右美沙芬对家兔急性脑外伤颅内压及坏死神经元数的影响

目的：探讨应用右美沙芬对急性脑外伤家兔颅内压及病理改变的影响。方法：将成年雄性家兔20只利用颅脑外伤自由落体打击器造成一侧脑外动物模型，伤后家兔被均分为外伤组10只及治疗组10只，另设未受外伤的对照组6只。治疗组动物在外伤后立即腹腔注射右美沙芬治疗，剂量为50mg.kg^-1.d^-1，对照组和外伤组给予腹腔注射等量生理盐水，连用7d采用颅内压监护仪监测不同时间段颅内压，7d后处死各组动物，显微镜下观察伤灶有其周围坏死神经元细胞数。结果：伤前和伤后5min治疗组、外伤组颅内压差异无显著性。但治疗组动物在1d、3d、7d的颅内压较外伤组相应时间段显著降低，且伤灶及周围皮层坏死神经元数显著减少（P＜0．01）。结论：右美沙芬能降低急性脑外伤家兔的颅内压，提高神经元存活率。     

基因重组生长激素对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的抗凋亡作用

目的：探讨心肌缺血-再灌注后不同时段心肌细胞凋亡的变化规律及基因重组生长激素对心肌细胞凋亡的影响,为临床缺血性心脏病及心脏外科手术中心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的防治提供新的思路和方法。方法：将78只wistar大鼠随机分为心肌缺血-再灌注组（IR组）、心肌缺血-再灌注＋基因重组生长激素基础治疗组Ⅰ（IR+rGHⅠ组）、心肌缺血-再灌注＋基因重组生长激素冲击治疗组Ⅱ（IR+rGHⅡ组）和假手术对照组（C组）四组,建立心肌缺血－再灌注模型。各组分设再灌注2、4、24和48h时相点,采用透射电镜观察心肌超微结构的变化,原位末端探针标记测定各组心肌细胞凋亡指数。结果：IR组线粒体不同程度肿胀,结构破坏,嵴排列紊乱甚至断裂,部分线粒体空泡化;在再灌注后的同一时点,IR＋rGHⅠ组线粒体结构破坏程度减轻,空泡化不明显,而IR＋rGHⅡ组与IR组相比,线粒体结构破坏的程度无明显差别。对照组无心肌细胞凋亡;IR组再灌注2?h开始出现心肌细胞凋亡,24h达高峰,再灌注后48?h凋亡指数下降;IR＋rGHⅠ组与IR组的4个时点分别进行比较,心肌细胞凋亡指数差异显著(P分别＜0.05、0.05、0.01、0.01);IR＋rGHⅡ组与IR组的4个时点分别进行比较心肌细胞凋亡指数无差别（P＞0.05）。结论：术前7d皮下注射rGH能减少缺血-再灌注引起的心肌细胞凋亡,线粒体结构破坏较轻;而术前30s给予rGH无此作用。     

大鼠角膜穿通伤后局部应用 IL-10抑制视网膜炎症和抗神经溃变的研究

目的：观察角膜穿通伤后局部应用 IL-10对视网膜炎症反应的抑制和对神经溃变的保护作用。方法：将清洁级成年雌性 SD 大鼠50只,随机分为对照组（8只）、损伤组和治疗组,后两组（每组21只）再分为损伤1 d、2 d 和3 d 组（每小组7只）。损伤组用无菌注射器刺穿眼球颞侧角膜缘角膜,制作角膜穿通伤模型。治疗组在角膜穿通伤后用 IL-10溶液滴眼。各组2只大鼠用于制作眼球切片,免疫荧光染色观察角膜穿通伤后炎症因子 IL-1β、IL-6和 TNF-α以及神经丝蛋白-200（neurofilament protein-200,NF-200）、血影蛋白（α-Ⅱspectrin）及钙蛋白酶2（m-calpain）在视网膜中的分布特征;另5只大鼠用于提取视网膜蛋白,采用免疫印迹法检测各组大鼠于角膜穿通伤24,48,72 h 后,视网膜组织内 NF-200和血影蛋白降解产物以及活性钙蛋白酶2相对含量的动态变化。结果：对照组视网膜结构层次清楚, IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和 m-calpain 免疫荧光很弱;血影蛋白和 NF-200免疫荧光染色可清晰显示阳性神经纤维;角膜穿通伤后,视网膜结构层次模糊,TNF-α、IL-1β,IL-6和 m-calpain 免疫荧光增强,主要分布在内层;NF-200和血影蛋白免疫荧光染色显示阳性神经纤维明显减少;IL-10治疗后,TNF-α、IL-1β,IL-6和 m-calpain 免疫荧光减弱,血影蛋白和 NF-200阳性神经纤维明显多于损伤组。免疫印迹检测结果表明,损伤组视网膜组织内大分子的 NF-200和血影蛋白含量逐渐减少,其小分子的降解产物以及小分子的活性 m-calpain 逐渐增加;在 IL-10治疗组,NF-200和血影蛋白的降解产物以及活性 m-calpain 的增加程度明显减轻。结论：角膜穿通伤可刺激视网膜细胞高表达炎症因子 IL-1β,IL-6和TNF-α,导致组织的炎症损伤,同时激活 m-calpain,后者降解视网膜细胞骨架蛋白 NF-200和血影蛋白,造成神经溃变;局部应用 IL-10可减轻炎症反应,抑制 m-calpain 对骨架蛋白的降解,从而对视网膜细胞产生保护作用。     

