱导机制及研究进展方面进行探讨,证明骨髓间充质干细胞作为种子细胞构建组织工程软骨的优越性。