Circulating leptin levels and bone mineral density in children with biliary atresia

AIM: To investigate circulating leptin levels in biliary atresia (BA) patients and the association of leptin with bone mineral density (BMD) and the severity of BA. METHODS: We have examined 50 patients with BA and 15 matched healthy controls. Serum leptin, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) levels were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BMD of the lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Serum leptin levels of BA patients were lower than those of healthy controls (2.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.1 +/- 1.7 ng/mL, p = 0.0001). Among the BA patients, serum leptin levels were significantly lower in patients with jaundice than patients without jaundice (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.4 ng/mL, p = 0.001). BMD of BA patients was correlated (p < 0.001) with leptin levels, age and BMI (r = 0.55, r = 0.75 and r = 0.58, respectively). The serum CTX levels were significantly higher in jaundice patients compared with jaundice-free patients and the healthy controls (0.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/mL, p = 0.01), whereas the serum osteocalcin levels in BA patients were not different from those in the controls. CONCLUSION: Circulating leptin levels are correlated with BMD and the presence of jaundice in BA, suggesting that the leptin may play a physiological role in maintaining bone mass of BA patients with jaundice.     

Bone density and 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in extrahepatic biliary atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) represents a common cholestatic affliction of the gastrointestinal tract affecting infants and children. The objective of the present study was to evaluate 42 patients (20 with and 22 without jaundice) diagnosed with extrahepatic BA for bone mineral content and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (HVD) levels. Physical examination and anthropometric nutritional assessment were performed. The investigation included liver function tests and serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), magnesium (Mg), and 25-HVD levels. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L₁–L₄). Our results showed that 16 jaundiced␣patients (80%) and only 3 nonjaundiced patients (13.6%) showed osteoporosis (P< 0.05). All patients had normal serum Ca and P levels. Only 1 nonjaundiced patient had a low serum Mg level. Serum 25-HVD levels (mean ± SD) were 20.71 ± 8.24, 16.12 ± 4.3, and 9.18 ± 5.84 ng/ml, respectively, in subjects with normal bone density (n=7), osteopenia (n=3), and osteoporosis (n=11). Bone disease represents a well-known complication among long-term survivors of BA. To date, the pathogenesis has remained unexplained. Since, as demonstrated in the present study, jaundiced patients develop osteoporosis more frequently than nonjaundiced patients, hyperbilirubinemia may have an influence. Bone-mineral deficiency can be detected earlier by means of BMD measurement (non-invasive method) than by measuring serum Ca, P, and Mg levels in these patients. Accepted: 27 November 2000     

评价儿童青少年骨体重负荷的意义及指标选择(英文)

目的　探讨儿童青少年骨体重负荷对腰椎和髋部骨矿含量 (BMC)、骨密度 (BMD)的影响 ,并比较两指标的优次。方法　应用DXAQDR - 4 5 0 0A型扇形束骨密度仪测量长沙地区 5 4 7例 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎前后位 ,仰卧侧位及髋部股骨近端的骨量。结果　不论男女 ,儿童青少年体重、体块指数 (BMI)、腰椎及髋部BMC和BMD随年龄增加而增加 (P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ;体重与BMC的相关性较体重与BMD的相关性更密切 ;髋部及腰椎各部位体重标准化BMC随年龄增加而增大 ,而髋部和腰椎各部位体重标准化BMD随年龄增加反而减小。结论　 6～ 15岁儿童青少年腰椎及髋部BMC指标判断骨强度优于BMD ,尤以髋部及腰椎侧位BMC为佳。     

早产儿血清脂联素与骨密度的关系

目的 检测早产儿血清脂联素水平,探讨早产儿血清脂联素与骨密度的关系.方法 共选取72 例新生适于胎龄儿为研究对象,根据胎龄分为早期早产儿组(31~33+6 周,13 例)、晚期早产儿组(34~~36+6周,16 例)、足月儿组(37~42 周,43 例).生后1 周内采集静脉血测定血清脂联素水平;同时行超声定量技术测量左侧胫骨声波的传导速度(SOS)来评估骨密度.结果 早期早产儿组胫骨SOS 值低于晚期早产儿组和足月儿组,晚期早产儿组胫骨SOS 值低于足月儿组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).早期早产儿组血清脂联素水平低于晚期早产儿组和足月儿组,晚期早产儿组血清脂联素水平低于足月儿组,差异均具有统计学意义/(P<0.05).早产儿血清脂联素水平与胫骨SOS 值呈正相关(r=0.664,P<0.05).多元线性回归分析显示血清脂联素和出生体重是早产儿胫骨SOS 值的独立影响因素.结论 早产儿血清脂联素水平低于足月儿,与早产儿骨密度呈正相关.     

