中药复方热毒平提高中暑小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力的机制探讨

目的探讨中药复方制剂热毒平提高中暑内毒素血症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力的机制,为该类药物在重症中暑治疗中的运用打下基础。方法在干球温度(34.5±0.5)℃,相对湿度(60±5)%的条件下建立小鼠中暑模型,将40只小鼠随机分为热毒平组、西黄芪胶组、生理盐水组、高温对照组和正常对照组。采血并提取小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,用中性红法观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,流式细胞仪检测其凋亡情况,试剂盒检测血中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的值。结果热毒平组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力高于西黄芪胶组、高温对照组、生理盐水组(P<0.001),与正常组相近;凋亡百分率较其他三组有明显降低(P<0.001),与正常组相近;血中TNF-α的值低于西黄芪胶组、高温对照组、生理盐水组(P<0.001),与正常对照组相近。结论热毒平抗中暑内毒素血症的主要机制之一是在增强巨噬细胞吞噬能力,降低TNF-α的含量,减少巨噬细胞的凋亡中发挥重要作用。     

中药复方热毒平对实验性中暑小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

目的探讨中药复方制剂热毒平抗中暑内毒素血症的机制,为该类药物在重症中暑治疗中的应用打下基础。方法在干球温度(34.5±0.5)℃,相对湿度(60±5)%的条件下建立小鼠中暑模型,将40只小鼠随机分为热毒平组、西黄芪胶组、高温对照组、生理盐水组和正常对照组。用鸡红细胞和中性红法观察小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,MTT法观察其能量代谢水平,ELISA试剂盒检测血中TNF-α的值。结果热毒平组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力(A值:0.473±0.045)明显高于西黄芪胶组(A值:0.233±0.030)、高温对照组(A值:0.261±0.029)、生理盐水组(A值:0.262±0.029)(P<0.01),接近正常对照组(A值:0.465±0.039);能量代谢水平高于其他4组(P<0.01);热毒平组小鼠血浆TNF-α含量〔(54.25±1.63)pg.mL-1)〕明显低于西黄芪胶组〔(211.26±7.17)pg.mL-1〕、高温对照组〔(227.64±12.02)pg.mL-1〕、生理盐水组〔(205.91±16.01)pg.mL-1〕(P<0.01),接近于正常组〔(51.81±2.58)pg.mL-1〕。结论提高巨噬细胞能量代谢,增强其吞噬能力,是热毒平抗中暑内毒素血症主要机制之一。     

热毒平抗脂质过氧化及对腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡影响

目的研究热毒平抗脂质过氧化以及对腹腔巨噬细胞(macrophage,Mφ)凋亡的影响,为热毒平治疗重症中暑提供实验依据。方法昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为常温对照组、热毒平组、西黄芪胶组、生理盐水组和中暑模型组。在干球温度(34.5±0.5)℃,相对湿度(60±5)%的条件下建立中暑模型,测定用药组和对照组小鼠肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量;提取动物腹腔巨噬细胞DNA并行凝胶电泳;用流式细胞仪检测各组小鼠腹腔Mφ凋亡情况。结果热毒平均小鼠肝组织SOD活力升高,MDA含量降低;DNA电泳图中热毒平组无梯状条带;热毒平组腹腔Mφ凋亡百分率比其他组低且接近正常组。结论热毒平能有效的防止高温所致的脂质过氧化、减少其腹腔Mφ凋亡,对重症中暑有着良好的治疗作用。     

热毒平抗中暑作用机制

目的探讨热毒平对抗中暑的作用,为防治重症中暑提供实验依据。方法在干球温度(34.5±0.5)℃,相对湿度(60±5)%的条件下建立小鼠中暑模型,将40只小鼠随机分为热毒平组、西黄芪胶组、高温中暑组、地塞米松组和正常对照组,观察动物的肛温上升速率、存活时间和致泻作用。结果热毒平组动物的肛温上升速率明显降低、存活时间显著延长、腹泻鼠数增多。结论热毒平对中暑具有良好的防治效果,通腑泄毒为其主要作用机制之一。     

青蒿琥酯抗中暑内毒素血症的机制研究

目的探讨青蒿衍生物青蒿琥酯抗中暑内毒素血症的作用机制,为该类药物应用于重症中暑的治疗提供依据。方法在干球温度(34.5±0.5)℃,相对湿度(60±5)%的条件下建立小鼠中暑内毒素血症模型,将32只小鼠随机分为青蒿琥酯组、高温对照组、生理盐水组和正常对照组。用ELISA法检测血浆肿瘤坏死因子-a(TNF-a)含量变化,RT-PCR检测腹腔巨噬细胞Toll样受体4(TLR4)mRNA表达情况。结果青蒿琥酯组TNF-a的含量和TLR4mRNA表达低于高温对照组和生理盐水组(P<0.05),与正常对照组相近。结论下调内毒素信号转导通路中TLR4mRNA表达,减少TNF-a的含量,应是青蒿琥酯拮抗中暑内毒素血症的重要机制之一。     

热毒平抗中暑内毒素血症的作用研究

在干球温度 (4 2± 0 . 5 )℃、湿球温度 (3 5± 0. 5 )℃、相对湿度 60 %± 5 %的条件下建立中暑模型 ,应用热毒平、地塞米松等药物 ,观察动物的肛温上升速率、存活时间、 3h死亡率。结果热毒平组比地塞米松组、西黄芪胶组和高温中暑组动物的肛温上升速率慢 ,分别为 0 . 0 2 3℃ /min、 0 . 0 48℃ /min、 0. 0 3 0℃ /min、 0 . 0 43℃ /min (P <0 . 0 5 ) ;较其他三组动物的存活时间长 ,分别为 198 88min、 113 88min、 164 63min、 12 5 63min (P <0. 0 5 ) ;比其他三组动物的3h死亡率低 ,分别为 2 5 %、 10 0 %、 75 %、 75 % (P <0. 0 5 )。提示热毒平对中暑内毒素血症具有良好的预防效果。     

人乳铁蛋白对小鼠急性辐射损伤影响

目的 研究人乳铁蛋白对X射线照射所致小鼠急性辐射损伤的影响.方法 无特定病原体级Balb/c雄性小鼠51只,随机分成3组,即对照组、辐射组和乳铁蛋白组.辐射组和乳铁蛋白组小鼠给予2.0 Gy X射线全身均匀照射,对照组不予照射.照射后2h,乳铁蛋白组每只腹腔注射人乳铁蛋白4.0 mg;对照组和辐射组小鼠腹腔注射生理氯化钠溶液各1.0 ml.观察人乳铁蛋白对腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数和吞噬百分率、周围血象、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)水平和脏器指数的影响.结果 与辐射组比较,乳铁蛋白组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数和吞噬百分率、血清SOD活力和脾脏指数均显著升高(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01),血清MDA水平显著降低(P＜0.01);周围血白细胞计数、红细胞计数、血小板和胸腺、肝脏指数比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 人乳铁蛋白对小鼠急性辐射损伤具有一定的保护作用.     

青蒿琥酯对中暑内毒素血症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内CD14和Toll样受体4的影响

目的探讨青蒿琥酯对中暑内毒素血症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内CD14和Toll样受体4 (TLR4)表达的影响。方法昆明种小鼠随机分为常温组、高温组、生理盐水组和青蒿琥酯组(均按60 mg/kg连续5 d腹腔注射),常温组在干球温度25℃±0．5℃、相对湿度43%±5%的条件下暴露2 h,其他组在干球温度35℃±0．5℃、相对湿度65%±5%的条件下热暴露,观察不同时间点(1、2 h)小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内CD14和TLR 4 mRNA的表达及血浆中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量。结果常温组CD14和TLR 4 mRNA表达分别为0．34%±0．047%和0．31%±0．062%；高温1 h组分别为0．53%±0．085%和0．45%±0．049%,与常温组的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．01),并在2 h时呈现继续升高的趋势；生理盐水1 h组CD14和TLR4表达升高,但在2h时有轻度下降；青蒿琥酯1 h组CD14和TLR4的表达则分别为0．26%±0．051%和0．25%±0．084%,并在2 h有轻微的下降。各组TNF-α含量的变化呈现出与CD14、TLR 4变化基本一致的趋势。结论青蒿琥酯能明显降低内毒素信号转导通路上CD14和TLR 4的表达,减少TNF-α的产生,这可能是其抗中暑内毒素血症的机制之一。     

青蒿琥酯对高温内毒素复合因素下巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

目的 研究青蒿琥酯(AR)对高温内毒素(IUS)复合因素下巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。方法 采用体外培养的巨噬细胞系PAW264．7细胞,分成空白对照组、AR组、LPS组及AR LPS组,分别于37℃和40℃,含95％O2、5％CO2条件下培养1、2、3、4h后,台盼蓝染色计数细胞存活数,吞噬中性红实验检测巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。结果 经不同条件处理3h后各组细胞存活数无差异,均大于95％;高温内毒素复合因素使巨噬细胞的吞噬功能明显降低,青蒿琥酯亦使巨噬细胞的吞噬功能下降,但青蒿琥酯加内毒素组的吞噬功能明显强于单纯内毒素组。结论 青蒿琥酯对高温内毒素复合因素下的巨噬细胞的吞噬功能有增强作用。     

青蒿琥酯对中暑内毒素血症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

目的　建立高温诱导的内源性内毒素血症的动物模型,研究青蒿琥酯对中暑内毒素血症小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞内游离钙离子([Ca2 + ]i)浓度的影响。方法　昆明小鼠被随机分为常温组、高温组、青蒿琥酯+高温组[连续5d按60mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射给药]。高温组和青蒿琥酯+高温组的小鼠均在干球温度(Tdb) (3 5±0 .5 )℃、相对湿度(RH) (65±5 ) %条件下热暴露2h ,诱导其产生内毒素血症;常温组在干球温度(2 5±0 . 5 )℃、相对湿度(4 3±5 ) %条件下暴露2h。之后立即分离各组腹腔巨噬细胞,采用Fluo 3 /AM负载及流式细胞仪检测细胞内游离[Ca2 + ]i浓度。结果　常温组、高温组和青蒿琥酯+高温组的巨噬细胞内游离[Ca2 + ]i浓度分别为3 . 3 0±0 . 3 4、14 . 2 6±0 . 89和5 . 19±0 . 2 1;高温组较常温组巨噬细胞游离[Ca2 + ]i浓度显著增加(P <0 . 0 1) ,青蒿琥酯+高温组虽高于常温组(P <0 . 0 5 ) ,但明显低于高温组(P <0 . 0 1)。结论　高温诱导小鼠产生内毒素血症时,腹腔巨噬细胞内游离[Ca2 + ]i浓度升高明显,青蒿琥酯则能显著降低细胞内的游离[Ca2 + ]i水平,这可能是其抗内毒素血症、降低机体对内毒素反应、保护细胞的机制之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.