子宫内膜间质肉瘤的病理形态和免疫组化特征

对１０例子宫内膜间质肉瘤的病理形态和免疫组化作了分析，ＥＳＳ在形态上可出现卵巢性索样上皮，平滑肌细胞样分化和血管外皮瘤样结构；在免疫组化上可出现Ｄｅｓｍｉｎ，Ｃｙｔｏｋｅｒａｔｉｎ，ＥＭＡ阳性等异常抗原表达。故应注意ＥＳＳ和恶性中胚叶混合瘤以及子宫的平滑肌肿瘤相鉴别。     

恶性小圆形细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断：附79例免疫组化回顾性研究

应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法，对原病理诊断意见分岐的７９例恶性小圆细胞肿瘤（ＭＳＲＣＴ）进行免疫组化鉴别诊断研究。结果除１例仍不能分类外，其余７８例（占９９％）得到明确诊断。其中有恶性淋巴瘤、未分化癌、胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤、无色素性恶、神经母细胞瘤、精原细胞瘤、骨原细胞瘤、骨外尤文瘤及未分化肉瘤。结果表明，采用多种肿瘤标志物联合标记是对不同组织起源而形态相近ＭＳＲＣＴ鉴别诊断的有效方法。     

肌纤维母细胞肉瘤的病理学研究

目的：探讨软骨样肌纤维母细胞肉瘤的组织学、超微结构和免疫组化特点。方法：采用光镜、电镜、组织化学及免疫组化染色，观察肿瘤形态学表现。结果：光镜下见肿瘤主要由梭形细胞和软骨样细胞组成。ＶＧ染色呈红、黄相间，Ｍａｓｓｏｎ染色瘤细胞呈蓝、红相间，免疫组化ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ、α－ＳＭＡ、ｄｅｓｍｉｎ及α－ＡＴ均为阳性，瘤细胞含有丰富的粗面内质网及数量等不等的骨丝束、密体和密斑。结论：肌纤维母细胞肉瘤是一型独     

肺多形性癌的病理学观察

目的 对１０例肺多形性癌回顾性临床病理研究,探讨肺多形性癌的临床病理特点。方法 采用组织病理学、免疫组织化学ＳＰ法标记（角蛋白、波形蛋白 Ｍａｃ３８７、结蛋白、肌动蛋白、Ｓ－１００蛋白）对１０例肺多形性癌进行研究。结果 肺多形性癌多见于５０岁以上的男性,临床首发症状咳嗽咳痰、咯血或患侧胸痛,镜下以鳞癌、腺癌等成分为主,伴有多少不等的梭形细胞或（和）巨细胞成分。肿瘤的上皮成分表达角蛋白,梭形细胞表达波形蛋白,３例上皮及梭形细胞成分同时表达角蛋白及波形蛋白。结论 肺多形性癌具有多种病理组织形态特征,病理诊断上易与癌肉瘤混淆。明确该肿瘤的组织发生,对于诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

心脏粘液瘤免疫组织化学观察和组织发生的探讨

对５２例心脏粘液瘤进行免疫组织化学观察。其中有２例伴有腺样结构。免疫标记显示：５２例粘液瘤中全部瘤细胞Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ为阳性。ＦＶⅢ，Ｄｅｓｍｉｎ和Ａｃｔｉｎ为阴性。５例瘤细胞Ｓ－１００蛋白为阳性。２例伴腺样结构者ＣＥＡ，ＥＭＡ和Ｃｙｔｏｋｅｒａｔｉｏｎ为阳性。组织化学染色显示：腺样结构ＰＡＳ－ＡＢ（ｐＨ１．０），ＰＡＳ－ＡＢ（ｐＨ２．５）和ＨＩＤ－ＡＢ均为阳性。结果提示：心脏粘液瘤可能来源于胚胎     

恶性黑色素瘤的免疫组织化学鉴别诊断

以Ｓ－１００、Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ、ＨＭＢ４５、Ｋｅｒａｔｉｎ、ＥＭＡ、ＬＣＡ抗体，ＳＰ法对原病理诊断或疑诊的３５例恶性黑色素瘤（ＭＭ）进行染色。结果１０例典型的少色素性ＭＭ均呈Ｓ－１００、Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ和ＨＭＢ４５阳性，符合原ＭＭ诊断。原病理诊断１９例和疑诊６例共２５例无色素性恶性黑色素瘤（ＡＭＭ）中，２１例同时呈Ｓ－１００、ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ和ＨＭＢ４５阳性，故确诊为ＡＭＭ；４例Ｓ－１００和ＨＭＢ４５阴性肿瘤中，３例为Ｋｅｒａｔｉｎ阳性、ＥＭＡ弱阳性，１例为ＬＣＡ和Ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ阳性，证实不是ＭＭ而是癌和淋巴瘤。结果表明，Ｓ－１００和ＨＭＢ４５是ＭＭ诊断性标志物，后者具有特异性。     

10例胶质肉瘤临床病理和免疫组织化学观察

１０例胶质肉瘤临床病理和免疫组织化学观察徐惠芳秦进喜孔繁明一、材料和方法从１９８８年３月～１９９５年３月共诊断胶质肉瘤１０例，全进行常规病理切片光镜观察，并均作免疫组化染色，采用ｓｔｒｅｐＡ－Ｂ法，所用抗体为ＧＦＡＰ、ＦⅧ／ＲＡｇ、Ｓ－１００、ｖｉｍ...     

软组织小圆形细胞肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断

软组织小圆形细胞肿瘤 (ｓｍａｌｌｒｏｕｎｄｃｅｌｌｔｕｍｏｒｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｆｔｔｉｓｓｕｅｓ,ＳＲＣＴＳ)是指光镜下形态近似的原始或较原始的小圆形细胞 (部分呈类圆形或短梭形 )组成的组织发生和生物学行为不同的一组恶性肿瘤。这组肿瘤涵盖的范围 ,各作者的意见尚不一致 ,我们认为至少应包括下述肿瘤 :尤因肉瘤 /周围原始性神经外胚层瘤、Ａｓｋｉｎ瘤、神经母细胞瘤、硬化性小细胞肿瘤、肾外恶性横纹肌样瘤、胚胎性横纹肌瘤、低分化小细胞性滑膜肉瘤、圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤、硬化性小圆细胞间皮瘤、粒细胞肉瘤、软组织原发性恶性淋…     

前列腺肉瘤的病理诊断、治疗和预后

目的：探讨前列腺肉瘤诊断、治疗及预后诸因素。方法：对４ 例前列腺肉瘤进行随访,并再次进行常规切片ＨＥ 染色和采用ＬＳＡＢ法对ｖｉｍｅｎｔｉｎ、ＣＫ、ａｃｔｉｎ（ＨＨＦ３５）、ｄｅｓｍｉｎ、ｍｙｏｇｌｏｂｉｎ、Ｓ１００ 、ＣＤ３４ 、α１ＡＴ、α１ＡＣＴ、ｌｙｓｏｚｙｍｅ、ＰＳＡ 和ＰＡＰ等１２ 种抗体进行标记观察。结果：平滑肌肉瘤１ 例,随访７ 年至今健在;ＭＦＨ１ 例,死于并发呼吸系感染;腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤１ 例,生存不到２ 年;多形性横纹肌肉瘤１ 例,生存２ 年５ 个月。免疫组化在诊断和鉴别诊断上有重大意义。结论：ＨＥ 染色结合免疫组化染色可确诊该瘤。其预后与多种因素有关,中老年人的预后相对较好。联合根治性手术、放疗和化疗效果较好。     

恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的免疫组化鉴别诊断研究

恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)的病理形态复杂多样,与多形性横纹肌肉瘤、纤维肉瘤和脂肪肉瘤等不易鉴别。本文应用免疫组化ABC技术和9种肿瘤标志物,对组织学诊断的46例MFH和12例诊断存在争议的肿瘤进行免疫酶标记,探讨MFH的特异标志,评价多种抗体免疫组化标记对MFH的诊断价     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.