早产婴儿骨密度及其影响因素分析

目的：了解早产儿骨矿发育的情况及影响因素。方法：随机选取儿保门诊随访的早产儿与足月儿各90例,采用定量超声技术测量6月龄时（早产儿为纠正胎龄6月龄）的胫骨骨密度,结果以超声波声速度（SOS）值和Z值表示;同时采用回顾性问卷调查影响骨矿发育的相关因素。结果：足月儿6月龄的SOS值和Z值明显高于纠正胎龄6月龄的早产儿。在早产儿组中,不同出生体重、胎龄婴儿的SOS值和Z值,不同断母乳时间婴儿的SOS值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;早产儿女婴的Z值明显高于男性婴儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,断母乳时间及每天户外活动时间是早产婴儿SOS值的影响因素。结论：适时断母乳或延长每天户外活动时间可能有利于促进早产婴儿骨矿发育。     

Evaluation of bone mineral density after ileocystoplasty in children with and without myelomeningocele

We evaluated the bone mineral density (BMD) after ileal augmentation cystoplasty in a group of children with and without myelomeningocele. Between 1996 and 2003, eight patients with neurogenic bladder and seven patients with non-neurogenic bladder underwent augmentation ileocystoplasty. Preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine and electrolytes were measured. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, supine height measurement, blood gas analysis, and BMD measurement using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) postoperatively. BMD was measured at L1–L4 and femoral neck, and compared to age- and sex-matched population. Follow-up time was calculated from the day of surgery to the day of DEXA performance. A total of eight boys and seven girls with the mean age of 10.2±4.1 years were evaluated with respect to BMD measurement. Mean age was 9.8 years in neurogenic group and 10.5 in non-neurogenic group. Mean follow-up was 728 and 616 days in neurogenic and non-neurogenic groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between ages, follow-up times, preoperative and postoperative creatinine levels, pH and bicarbonate values, and supine heights. Mean BMD at L1–L4 was 55.7% in neurogenic group and 83.8% in non-neurogenic group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.02). Mean BMD at femoral neck was 72% in neurogenic group and 86.2% in non-neurogenic group. The difference was also statistically significant (P=0.028). After augmentation ileocystoplasty, the BMD in early postoperative period of patients with myelomeningocele is lower than the patients with non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder, which have the same clinical characteristics except the neurologic pathology. In the light of our findings and the reported literature data as well, we may claim that BMD decrease after augmentation ileocystoplasty depends more on the underlying neurologic pathology and its locomotor consequences rather than the enterocystoplasty itself.     

Bone mineral density and metabolism in children with congenital hypothyroidism after prolonged l-thyroxine therapy

Abstract The effect of long-term l -thyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy on bone mineral density and on biochemical markers of bone turnover were studied in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Forty-four children and adolescents (mean age 8.5 ± 3.5 years) with primary CH who began LT4 replacement therapy within the first month of life were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and the upper femoral bone was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase were measured as markers of bone formation and urinary deoxypyridinoline was taken as a marker of bone resorption. Bone mineral densities of CH children were not different from those in age-matched controls. The biochemical markers of bone turnover were normal except for the serum OC levels which were found to be higher than in controls and positively correlated with the free thyroid hormone levels (for FT4 r = 0.42, p = 0.02). Eight CH children demonstrated low BMD values (below -1 SDS) at - 2 ± 0.7 SDS for the lumbar spine and - 1.6 ± 0.5 SDS for the femoral site. These eight children showed lower mean weight ( p < 0.05) and their dietary calcium intake tended to be less ( p < 0.06) than that seen in the normal BMD group. In conclusion, our results show that LT4 replacement therapy for 8 years is not detrimental to the skeletal mineralization of CH children. As in a healthy population, weight and current intake of calcium seem to be major determinants of bone density. Dietary recommendations, especially when calcium intake is below the recommended dietary allowance, may have to be reconsidered.     