烧伤早期SD大鼠肝脏组织形态学变化及大黄的影响

目的：研究烧伤早期SD大鼠肝脏组织的形态学变化及大黄的影响,探讨大黄对烧伤后大鼠肝脏可能的保护作用及机制。方法：选用健康SD大鼠75只（昆明医学院动物科提供）,建立大鼠烫伤模型（TBSA30%）,将SD大鼠随机分成对照组、烫伤组（烧伤组）、烫伤后大黄治疗组（治疗组）。分别选择伤后3、6、12、24、48、72h及5d7个时间点,氯胺酮针剂（80mg/kg）腹腔麻醉后剖腹取肝脏组织。治疗组伤后5min内给予大黄灌胃,以后每间隔12min灌胃一次。采用病理形态学及透射电镜观察各组肝脏组织的病理形态学变化。结果：病理形态学变化显示,对照组肝脏组织结构完整无损伤,烧伤组早期SD大鼠肝脏组织损伤明显,治疗组SD大鼠肝脏组织损伤较烫伤组明显减轻。电镜观察结果显示,各实验时间点均观察到不同数量的凋亡小体,尤以72min凋亡小体数量最多。经大黄治疗后,细胞损伤明显减轻,核染色分布均匀,核仁明显,线粒体结构清晰,接近正常。结论：严重烧伤早期SD大鼠肝脏组织损伤明显。早期应用中药大黄能够减轻伤后肝脏的损伤,同时中药大黄可能具有细胞保护作用,而抗细胞凋亡是其重要的细胞保护作用之一。     

盐酸、乙酸和无水酒精肝内注射对肝组织作用的动物实验研究

目的观察5.0%盐酸、50%乙酸及无水酒精肝内注射所产生的作用范围以及对肝、肾功能的影响,评价其应用前景。方法随机选择30只实验兔分为5.0%盐酸注射组、50%乙酸和无水酒精注射组,直视下肝内注射1ml,1、3、5和7d后检测血清ALT、AST、BUN、Cr变化,术后7d处死动物,观察肝组织坏死情况及范围。结果盐酸、乙酸及无水酒精注射后均导致肝组织凝固性坏死,局部坏死区平均直径分别为（2.8±1.3）cm、（1.6±0.5）cm和（0.9±0.3）cm,肝组织坏死范围差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;注射后1周内三组动物ALT、AST均有一过性升高;乙酸注射组术后1周内BUN和Cr有一过性升高,盐酸和酒精注射组术后BUN和Cr变化不明显。结论盐酸较乙酸及无水酒精具有更强的致组织凝固力,肝组织坏死的形态较规则,边界更清晰,且无明显毒副作用,可能成为理想的瘤内注射制剂。     

机械性脑白质损伤后皮层神经元凋亡的证据及其分布特征

目的 探讨细胞凋在机构性脑白质损伤后皮层神经细胞病理变化中的作用及其分布特征。方法 雄性健康SD36只随机分为假手术组（12只）和模型组（24只），用模型组动物制作大脑皮层下横切模型。于致伤后不同时间片锴动物，用TUNEL原位末端标记和常规病理组织学方法观察损伤区及相应皮层神经细胞变化的性质和规律。结果 致伤后横切处出血，损伤组织内神经元再现坏死改变，胶质细胞增多。大脑皮层Ⅱ-Ⅴ层神经细胞多出现切缩改变。伤后12d后，相应皮层内即再现散在早期凋亡神经元，随后逐渐增多，7d后又趋减少，伤后19d皮层内仍可检出凋亡神经元。在损伤区凋亡神经元少见，可见部分胶质细胞凋亡。结论 脑白质损害时，损伤相应部位皮层神经元主要表现为凋亡。在损伤区，神经元和胶质细胞主要表现为坏死。层内凋亡神经元主要分布于第Ⅱ-Ⅴ层，其时间分布呈一单峰状曲线，凋亡峰出现在伤后第7d前后至少持续19d。     

