论著：髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤

目的 应用髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤。方法 将带旋髂浅血管或腹壁浅血管为蒂的髂腹股沟皮瓣的远端1／3～1／2修剪成带真皮下血管网薄皮瓣,修复除拇指以外的手部大面积皮肤缺损。结果 临床应用9例,皮瓣全部成活,外形及运动功能恢复满意。结论 带蒂髂腹股沟真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤是简单、有效的方法。     

髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤

目的应用髂腹股沟带蒂真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤.方法将带旋髂浅血管或腹壁浅血管为蒂的髂腹股沟皮瓣的远端1/3～1/2修剪成带真皮下血管网薄皮瓣,修复除拇指以外的手部大面积皮肤缺损.结果临床应用9例,皮瓣全部成活,外形及运动功能恢复满意.结论带蒂髂腹股沟真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部皮肤脱套伤是简单、有效的方法.     

真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手指脱套伤30例

目的探讨真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手部脱套伤皮肤缺损的疗效。方法根据手部脱套伤的皮肤缺损面积、形状设计髂腹股沟真皮下血管网皮瓣或腹壁随意真皮下血管网皮瓣修复30例（34指）。切取皮瓣为6cm×2cm～17cm×8cm。供区直接缝合26例（26指）,中厚皮片修复4例（8指）。术后7～10d血运无障碍再训练3d后断蒂。结果34指皮瓣全部成活,供区创面均一期愈合。30例均获随访,时间6～12个月,手部外形、功能满意。两点辨别觉〉10mm。结论应用真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手指脱套伤具有操作简便、安全性高、实用性强等优点,适合在基层医院开展。     

共蒂髂腹股沟下腹部真皮下血管网皮瓣修复多指脱套伤

目的为多指脱套伤一期修复提供新的方法。方法１９９３年１月～１９９６年６月,设计共蒂髂腹股沟下腹部真皮下血管网皮瓣,形成多叶皮瓣修复多指皮肤套状撕脱伤５例。结果术后１２～１６天断蒂,皮瓣全部成活。随访６～１８个月,手指外形正常,皮肤颜色协调,指间关节活动和皮肤感觉恢复满意。结论共蒂髂腹股沟下腹部真皮下血管网皮瓣具有疗程短、手指外形美观和功能恢复满意等优点,适用于一期修复多指脱套伤。     

中环指相邻侧岛状皮瓣瓦合修复拇指指端脱套伤

目的总结采用同一血管蒂的中指尺侧和环指桡侧指动脉岛状皮瓣瓦合修复拇指指端脱套伤的手术方法和临床疗效。方法2008年9月-2012年7月．采用同一血管蒂的中指尺侧和环指桡侧指动脉岛状皮瓣瓦合修复拇指指端脱套伤8例。左手拇指3例,右手5例。皮肤缺损范围为4．0cm×3．2cm～7．2cm×5．5cm。伤后至入院时间为20min-7h,平均3．5h。本组中指皮瓣切取范围为2．5cm×2．2cm-4．2cm×3．0cm,环指皮瓣为2．0cmv1．5cm-3．5cm×2．8cm。供区取中厚皮片游离移植修复,打包加压包扎。结果本组皮瓣均顺利成活,切口及供区植皮均一期愈合。术后随访6～18个月,平均12个月。皮瓣外形、质地均良好,恢复保护性感觉,患指屈伸功能正常。参照中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定：优4例,良3例,可1例．优良率为87．5％。供指外形及功能无影响。结论采用同一血管蒂的中指尺侧和环指桡侧指动脉岛状皮瓣瓦合修复拇指指端脱套伤,手术操作简便,疗效满意。     