肥胖儿童瘦素水平的变化及其与骨密度的关系

目的：探讨长沙市肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平的变化及与骨密度（BMD）、身体成分的关系,为预防和治疗儿童肥胖及骨质疏松提供科学依据。方法：从长沙市5所小学随机抽取119例肥胖儿童和103例正常儿童,采用双能X线骨密度仪（DEXA）进行全身扫描,测定骨密度及身体成分;采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定血清瘦素水平。结果：①肥胖儿童的身高、体重、体重指数（BMI）、腰围和腰臀比均显著高于正常儿童（P<0.01）。②肥胖儿童的全身骨密度、骨矿物质含量、瘦组织含量、脂肪组织含量、体脂百分比(%BF)及血清瘦素水平均显著高于正常儿童（P<0.01）。③血清瘦素水平与儿童全身骨密度、骨矿物质含量、瘦组织含量、脂肪组织含量均呈显著正相关（r=0.528~0.903）,其中瘦素水平与脂肪组织含量呈高度正相关（男：r=0.883,女：r=0.903）。多元逐步回归分析显示,BMI及%BF是儿童血清瘦素水平的独立影响因素。结论：肥胖儿童血清瘦素水平升高,血清瘦素水平与骨密度及身体成分显著相关,BMI、%BF是儿童血清瘦素水平的独立影响因素。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（9）：745-748］     

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??Objective analyze the current status of bone metabolism and bone mineral density??BMD?? in moderate/severe hemophilia children??to provide data for improving the life quality of Chinese children with hemophilia. Methods Bone metabolism and BMD data were analyzed for 28 cases of moderate/severe hemophilia children diagnosed in Hemophilia Center of Beijing Children Hospital from October 2014 to February 2015. Results ??1??The median age of 28 cases of hemophilia children was 12.9??range 6 to 18 years?? years old??hemophilia A 22 was in cases??78.6%????hemophilia B 6 cases??21.4%???? Severe hemophilia children was in 19 cases??67.9%????moderate hemophilia children 9 cases??32.1%??. The mean of BMD was ??151.86±25.93?? g/L??which was significantly lower than the normal children???191.48±20.36?? g/L???P??0.05. There was no relationship in Age??time of the first bleeding, as well as frequency of bleeding with BMD??P??0.05??. But significant correlation was found between BMD and outdoor activities/school activities participation??P??0.0002 and 0.0016??. Conclusion BMD of hemophilia children without bone metabolic abnormalities is significantly lower than that of the normal children in China. Reducing joint bleeding and increasing the outdoor activities??rather than supplement calcium blindly will be the key point to improve the life quality of hemophilia children.     

0~7岁儿童25羟维生素D和骨密度的关系研究

目的 评价 0~7 岁儿童维生素 D（VitD）营养状况及与骨密度的关系。方法 选择生长发育门诊因“生长发育缓慢、夜惊、多汗、烦躁不安”等就诊的儿童 6 838 人,采用化学发光法法测定血清 25 羟VitD [25-（OH）D] 水平,并同时应用定量超声仪进行骨密度检测。结果 研究对象血清 25-（OH）D 的水平为34±14 ng/mL,定量超声骨密度 Z 值为 -0.49±0.54。随着年龄增长,25-（OH）D 和骨密度水平逐渐降低,且 VitD缺乏、不足及骨密度不足的检出率逐渐增加（PPP结论 学龄前期和学龄期儿童 VitD 不足和缺乏的现象较婴幼儿更严重。在一定范围内 VitD 水平和骨密度可能有关。     

郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症患者可溶性CD154与可溶性NFKL激活受体及骨保护素水平临床意义的研究

目的探讨血清中可溶性CD154(sCD154)、可溶性NF-KL激活受体(sRANKL)、骨保护素(OPG)水平与郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症(LCH)发病机制关系。方法应用ELISA方法分别检测12例LCH患者(包括5例单系统多部位患者和7例多系统多部位患者)初诊及在治疗6周后血清sCD154、sRANKL和OPG水平,并对研究结果进行统计学分析。结果12例LCH患儿组与对照组比较,sCD154、sRANKL和OPG显著增高,而sRANKL/OPG比率明显降低。MM型组与SM型组相比较,血清sCD154、sRANKL、OPG水平以及sRANKL/OPG比率均无明显变化,但是OPG水平以及sRANKL/OPG比率与骨损害的数目相关。治疗前后比较,sCD154、sRANKL、OPG水平在治疗后有明显下降。结论血清sCD154、sRANKL、OPG可能与LCH的发病有关,而血清sRANKL/OPG比率是LCH患者发生溶骨性损害的标志。     

