某市现阶段健康人群麻疹免疫水平的研究

目的了解现阶段健康人群麻疹血清抗体水平,分析不同人群麻疹抗体水平与发病之间的联系,探讨麻疹防控工作的重点人群,为进一步控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法采用横断面血清流行病学研究的方法,分析现阶段健康人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率和抗体水平。结果 2011年聊城市共成功调查检测健康人群387例,血清麻疹IgG抗体阳性人数为379例,阳性率为97.93%,IgG抗体GMT为1651.98,SD为3.09。不同年龄组间抗体阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),<2岁和15~39岁年龄组麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT偏低;不同县市区组间抗体阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),茌平县高于其他县市区;不同性别组间抗体阳性率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论聊城市现阶段健康人群麻疹抗体处于较高水平;<2岁和15~39岁年龄组为麻疹防控的重点人群;应制定切实可行的综合性麻疹防控策略。     

河北省1993年至2002年健康人群麻疹抗体水平监测

目的为了解河北省健康人群麻疹抗体水平。方法对77个县6个年龄组9236人用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果IgG抗体总阳性率为92.25%,几何平均滴度倒数(GMRT)为868.19;IgG抗体≥1∶3200者占6.24%~57.52%;不同年份抗体阳性率和GMRT的差异有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01);不同年龄组之间抗体阳性率和GMRT的差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01);不同县人群麻疹抗体阳性率、GMRT有一定的波动性。结论据监测结果预测河北省近几年不会发生较大的麻疹流行,但薄弱地区和薄弱人群仍然存在,存在麻疹在局部爆发的隐患,有必要在此人群中接种麻疹疫苗。     

2013年～2014年辖区适龄儿童的麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果分析

目的:探究2013年~2014年间辖区内适龄儿童接受麻疹疫苗接种前、后的免疫效果情况。方法:联合疾控相关部门,选择2013年~2014年入某院接受麻疹疫苗接种的309名适龄儿童,评估其接种前、后各项抗体指标情况,探究疫苗接种对麻疹疾病防控的效果。结果:强化免疫前、后,适龄儿童抗体检测阳性率分别是70.23%、91.30%,对比差异较大(P<0.05);不同年龄层次、不同免疫次数儿童的抗体检测指标比对,差异均较大(P<0.05)。结论:麻疹防控工作强化免疫必不可少,并做好健康常识宣教、免疫操作培训等工作。     

深圳市南山区1～40岁健康人群麻疹抗体水平调查

目的了解深圳市南山区健康人群麻疹抗体水平.方法 2003年采集5个行政辖区健康人群血清437份,应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA间接法)检测麻疹IgG抗体水平.结果麻疹抗体阳性率为94.74%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:1 000,保护率75.51% .不同性别及年龄组人群麻疹抗体水平及GMT差异均无统计学意义.各年龄组麻疹抗体保护率均＜85%,GMT水平不高.结论存在麻疹流行的可能,应进一步加强儿童基础免疫,提高初免和再免质量,寻找影响免疫成功率的相关因素.     

1135例血清麻疹抗体监测分析

目的抽样检测阿里地区1~19岁人群麻疹IgG抗体,为制定有效消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。方法全地区7个县共随机抽样1~19岁常住健康人群1135人,检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果麻疹IgG抗体平均阳性率为71.19%,其中男性574人,阳性率为70.03%,女性561人,阳性率为72.37%;2岁和4岁人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率最高,分别为86.54%和88.57%。结论阿里地区1~19岁健康人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率处于较低水平,为控制疫情发生,建议对重点人群进行强化免疫。     

某区麻疹、流脑抗体水平检测的分析

目的了解南阳市卧龙区不同人群麻疹、流脑疫苗免疫状况。方法抽取不同年龄组健康儿童的末梢血进行采集,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测麻疹、流行性脑脊髓膜炎IgG抗体,用统计学方法对抗体水平进行分析。结果麻疹IgG阳性率为95.80%,其中男性抗体阳转率为96.10%,女性抗体阳转率为95.38%;流脑IgG阳性率为95.33%,其中男性抗体阳转率为95.42%;女性抗体阳转率为95.20%。结论麻疹、流脑疫苗抗体具有较高的免疫水平。     

平顶山市健康人群麻疹抗体水平检测结果分析

目的了解平顶山市健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为进一步制定麻疹控制策略提供科学依据。方法采取整群随机抽样方法抽取2～40岁部分健康人群,用间接ELISA法检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果抗体总阳性率为88.14%,其中25～40岁最低,为84.38%;其余各年龄组均〉85%,各年龄组人群麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.6106,P=0.2044）;健康人群抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：1038.40,2～3岁组最高,为1：1187.62;13～15岁组最低,为1：748.89。结论提高常规免疫接种率,加强查漏补种工作,适时开展强化免疫,是控制麻疹的重要措施。     

