广州市新建住房室内环境调查分析

随着人们对室内空气污染危害认识的提高，居室的化学污染越来越受到人们的重视，为保障公众健康，维护公共利益，我们依照《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》(GB50325—2001)，对广州市50多户新建居室室内空气进行了调查，对主要化学污染物指标挥发性有机物(TVOC)、甲醛、苯、氨进行监测，结果分析如下：     

广州市部分公共场所室内空气甲醛污染调查分析

人造板材中残留和未参与反应的甲醛会逐渐向周围环境释放，因此由建筑材料、装饰物品及生活用品等释出的甲醛是公共场所室内空气主要污染来源，也是公共场所监测的必测项目之一。为了解公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染状况，于2002年对广州市辖区内28家公共场所进行甲醛污染的调查分析，现报道如下。     

某招待所室内空气质量变化规律分析

目的观察公共场所室内空气质量变化规律,探索卫生监督监测的合理频次和时间。方法选取某宾馆12个房间,依据GB/T 18204-2014《公共场所卫生检验方法》和GB 50325-2010《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》,于春夏秋冬四个季节分别选取温度、湿度、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲醛、TVOC、空气菌落总数7个指标进行测试,观察其结果变化规律。结果一般装修房间甲醛夏季浓度高,冬季浓度低:春末浓度为0.28 mg/m~3,夏季为0.32 mg/m~3,秋季为0.16 mg/m~3,冬季为0.08 mg/m~3;环保装修房间不明显。结论结合本部驻京单位公共场所工作实际,建议公共场所卫生监测每年1次,监测时间为夏季;卫生监督每年2次,分别为初夏和初冬。     

外表的华丽——装修行业的监管漏洞

早在2002年即出台的《民用建筑工程室内环境控制规范》规定。所有民用建筑工程完工后必须进行环境质量检测。在对办公楼、商店、旅绾、文化娱乐场所、图书结、餐厅、体育结、公共交通候车室、餐厅等民用建筑工程验收时，对室内环境污染物苯、甲醛、氡、氨等挥发性有机物浓度进行的检测。应在工程完17天以后工程验收交付使用前进行。     

对室内空气中苯和TVOC检测技术研究的新进展

为了预防和控制新建、扩建、改建的民用建筑工程室内环境污染，国家质量监督检验检疫总局和建设部在2001年11月16日发布了国家标准GB50325—2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》，从2004年3月15日起，在上海实施《上海市住宅装饰装修验收标准》都强制性规定室内空气质量验收的五项主要污染浓度限量指标，应该说这五项检测项目中，就检测技术而言，对室内空气中苯和TVOC的检测技术是最难掌握和难以做好的。     

实施《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》和《室内空气质量标准》中的问题

为保证室内环境空气质量 ,我国先后颁发了有关室内环境的标准和规范 ,在贯彻实施标准和规范的过程中 ,有些技术问题需要进行探讨。1　《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》(GB50 32 5- 2 0 0 1 )民用建筑工程室内环境污染物浓度限量见表 1。表 1　民用建筑工程室内环境污染物浓度限量①污染物Ⅰ类民用建筑工程Ⅱ类民用建筑工程氡 (Bq/m 3)≤ 2 0 0≤ 4 0 0游离甲醛 (mg/m3)≤ 0 0 8≤ 0 1 2苯 (mg/m3)≤ 0 0 9≤ 0 0 9氨 (mg/m3)≤ 0 2≤ 0 5TVOC(mg/m3)≤ 0 5≤ 0 6　注 :①　表中污染物浓度限量 ,除氡外均应以同步测定的室外…     

加强监督检测控制室内环境污染

通过对一些民用建筑工程室内环境监测结果的分析，强调了加强室内环境污染控制的重要性。对GB50325-2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》重点控制的5种污染物（游离甲醛，氡，苯，TVOC及氨）的来源及危害进行讨论，提出加强室内环境污染控制，必须从材料，工程勘察设计，工程施工及工程验收等方面进行全过程监测。     

室内空气中甲醛监测时段的选择

甲醛已成为室内装修后令人关注和严重危害健康的主要污染物之一。在2002年开始实施的GB50325-2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》强制标准，及2003年相继实施的GB／T18883-2002《室内空气质量标准》后。工程竣工验收检测和居民装修后委托检测大量增加。     

新装修公共场所甲醛污染状况的调查

目的：了解新装修公共场所甲醛的污染情况。方法：测定公共场所在装修1年内室内空气中的甲醛含量变化，并调查员工出现眼及上呼吸道急性刺激症状的情况。结果：公共场所装修后一年内室内空气中甲醛的浓度较高，易引起眼和上呼吸道急性刺激症状，之后甲醛浓度逐渐下降。结论：新装修公共场所甲醛污染情况不容忽视，应依法加强对装修材料和涂料的监督和监测工作。     

公共场所装修后室内空气中甲醛污染调查

为了解公共场所装修后室内空气甲醛的污染情况,我们对32家新装修的公共场所进行了室内空气中甲醛浓度检测。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.