Longitudinal monitoring of bone mineral density in thalassemic patients. Genetic structure and osteoporosis

The changes in bone mineral density (BMD) measured by single photon absorptiometry (SPA) using two observations conducted over a period of 2 years were examined in 54 thalassemic subjects [ 30 F(A)and 24 M (B)] with a chronological age ranging from 2.6 to 22.6 years and in 27 sex- and age-matched controls (C). Each category (A. B and C) was divided into three groups according to pubertal signs: pre-pubertal subjects (A1, B1 and C1): peri-pubertal subjects (A2, B2 and C2) and pubertal subjects from the first observation (A3, B3 and C3). Furthermore, each group of patients was divided into sub-groups on the basis of haematological phenotypes, those with a more severe form were called β⁰/β⁰ while those with other forms were called "others". The most significant findings were the following: the presence of a more severe reduction of the bone mineral density in patients with the β⁰/β⁰ phenotype than in patients with the "others" phenotype; patients with hypogonadism corresponded to the β⁰/β⁰ phenotype, while those with spontaneous puberty corresponded to the "others" phenotype. In conclusion, since puberty and the degree of bone mineral density are related to the haematological phenotype, puberty (spontaneous or induced) positively influences the bone mineral density only at the start of puberty, while subsequently, the degree of osteoporosis is the expression of widespread and chronic systemic damage due to the haematological phenotype.     

抗癫(癎)药妥泰对幼鼠骨代谢及骨密度的影响

目的研究妥泰(TPM)对幼鼠骨骼发育的影响。方法将3周龄雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,经口灌胃给药。实验组2组,给予TPM40mg/kg及TPM80mg/kg;阳性对照组给予苯妥英钠80mg/kg;阴性对照组给予等量蒸馏水。连续用药3个月后检测骨代谢生化指标及骨密度。结果实验组2组大鼠骨特异性碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶等骨转化指标及血钙高于阴性对照组,高剂量组高于低剂量组。TPM高剂量组骨密度低于阴性对照组。结论长期服用TPM可影响幼鼠骨骼发育,高剂量较低剂量明显。     

Reproducibility of DXA measurements of bone mineral density and body composition in children

Background  The technique of X-ray-based dual photon absorptiometry (DXA) is frequently used in children for the detection of changes in bone mass or body composition. Such changes can only be considered real if the uncertainties arising from the measurement technique are exceeded. Objective  Our objectives were twofold: (1) to determine the reproducibility of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in children at the spine and the hip and from the whole body, as well as of whole-body measurements of mineral mass, lean body mass and fat mass in children; and (2) to estimate, from the measured precision, the time interval that needs to elapse before a statistically significant change in a DXA variable can be detected. Materials and methods  The reproducibility of techniques for the measurement of BMD and body composition using DXA was measured in 15 young children (9 girls and 6 boys) and 17 older children (9 girls and 8 boys). Results  Reproducibility was derived from the standard deviation of three repeated measurements of spine BMD, total hip BMD, whole-body BMD (WBBMD), whole-body bone mineral content (WBBMC), lean mass and fat mass. Technique precision was better than 0.01 g cm⁻² for spine BMD and for WBBMD. Hip BMD measurements were slightly less precise, particularly in younger children (0.013 g cm⁻²). For body composition variables, technique precision was 13 g for WBBMC, 201 g for lean body mass and 172 g for fat mass in younger children. Technique precision for older children was 18 g, 251 g and 189 g for the corresponding variables. Predictions showed that the absence of a normal increase in WBBMC in a small-for-age girl could be established after 12 months. For spine BMD, a significant increase should be observable after 6 months for boys over the age of 11 years. For younger boys, more than 12 months has to elapse before anticipated changes can be detected with confidence. Conclusion  The time intervals required to elapse before decisions can be made concerning the significance of observed differences between successive measurements of BMD or body composition in children depend upon the age of the child.     