27例带状疱疹患者血清特异性IgA、IgG和IgM抗体的测定

目的对带状疱疹患者的血清特异IgA、IgG和IgM抗体水平进行测定,观察带状疱疹患者的免疫表达情况,分析各抗体水平和疾病的关系。方法选取2011年2月至2013年3月在桂林医学院第二附属医院收治的带状疱疹患者和健康志愿者,各27例,两组均用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)方法检测IgA、IgG和IgM抗体,比较带状疱疹患者和健康志愿者体内的三种抗体的表达水平的差异。结果IgM和IgG抗体检测结果,在带状疱疹患者和健康志愿者表达无明显差异(P>0.05);IgA抗体水平在带状疱疹患者体内检测结果显著高于健康志愿者(P<0.05)。结论 IgM和IgG抗体不能作为带状疱疹患者病毒检测指标,IgA抗体有可能作为带状疱疹患者病毒检测指标,但是需要更多样本和相关研究进一步进行验证。     

某市2010年～2012年麻疹抗体水平监测分析

目的了解深圳市健康人群麻疹抗体水平,为消除麻疹制定针对性的策略和措施。方法于2010年²012年连续三年在深圳市选择不同年龄组健康人群作为监测对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测人群麻疹抗体。结果 3年共检测血清1164份,麻疹抗体阳性率为83.33%。2010年2012年连续三年在深圳市选择不同年龄组健康人群作为监测对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测人群麻疹抗体。结果 3年共检测血清1164份,麻疹抗体阳性率为83.33%。2010年²012年麻疹抗体阳性率分别为79.42%、73.22%和95.29%,原特区内和特区外抗体阳性率分别为95.29%和75.91%,经χ2检验,2012年抗体阳性率高于其他检测年份,原特区内抗体阳性率高于特区外(P<0.01)。0岁2012年麻疹抗体阳性率分别为79.42%、73.22%和95.29%,原特区内和特区外抗体阳性率分别为95.29%和75.91%,经χ2检验,2012年抗体阳性率高于其他检测年份,原特区内抗体阳性率高于特区外(P<0.01)。0岁^和20岁和20岁^组人群麻疹抗体阳性率分别为51.32%、73.77%,为各年龄组中最低。结论应结合麻疹抗体水平监测加强重点人群、重点地区的麻疹疫苗接种工作。     

宝安区6~15岁在校儿童高浓度麻疹IgG抗体影响因素研究

目的研究分析宝安区6~15岁在校儿童高浓度麻疹免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体影响因素。方法研究共调查宝安区6~15岁在校儿童444例,均采集静脉血1 ml,分离血清并进行麻疹IgG抗体的定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测,并对高浓度麻疹IgG抗体影响因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示:年龄、父亲文化程度、母亲文化程度、麻疹疫苗接种剂次、首针接种月龄是6~15岁在校儿童高浓度麻疹IgG抗体的影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、首针接种月龄为6~15岁在校儿童高浓度麻疹IgG抗体的主要危险因素,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论儿童麻疹发病的预防控制,对于麻疹疫苗首剂的接种,可以考虑将首剂接种月龄延后,以提高疫苗的效力。对于该年龄段的儿童可以考虑结合实际情况,适时进行加强免疫。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Deoxynivalenol in cereals in Russia

A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat, rye, barley and maize harvested in 1989-2001 in several regions of Russia has been conducted. A total of 5652 samples of cereals were analysed for DON and ZEN by using TLC and normal-phase HPLC with UV-detector. DON was detected in 69% of 2166 samples from Krasnodar region which is considered to be the major Fusarium endemic region of Russia. The contamination levels ranged from 0.1 till 8.6 ppm, MTEL was exceeded in 37% of these samples. The positive correlation between DON concentration and a percentage of Fusaria-damaged wheat kernels has been shown. DON occurrence and contamination levels were much lower that for wheat. Based on the results of monitoring and the data of average actual consumption of wheat products in Russia, the estimated daily intake of DON per 1 kg of body weight (EDI)was calculated. EDI varied from 0.07 ug in 1990-1991 till 1.40 ug in 1992. Although average EDI were lower than adopted tolerable daily intake (TDI, 3 ug/kg body weight) EDIs for the North-Caucasian region in some cases exceeded TDI.