轴流血泵电机温度场分析及其对血液和组织的损伤

目的:通过对轴流式血泵电机进行温度场仿真分析,得到其对血液和组织的损伤情况,并探讨降低血液和组织温升的策略。方法:利用ANSYS对电机进行瞬态温度场仿真,利用FLUENT建立血液动态温度场模型,对血液和组织的温度变化进行研究。结果:根据电机运转稳定时的温度分布云图,可知定子绕组和定子铁芯的发热温度较高;通过分析下泵壳和上泵壳的温度场,得到血液和组织的温升情况;根据血液动态温度场模型,得到血液在流动过程中的温度变化规律。结论:可以通过改变电流大小来降低血液和组织的温升,当电流值为0.9 A以下时,温升对血液和组织不造成损伤。此分析结果可为临床应用和血泵优化提供理论基础。     

一种植入式磁悬浮离心血泵的体外流体力学实验研究

通过体外模拟循环实验台对一种植入式磁悬浮离心血泵进行体外流体力学实验.以新鲜羊血为循环介质,通过体外循环台测定在后负荷为100 mmHg,血泵在不同转速下的输出量；通过控制血泵的转速,测定在固定泵速下不同后负荷下的输出量.血泵测试工作电压为24V,电流波动于0.3～0.75 A.血泵功率为7.2～18W.在后负荷为10...     

电磁搏动式血泵的温度场仿真分析

电磁搏动式血泵是基于电磁感应原理制作而成的，长时间通电工作会引起血泵升温。如果血泵温度过高会使血泵损坏，甚至可能使泵内循环血液温度过高，对血液成分造成破坏甚至威胁生命，因此研究电磁搏动式血泵温度，对其进行温度场分析是必要的。通过使用有限元分析软件对血泵进行温度场分析，可以直观观察血泵工作温度。仿真结果表明，在设定电磁搏动式血泵工作1 h情况下，血泵温度最高处在驱动绕组处，最高温度为100.3℃，泵内与37.0℃循环血液接触面的温度变化不大,最高温度为37.5℃，因此电磁搏动式血泵不会对血液成分造成破坏，但是需要对驱动绕组进行降温处理以免破坏血泵,对循环血液造成影响。     

基于热流耦合的轴流式血泵温升影响因素研究

人工心脏已进入临床发展阶段，溶血现象是制约人工心脏长久使用的一大难题。不正常的温度条件会使红细胞的正常生理机能和形态发生改变，从而影响其携氧能力。为研究人工心脏正常运转时的温升情况，先利用Solidworks软件建立轴流式血泵的三维仿真模型，然后基于ANSYS Workbench软件对血泵整体进行热流耦合温度场仿真，探究了定子绕组相阻值、血泵转速、定子外壳和泵外壳之间的气隙导热系数以及血液导热系数对血泵及血液整体温升的影响。结果表明，在满足血泵供血要求的前提下，适当减小定子绕组相阻值、降低转速可有效降低血泵整体温升，而气隙物质和血液导热系数的变化对血泵整体温度的影响不是很明显。     

一种可植入式磁悬浮离心血泵的流场分析

目的 设计和研发满足心室辅助要求的植入式磁悬浮离心血泵.方法 应用计算机辅助设计(CAD)一种磁悬浮式的离心血泵,应用计算机流体力学方法对新型血泵的流场进行分析.结果 ①在血泵流道内血液流动无滞留区域.②叶轮底端血液由外向内进入中心悬浮装置下端,并经过中心悬浮装置与叶轮之间的空隙回流入叶轮中心.③叶轮上端血液回流入叶轮中心,并与流入道的血液汇合,重新流入凹槽内.结论 血液在血泵流道充分流动无滞留部位.叶轮上下端有部分血液回流可以使血泵工作效率降低,但回流的血液具有防止血栓形成、协助叶轮悬浮、防止局部过热的作用.血泵入口叶轮衔接部位及血泵出口衔接部位为潜在涡流区域.     

一种植入式磁悬浮离心血泵的体外流体力学实验研究

通过体外模拟循环实验台对一种植入式磁悬浮离心血泵进行体外流体力学实验。以新鲜羊血为循环介质,通过体外循环台测定在后负荷为100 mmHg,血泵在不同转速下的输出量;通过控制血泵的转速,测定在固定泵速下不同后负荷下的输出量。血泵测试工作电压为24 V,电流波动于0.3～0.75 A。血泵功率为7.2～18 W。在后负荷为100 mmHg下,泵速在2 900～3 900 rpm,输出流量为3～7.1 L/min。泵速为2500～3 500 rpm,血泵在后负荷69～163 mmHg下输出流量为1.02～5.87 L/min。在固定的转速下血泵的压力-流量呈负相关关系。体外实验血泵工作性能稳定,可以满足成人心室辅助的需求。血泵功率偏高仍需要进一步改进。     

磁悬浮式带辅助支点离心血泵的可行性研究

提出带一个辅助支点的磁悬浮内置电机式离心血泵，泵出口采用了全新的设计方法，泵进出口及叶轮在一条轴线上，使血泵的流体结构较为合理。陶瓷滚珠支承使泵运行更稳定，可承受更大的负荷，且陶瓷在血液中不会被腐蚀，和血液相容性较好。在此基础上对血泵性能进行了测试，初步实验表明该泵的性能良好，其物理特性能满足临床体外循环及辅助循环的需要。     

轴流式血泵轴承基于血液损伤的温度场分析

为研究血泵轴承在工作过程中的温升对血液的影响,通过在流式细胞仪中对红细胞进行死亡率分析计算和脆性试验,得到红细胞损伤机理,确定血液损伤临界值;对血泵轴承摩擦接触面进行热流密度计算,利用WORKBENCH分别对血泵轴承与导轮整体进行仿真。通过分析血泵轴承的温度场,得到不同摩擦系数及转速下的温升情况。实验结果显示,红细胞的死亡率随着温度的升高而增大,温度达到47℃时红细胞死亡数量已超过一半。仿真结果表明,温升情况与材料选择有一定关联,每种材料轴承的温升都是随着转速和摩擦系数的增大而上升,可以通过降低转速,或减小轴与轴套接触面的表面粗糙度的方法来降低温升,使轴承温度始终低于血液损伤临界值。     

体外循环用血泵研究进展

本文在阐述体外循环原理及临床意义的基础上,简单介绍了体外循环用血泵的原理、特点以及关键技术评价指标,重点分析了离心血泵的发展历史,及二代、三代离心血泵磁力驱动的工作原理和特点。第二代血泵采用圆盘形磁力耦合器驱动方式,其永磁体采用组合拉推式结构。第三代血泵是在第二代血泵的基础上增加了磁悬浮系统。最后展望了体外循环用离心血泵的发展趋势。     

基于自整定模糊PI算法的磁耦合离心血泵控制研究

本文研究和设计了磁耦合离心血泵的控制系统,简要介绍了磁耦合离心血泵的结构和原理,分析了人体体循环模型。血泵性能的优劣不仅和结构材料有关,控制算法也对其有很大的影响。针对无刷直流电机,研究了电机电流双闭环控制算法;为了在不同的工作状态下算法能够自适应参数的变化,采用了自整定模糊PI控制算法,给出了模糊规则的设计方法。利用Matlab Simulink组件仿真电机控制系统检验算法的性能,并简要介绍了算法在硬件系统上的实现方法。最后搭建硬件平台进行实验,证明了自整定模糊PI控制算法能大大改善血泵的动态和稳态性能,实现了电机转速和血泵流量的稳定和可调。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.