白藜芦醇和bFGF联合治疗芥子气所致家兔皮肤损伤的初步研究

目的 探讨不同比例的白藜芦醇和碱性成纤维细胞因子联合药物凝胶制剂对芥子气染毒皮肤创面的治疗效果,为优化联合药物凝胶制备比例提供实验参考数据。方法 以芥子气（1.0 mg/cm2）染毒家兔背部皮肤为实验模型,设置治疗组1～11、阳性治疗对照组和染毒阴性对照组,每组3只染毒模型动物。将白藜芦醇(包含0.01%、0.02%、0.04%三个浓度)和碱性成纤维细胞因子(包含2500IU/g、12500IU/g、25000IU/g三个浓度)以不同比例配制成联合药物凝胶制剂。治疗组1～11染毒创面经连续14d外用不同成分比例的联合药物,阳性治疗对照组和阴性对照组分别用醋酸去炎松霜和不含药物的凝胶作相同处理,观察创面外观变化,按照既定标准对创面损伤程度进行打分;并取创面活检标本,进行HE染色,观察组织病理学变化,综合评价各种联合药物促进创面愈合的能力。结果 外用不同联合药物3d后,治疗组-5染毒创面红斑、糜烂、坏死等皮肤损伤评分和组织病理学炎症、坏死等改变评分明显低于染毒阴性对照组和其他联合药物治疗组（P＜0.05）,与阳性治疗对照组无明显差别（P＞0.05）。结论 治疗组-5使用的联合药物凝胶（0.02%白藜芦醇 12500UI/g bFGF）通过抑制皮损局部炎症反应,减少细胞坏死,能够有效促进芥子气所致皮肤损伤的愈合。     

重组人促红细胞生成素对兔脊髓缺血/再灌注损伤的作用

目的探讨重组人促红细胞生成素（rHuEPO）对兔脊髓神经细胞缺血／再灌注损伤的作用及其可能的作用机制。方法40只健康成年新西兰大白兔随机分为4组：假手术组（A组）,对照组（B组）,小剂量（1000U／kg）rHuEPO组（C组）,大剂量（3000U／kg）rHuEPO组（D组）,每组10只。建立兔脊髓缺血／再灌注损伤模型,通过兔耳缘静脉B组注射生理盐水3ml／kg,C、D组注射相应剂量rHuEPO。分别于缺血／再灌注损伤后4h、8h、24h、48h、7d对动物进行后肢运动神经功能评分。7d时处死动物,取L3-5,节段脊髓组织行病理学检查,用苏木精-伊红染色观察脊髓标本的一般病理学改变及脊髓前角运动神经元数量变化;TUNEL法检测脊髓前角运动神经元凋亡情况。结果缺血／再灌注损伤后各时间点,C、D组后肢运动神经功能评分明显优于B组（P〈0．01）,但低于A组（P〈0．01）。伤后4h和7d评分C组低于D组（P〈0．05）。伤后7d苏木精-伊红染色显示脊髓组织病理学改变C、D组明显轻于B组,较A组严重。伤后7d脊髓前角运动神经元计数C、D组明显高于B组（P〈0．01）,但低于A组（分别为P〈0．01和0．05）,D组高于C组（P〈0．05）。伤后7d脊髓前角运动神经元的凋亡指数C、D组明显低于B组（P〈0．01）,D组低于C组（P〈0．05）。结论rHuEPO具有抗凋亡作用,对脊髓由于缺血而引起的神经运动功能损害具有保护作用。     

高压电烧伤对大鼠TNF-α及微循环的影响

目的检测高压电对大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、皮肤微循环灌流量（SMH）的影响并探讨TNF-α在微循环障碍中的作用及乌司他丁（UTI）的干预效果。方法将144只SD大鼠按完全随机设计方法分为对照组、电伤组和治疗组,每组48只,每组再分为6个时相组,每时相组8只。电伤组和治疗组大鼠用调压器和实验变压器制成高压电烧伤模型,对照组大鼠接相同装置但不通电,致假伤。用ELISA法检测三组伤前15 m in及伤后5 m in、1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h大鼠血清TNF-α变化,用激光多普勒微循环图像仪检测以上各时相胸部SMH。结果①TNF-α变化：组内比较,电伤组和治疗组TNF-α在伤后5 m in上升,持续至伤后8 h,均呈逐渐升高趋势,伤后8 h达最高值,分别为（54.71±4.82）、（24.26±3.17）pg/m l;组间比较,治疗组TNF-α在伤后5 m in较电伤组无明显变化,从伤后18 h,治疗组TNF-α均低于电伤组,高于对照组。②SMH变化：组内比较,电伤组和治疗组SMH在伤后5 m in开始下降,持续到伤后8 h,均呈逐渐下降趋势,均以伤后5 m in最低值,分别是（1.01±0.05）V、（1.12±0.11）V;组间比较,治疗组SMH在伤后5 m in8 h,SMH均高于电伤组,低于对照组。结论高压电可引起大鼠血清TNF-α升高及SMH下降,而UTI能抑制伤后血清TNF-α升高和SMH下降。TNF-α在高压电烧伤后微循环障碍中起一定作用     

大鼠视神经挫伤后视网膜神经节细胞形态改变及GFAP表达的变化

目的 研究大鼠视神经夹挫伤后视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）形态学及其神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）表达的变化。方法 采用大鼠球后视神经钳夹伤模型，动物分别于损伤后1、3、5、7、9、14、21d处死，苏木精-伊红染色观察视神经组织及RGCs的动态变化，免疫组化方法检测视网膜组织GFAP的表达水平。结果 视神经损伤后，RGCs数目明显下降，14d内降低速度较快，14d后下降速度减慢；与正常大鼠视网膜相比，GFAP表达明显增加，伤后7d达峰值，14d时降至正常水平。结论 视神经损伤后RGCs数量减少是其视功能下降的病理基础之一，视网膜Muller细胞GFAP表达增加是Muller细胞损伤修复的一种表现。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.