真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手指脱套伤38例

目的探讨手部脱套伤中皮肤缺损的修复方法。方法1998年5月-2005年5月，根据手部脱套伤的皮肤缺损面积、形状设计髂腹股沟真皮下血管网皮瓣修复38例46指。其中拇指11指，食指20指，中指9指，无名指4指，小指2指，拇指、食指同时脱套伤3例。手术均一期修复，切取皮瓣为6cm×2cm-17cm×8cm。供区直接缝合9例，中厚皮片修复29例。结果46指皮瓣全部成活，术后10-12d断蒂。供区创面均Ⅰ期愈合。获随访6～12个月，手部外形、功能满意。两点辨别觉〉10mm。结论应用真皮下血管网皮瓣修复手指脱套伤具有操作简便，安全性高，实用性强，适于基层医院开展。     

单蒂双叶髂腹股沟皮瓣修复复杂性手外伤

目的报道应用单蒂双叶髂腹股沟皮瓣修复复杂性手外伤的临床效果，进一步探讨单蒂双叶髂腹沟皮瓣的临床应用。方法自2005年1月至2008年2月，我院根据手损伤的情况设计应用单蒂双叶髂腹股沟皮瓣修复了虎口、手掌背皮肤软组织缺损以及两手指的脱套伤16例。结果皮瓣全部成活，断蒂后手功能恢复满意，部分病例后期行皮瓣修薄术，外形恢复满意。结论单蒂双叶髂腹股沟皮瓣手术操作较为简单，皮瓣血运安全可靠，术后治疗及护理相对容易，是临床修复复杂手外伤有效的手术方法之一。     

双叶皮瓣瓦合修复拇指脱套伤

目的介绍一种修复拇指脱套伤的新方法。方法采用从深筋膜下取第一掌背神经伴行血管皮瓣,蒂部筋膜宽约2．5～4．0cm,面积（3．0-3．5cm）×（5．0-5.5cm）,覆盖拇指尺掌侧。取带拇背侧皮神经营养岛状皮瓣,面积（2．0-3．0cm）×（3．0-6．0cm）,覆盖拇指桡背侧,瓦合修复拇指。结果临床应用9例皮瓣完全存活,随防12-36个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观及功能满意,经吻合神经后皮瓣能恢复部分感觉。结论该方法损伤小,操作简单,皮瓣外形好,修复后皮瓣感觉好,两点分辨觉4-6mm,为修复拇指脱套伤提供了一种较为理想的方法。     

第二掌背动脉终末支双“n”形皮瓣修复拇指末节脱套伤

目的 探讨第二掌背动脉终末支双“n”形皮瓣修复拇指末节脱套伤皮肤缺损的手术方法和临床效果. 方法 对16例拇指末节脱套伤皮肤缺损患者应用携带指背神经的第二掌背动脉终末支双“n”形皮瓣修复,并重建末节感觉.右手10指,左手6指.脱套拇指末节长度1.2～2.8 cm. 结果 16例皮瓣全部成活,15例获得随访,随访时间6 ～35个月,平均16.3个月.皮瓣质地柔软,外观满意,皮肤弹性好,拇指功能及外观恢复满意.指腹皮瓣的两点辨别觉达6 ～9 mm,平均8.1 mm,背侧皮瓣两点辨别觉达8～12 mm,平均10.2 mm.供区无瘢痕挛缩及感觉障碍等并发症.手功能按手指总主动活动度(TAM)法评定,优良率达93.3％. 结论 第二掌背动脉终末支双“n”形皮瓣携带指背神经修复拇指末节脱套伤,能同时完成皮肤覆盖和感觉重建,术后效果满意,是治疗拇指末节脱套伤较为理想的方法.     

甲瓣治疗拇指脱套伤

[目的]探讨甲瓣治疗拇指皮肤脱套伤的方法。[方法]应用甲瓣修复拇指皮肤脱套伤32例,采用显微外科技术吻合血管、神经,供区植皮。[结果]术后皮瓣全部成活,随访6~17个月,拇指外形、功能恢复良好。[结论]甲瓣修复拇指皮肤脱套伤是一种行之有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.