Relationship between chronological and bone ages and pubertal stage of breasts with bone biomarkers and bone mineral density in adolescents

ObjectiveTo study bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent females according to five groups of chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), and breast development stage (B), and to correlate these parameters with plasma bone biomarkers (BB).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study performed in 101 healthy adolescent females between 10 and 20 years old. The study variables were: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), CA, B, BA, calcium intake, BMD, and BB. Osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and C-terminal telopeptide (S-CTx) were evaluated for BB. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).ResultsBMD in lumbar spine, proximal femur, and total body increased with age, and the respective observed averages were: in CA1 (10 years old), 0.631, 0.692, 0.798 g/cm²; in CA2 (11 to 12 years old), 0.698, 0.763, 0.840 g/cm²; in CA3 (13 to 14 years old), 0.865, 0.889, 0.972 g/cm²; in CA4 (15 to 16 years old), 0.902, 0.922, 1.013 g/cm²; and in CA5 (17 to 19 years old), 0.944, 0.929, 1.35 g/cm². These results showed significant differences between 13 and 14 years of age (CA3) or when girls reached the B3 stage (0.709, 0.832, 0.867 g/cm²). The highest median concentrations of BB were between 10 and 12 years of age when adolescents were in the B2–B3 (p < 0.001). Median BB concentrations decreased in advanced BA and B.ConclusionsBB concentrations were positively correlated with the peak height velocity and negatively correlated with BMD in the study sites. Increased BMD and BB concentrations were observed in B3.     

Comparison between broad-band ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneum and total body bone mineral density in children

We measured broad-band ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in the calcaneum using the prototype Paediatric Contact Ultrasound Bone Analyser (CUBA) and total body bone mineral density (TBBMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic QDR-1000W) in 58, 7 17-year-old healthy children and adolescents. Calcaneal BUA was significantly related to TBBMD ( r = 0.74, p < 0.001), and both the calcaneal BUA and TBBMD were significantly correlated with age and body weight. We conclude that calcaneal BUA reflects bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy children and adolescents; however, BMD measured by CUBA appears to be less sensitive than that measured by DXA. Since BUA reflects structural properties of bone, as well as density, it may complement radiological techniques of bone density measurement in the assessment of paediatric conditions associated with fracture risk.     

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目的研究维生素D受体基因多态性与0～6岁汉族儿童骨密度(BMD)的关系,为临床儿童低BMD的早期预防提供理论依据。方法上海新华医院上海市儿科医学研究所2002年7月至2004年3月收集排除影响骨代谢疾病的上海地区0～6岁汉族儿童204例,进行问卷调查、体格测量;用原子吸收分光光度计测血清锌;用放射免疫法测血清25(OH)D3;用超声BMD仪测定胫骨中段骨密度;用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性方法,分析4个限制性酶切位点(ApaI、TaqI、BsmI、FokI)的多态分布。用多因素协变量方差分析维生素D受体(VDR)基因多态性与BMD的关系。结果多因素协方差分析消除血清25(OH)D3水平、血清锌水平、户外体育活动等因素对BMD的影响后,发现VDR基因BsmI酶切位点等位基因型和FokI酶切位点等位基因型与BMD相关,Bb基因型的BMD百分位数明显低于bb基因型,分别为22.00%和43.14%,差异有显著性(F=5.04,P<0.05);ff基因型骨密度低于Ff与FF基因型,分别为26.97%、37.95%、53.52%,差异有极显著性(F=8.11,P<0.001)。而在ApaI、TaqI酶切位点,不同等位基因型与BMD无关(F=1.08、1.27,P>0.05)。结论VDR基因在BsmI、FokI酶切位点的多态性与0～6岁汉族儿童BMD相关。     

Reference values for bone mineral density in 12- to 18-year-old girls categorized by weight,race, and age

Background: Normative bone mineral density (BMD) values for adults do not apply to the pediatric population because of dramatic and variable rates of bone mineral acquisition that take place throughout adolescence. Objective: This study was designed to provide normative BMD values for the lumbar spine and femoral neck by age, weight, and race in female adolescents for use by clinicians. Materials and methods: The study population comprised 422 healthy adolescent girls aged 12–18 years recruited from four primary-care clinics. BMD measurements were performed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results: The major statistical predictors of lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD were race, chronological age, and weight. There was an increase in both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD that paralleled an increase in age and weight. In addition, the lumbar spine BMD and the femoral neck BMD were higher in the black participants than in the non-black participants with mean BMD values in grams per centimeter squared of 1.02 and 0.98, respectively, for blacks and 0.96 and 0.89, respectively, for non-blacks (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our study produced the largest set of lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD normative values for female adolescents and confirms the importance of both demographic and anthropomorphic variables in determining normative BMD values.This work was performed at MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine.