北京市朝阳区367例结核病患者耐药情况分析

目的了解北京市朝阳区结核病患者的耐药情况,为临床结核病治疗及该地区结核防控提供相应的依据。方法采用WHO推荐的比例法对分离培养阳性的376株菌株,进行SM、INH、RFP、EMB 4种一线抗结核药物的敏感性检测及菌种鉴定。结果共分离鉴定出结核分枝杆菌367株,其中272株为全敏感株,95株耐药,总耐药率为25.89%,其中初治耐药率为24.55%(82/334),复治耐药率为39.39%(13/33);初治MDR为6.29%(21/334),复治MDR为15.15%(5/33);初治患者耐药率依次为SMINHRFPEMB,复治患者耐药率为SM=RFPINHEMB;耐药率在性别间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),在年龄及户籍地中差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在对本区结核病患者的治疗中建议使用EMB等耐药率较低的药物,同时要结合药敏试验的结果,对不同患者采用更加合理的治疗方案。     

黄冈市1487例肺结核患者耐药分析

目的了解黄冈市结核病患者耐药的特点及流行现状,为今后结核病防控工作提供参考依据。方法以黄冈市耐多药项目实施期间登记的可疑病例作为研究对象,用比例法对利福平(RFP)、异烟肼(INH)、链霉素(SM)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)4种药进行药物敏感性试验。结果 1 487例肺结核患者痰标本培养阳性1 063例,经菌型鉴定1 044株(初治632例,复治412例)为结核分枝杆菌,其中总耐药254株,总耐药率为24.33%,初治患者及复治患者总耐药率分别为12.50%、42.50%;耐多药142株,耐多药率为13.60%,初治患者及复治患者耐多药率分别为4.59%、27.43%,单耐药75例,单耐药率为7.18%,多耐药37例,多耐药率为3.54%;任何耐药顺位是RFP(17.62%)、INH(17.43%)、SM(14.66%)、EMB(7.28%),其中初治患者耐药顺位是INH 8.07%、SM 7.44%、RFP 6.96%、EMB 2.69%,复治患者耐药顺位是RFP 33.98%、INH 31.80%、SM 25.73%、EMB14.32%;初、复治患者各种耐药情况比较有统计学意义。结论黄冈市肺结核患者总耐药低于全国平均水平,但耐多药和复治患者各种耐药均高于全国水平,说明结核病防控工作形势严峻,特别是要加强初治患者的管理以减少耐药结核病的发生。     

郑州市菌阳肺结核患者耐药特征及影响因素

目的了解郑州市菌阳肺结核患者耐药情况及耐药影响因素。方法收集2014年3月-2015年6月在郑州市区所有登记的初治与复治痰结核分枝杆菌涂片阳性肺结核患者痰标本,共培养分离出142株结核分枝杆菌,并对结核分枝杆菌进行INH(异烟肼)、SM(硫酸链霉素)、RFP(利福平)、EMB(乙胺丁醇)、Ofx(氧氟沙星)、Cm(硫酸卷曲霉素)、Km(硫酸卡那霉素)、Amk(硫酸阿米卡星)等8种抗结核药物的耐药性检测。结果 142株结核分枝杆菌中,INH、SM、RFP、EMB等4种抗结核药物药物耐药率最高,且初治患者与复治患者耐药率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);耐多药由低到高的组合顺序为:H+R+E(0.70%)、H+R+S(2.11%)、H+R(2.82%);结核分枝杆菌对一种及以上药物耐药总耐药率为31.69%,初治耐药率(23.73%)低于获得性耐药率(37.35%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.372,P0.05);耐多药的总耐药率为9.64%。初始耐多药率(3.39%)与获得性耐多药率(7.23%)差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.207,P0.05)。结论郑州市肺结核患者对8种抗结核药物均有一定耐药性,其中INH、SM、RFP、EMB等四种抗结核药物耐药率较高。     

金华市结核病患者耐药情况分析

目的了解金华市结核病患者的耐药情况,为个体化治疗和耐药结核控制提供依据。方法对2015年7月1日—2016年6月30日金华市结核病定点医院报告的结核病患者痰标本进行菌型鉴定,对培养阳性并鉴定为结核分枝杆菌的标本进行药敏试验,分析其耐药率、耐药类型和耐药谱。结果痰培养共获得菌株939株,鉴定为结核分枝杆菌869株,占92.55%。869例结核分枝杆菌培养阳性患者中,耐药168例,总耐药率为19.33%;耐药谱系比例最高为链霉素(4.60%),最低为乙胺丁醇(0.23%)。初治患者802例,复治患者67例;复治患者总耐药率、耐多药率和单耐药率分别为58.21%、29.85%和25.37%,均高于初治患者的16.08%、3.24%和10.22%(P0.05);初治患者耐药率较高的为链霉素(4.36%)、异胭肼(3.24%)和氧氟沙星(1.62%);复治患者耐药率较高的为利福平+异胭肼(14.93%)、异胭肼(11.94%)、链霉素(7.46%)、利福平+异胭肼+乙胺丁醇+链霉素(5.97%)和氧氟沙星(4.48%)。结论金华市结核病患者总耐药率为19.33%,且复治患者耐药情况比初治患者严重。     

绍兴市肺结核患者耐药特征分析

目的分析绍兴市2014—2018年肺结核患者耐药特征,为防制耐药结核病提供依据。方法选取2014—2018年绍兴市结核病定点诊治医院收治的痰涂片阳性的2 596例肺结核患者为研究对象。收集肺结核患者的痰涂片阳性标本,并进行菌株培养、鉴定和药敏试验,分析结核分枝杆菌耐药类型及耐药率情况。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析肺结核患者耐多药的影响因素。结果共对2 596例肺结核患者进行抗结核药物耐药性检测,其中初治患者2 083例,占80.24%;复治患者513例,占19.76%。对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇均敏感2 192例,占84.44%;耐药404例,耐药率为15.56%;耐多药134例,耐多药率为5.16%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,复治(OR=4.583,95%CI:3.188～6.590)和居住地为城市(OR=1.609,95%CI:1.086～2.385)是肺结核患者耐多药的危险因素。结论绍兴市肺结核患者耐药率为15.56%,耐多药率为5.16%,复治患者耐多药率高于初治患者,居住地为城市的肺结核患者耐多药率高于农村患者,且结核病患者对异烟肼的耐药率较高。     

浙江省结核病耐药状况分析

目的通过结核病耐药监测,了解浙江省结核病耐药状况,为耐药结核病疫情控制提供依据。方法在浙江省随机抽取30个县(区),对样本县(区)2013年7月1日—2014年6月30日发现的涂阳患者做细菌培养,将其中结核分枝杆菌(TB)培养阳性的菌株纳入耐药分析。结果共纳入1 010例涂阳患者,其中51例(5.05%)鉴定为非TB,936例(92.67%)鉴定为TB,23例(2.28%)培养细菌未生长。浙江省结核病总耐药率为30.88%,耐多药率为5.02%。其中初治耐药率29.22%,耐多药率3.21%;复治耐药率45.74%,耐多药率21.28%。13种纳入监测的抗结核药物均存在耐药现象,链霉素(SM)总耐药率最高(15.28%),氨基糖苷类相对较低(2.35%)。初治患者中SM耐药率最高(14.37%),耐药谱系比例较高的为耐SM、丙硫异烟胺、异烟肼(INH)、INH+SM和氧氟沙星+左氧氟沙星+莫西沙星;复治患者中INH耐药率最高(30.85%),耐药谱系比例较高的为耐SM、INH+利福平(RFP)、INH+RFP+SM、INH和RFP。复治患者总耐药率、耐多药率、一线抗结核药物耐药率以及对INH、RFP、SM、乙胺丁醇、卡那霉素和对氨基水杨酸的耐药率均比初治患者高(P0.05)。结论浙江省结核病患者初治耐药率较以往有所上升,表明耐药菌株的原发传播并未得到有效控制;复治耐药率和耐多药率均有所下降,表明实施标准短程化疗方案已取得一定成效;SM的高耐药率提示现有治疗方案中SM尚需商榷。     

宁波市2012年-2014年结核分枝杆菌耐药情况分析

目的分析宁波市近3年一线抗结核药的耐药状况,为耐药结核病预防控制提供依据。方法对宁波市2012年1月-2014年12月上送的2 218株阳性临床分枝杆菌,采用PNB/TCH法进行菌种鉴定,采用比例法对异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)做耐药性检测。结果 2 218株阳性临床分离株中,结核分枝杆菌1 841株,总耐药率为28.9%,总耐多药率为11.8%;初治患者耐药率为23.6%,复治患者耐药率为58.9%;初治患者耐多药率为6.8%,复治患者耐多药率为40.0%。不同性别肺结核患者耐药率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.68,P0.05)。初治患者各年龄段耐药率差异无统计学意义(χ2=7.65,P0.05),但复治患者各年龄段耐药率差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.26,P0.05)。结论宁波市结核病耐药状况仍然比较严重,应进一步加强耐药结核的监测和控制。     

菏泽市住院结核病人二线抗结核药耐药状况分析

目的探讨菏泽市住院结核病人对二线抗结核药品的耐药状况。方法收集2014年1月1日至2015年4月30日在菏泽市传染病医院住院并痰培养阳性的结核病患者资料,使用绝对浓度法对对氨基水杨酸(PAS)、丙硫乙烟胺(Pto)、卷曲霉素(CPM)、左氧氟沙星(LVFX)、卡那霉素(KM)、丁胺卡那霉素(AMK)进行药物敏感性检测,并分析耐药状况。结果 259例患者中,90例患者耐药,总体耐药率为34.75%,6种药物的耐药率由高到低依次为LVFX 15.44%(40/259)、CPM 12.36%(32/259)、AMK 6.56%(17/259)、Pto 6.18%(16/259)、PAS 3.09%(8/259)、KM 3.09%(8/259);不同性别、年龄以及初、复治患者间的耐药率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);以耐1种药物为主,占75.56%(68/90),耐2种药物患者占16.67%(15/90),耐3种药物患者占6.67%(6/90)。结论菏泽市二线抗结核药品耐药状况总体上并不严重,进行二线抗结核药品药敏检测有助于为临床治疗提供更为合理的抗结核化疗方案。     

绍兴地区老年肺结核患者耐药特征及危险因素分析

目的分析绍兴市老年肺结核患者对抗结核药物的耐药特征及危险因素,为防控老年结核病提供科学依据。方法对2015年-2017年在绍兴市就诊的老年涂阳肺结核患者的痰结核分枝杆菌进行培养分离,并采用异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)4种抗结核药物作药敏测试。结果检测的761株结核分枝杆菌,总耐药率为11.43%,初治耐药率为9.83%,复治耐药率为16.96%,耐药率顺次为异烟肼(9.33%)、链霉素(5.91%)、利福平(3.68%)、乙胺丁醇(2.50%),各类药物耐药差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。耐多药(MDR-TB)率为3.42%,初治耐多药率为1.36%,复治耐多药率为10.53%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论老年结核病患者是结核病防控重要人群,绍兴市老年肺结核耐药状况较为严重,应规范合理使用抗结核药物,采取有效措施避免结核杆菌的耐药性产生。     

鄂东南地区173例耐多药肺结核可疑患者耐药监测结果

目的了解鄂东南地区(黄冈市、鄂州市)耐多药肺结核可疑患者耐药情况。方法收集2015年鄂东南地区耐多药肺结核可疑者173例的痰培养均阳性且均经菌型鉴定为结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)痰标本,采用比例法进行常规药敏试验。结果173例可疑患者中,出现耐药者67例,总耐药率为38.73%,耐多药患者46例,耐多药率为26.59%。4种一线抗结核药物耐药率由高到低依次为RFP(34.68%)、INH(29.48%)、SM(9.25%)、EMB(4.05%)。初治患者耐药率(32.85%)显著低于复治患者(61.11%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论耐多药肺结核可疑者耐药及耐多药发病率均高于一般结核病人,复治患者是耐多药筛查和防治的重点人群。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.