乳腺癌术后单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的：探讨下腹部单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（Transverse Rectus Abdomials Myocataneous，TRAM）在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的应用。方法：2004～2007年，对13例乳腺癌患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造，其中Ⅰ期再造7例，Ⅱ期再造6例，乳腺癌根治术后1例，乳腺癌改良根治术后12例。1例Ⅱ期进行乳头乳晕再造。9例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加强腹壁预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。结果：2例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣小部分坏死，1例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣部分皮下脂肪硬结伴部分液化，1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆不适，无腹壁疝。结论：乳腺癌术后应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效、简单和安全的方法，应用涤纶补片加强腹壁可以有效预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。     

乳癌术后的乳房再造

目的 探索乳癌根治术后3种不同乳房再造方法的最佳外观效果.方法 (1)乳癌切除Ⅱ期行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造.(2)乳癌切除即时腹直肌横行皮瓣乳房再造.(3)保留胸大肌乳癌切除,Ⅱ期乳房假体置入并行乳头、乳晕再造;对不保留胸大肌乳癌切除者,Ⅱ期皮肤扩张后乳房假体置入再造.结果 共计治疗12例,10例皮瓣全部成活,外观形态满意,优良率较高.2例不满意,其中1例扩张后,因局部皮肤皮下组织较薄,扩张程度不足,勉强置入140 ml乳房假体,外观形态明显偏小;另1例腹直肌肌皮瓣大部分坏死,经再次修复创面愈合,乳房再造失败.结论 乳房再造的方法选择得当,可使乳房形态更为自然.普通背阔肌皮瓣改用扩大的背阔肌皮瓣后,软组织量比前者增加1倍以上,使再造乳房与对侧相近.假体置入乳房成形后,Ⅱ期行单蒂乳头、乳晕再造,可给患者以心理和外观上的更多抚慰.     

Lateral Intercostal Artery Perforator (LICAP) flap for lateral breast defect reconstruction

Lateral breast defect after partial mastectomy is a difficult challenge. Pedicled perforator flap is a new indication for breast surgery. Perforator flaps and fat tissue transplant are new concepts in this kind of reconstruction. Lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flap has been used for a lot of indications. It can be used for lateral breast defect reconstruction. This flap provides several advantages: minimal donor site morbidity, advantages in flap shaping, better aesthetic results and higher patient satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to present indications of LICAP flap. We discuss its advantages and its limits in lateral breast reconstruction after partial mastectomy. LICAP flap provides a new solution instead of conventional flaps.     

The deep inferior epigastric perforator free flap for breast reconstruction

Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction is an improved method of autologous tissue breast reconstruction with minimal insult to the abdominal wall. This study summarizes the data collected on 148 consecutive DIEP flaps used for breast reconstruction in 109 patients. Of the patients, 90.7% had immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy, 6.5% had secondary reconstruction, and 2.8% had bilateral reconstruction after having had a mastectomy and having a new primary cancer diagnosed in the remaining breast. A total of 78.7% patients underwent unilateral reconstruction, 21.3% underwent bilateral reconstruction, and 15.7% needed two flaps to make a single larger breast. There was one flap failure. Incidence of fat necrosis was 6.8% and incidence of incisional hernia was 1.4%. The advantages of a free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction are inherent in DIEP flap breast reconstruction. The increased technical effort for DIEP flap reconstruction is offset by the lesser insult to the abdominal wall with maintenance of the entire rectus abdominis muscle.     

乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造

目的 探讨乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造的方法及时间.方法 总结30例不符合保乳条件的乳腺癌病例,乳房切除术后假体置人乳房再造16例,下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM瓣)乳房再造10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造4例.其中即刻乳房再造27例,延期乳房再造3例.结果 16例假体置入乳房再造术后外观评价均为良,未出现术后并发症.10例TRAM瓣乳房再造术后发生皮瓣部分坏死2例,腹壁疝1例,术后外观评价7例为良.2例为较好,1例为差.4例背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术后外观评价为良.结论 乳房再造术是乳腺癌综合治疗不可忽视一部分,对于有强烈的保乳愿望,而又不符合保乳条件的患者,乳房再造术是一种较好的选择.即刻乳房再造优于延迟乳房再造.乳房再造的方法选择要因人而异.局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以选择性进行即刻乳房再造术.     

乳癌根治一期乳房重建

报道1985年～1989年5月,为6例乳癌患者作根治术的同时,一期作带血管神经肌蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建乳房,全部取得成功。较详细介绍了手术设计及操作方法,讨论了在乳癌根治术同时行再造术的必要性,以及背阔肌肌皮瓣作为再造材料的优点。     

Immediate breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap after skin-sparing mastectomy

Immediate breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap after skin-sparing mastectomy is becoming an increasingly performed procedure in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, early invasive breast cancer, and prophylactic mastectomy. Through a periareolar approach, it is possible to remove the breast parenchyma along with the nipple areola complex, preserving almost all the original skin envelope and the inframmamary fold. The TRAM flap is used to recreate the volume and shape of the original breast. This technique has higher quality and easier reconstruction. The major disadvantages, extensive scar and donor site skin color mismatch, are reduced to a minimum level because the former is limited at the natural border of the nipple areola and the latter can be effectively concealed with proper nipple reconstruction. Thirty-one patients with a mean age of 39 years (range, 26-50 years) who had undergone unilateral or bilateral mastectomy for early breast cancer and immediate breast reconstruction with the pedicled TRAM flap were retrospectively reviewed. Requirements for the skin-sparing mastectomy technique include suitability of donor site tissue for autologous tissue, early breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, and adequate size and shape matching of the contralateral breast. There was no observed local recur- rence during the follow-up period (mean, 20 months; range, 11-30 months). Complications at the recipient site include mastectomy skin flap partial necrosis in 2 patients and cellulitis of the transferred flap in 1 patient. No total or partial flap necrosis was observed. One patient developed abdominal bulging 1 month after the operation, during the administration of chemotherapy. All reconstruction was considered very satisfactory from an aesthetic perspective by the surgeon and the patient. The nicer aesthetic result with oncological safety is achieved with immediate breast reconstruction with the TRAM flap after skin-sparing mastectomy. The risk of local recurrence is not higher compared with more radical surgical techniques.     

乳癌术后不同乳房再造术式的临床应用

目的探讨适合乳癌术后各种乳房再造术式的适应证。方法对我院2003至2005年收治的44例、45只乳癌术后乳房再造的患者,根据不同情况分别采用扩张器/假体置入(5只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣 假体置入(13只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣(3只)、DIEP皮瓣(6只)、单蒂TRAM瓣(10只)及劈开的双蒂TRAM瓣(8只)等方法进行乳房再造,分析各手术方法的适应证。结果应用皮瓣乳房再造40只,皮瓣全部成活;1只应用扩张器/假体乳房再造术后,注射壶部表皮坏死;1只应用背阔肌 假体乳房再造术后半年出现假体破裂伴局部感染;1只应用DIEP乳房再造术后,出现皮瓣下积液;2只部分皮瓣坏死。术后随访3个月至半年,医生及患者对乳房形态均较满意。所有应用腹部皮瓣的患者均无腹壁疝发生。结论6种乳房再造技术基本满足了我国女性乳癌术后各个时期各种条件再造乳房的要求,整形外科技术的改进以及新材料的应用扩大了乳房再造的适应证。     

带蒂横行腹直肌皮瓣转移即刻乳房重建术10例报告

目的 探讨乳腺癌乳房切除后,带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis musculo cutaneous flap,TRAM)即刻乳房重建的方法及临床效果.方法 对2007年3月至2008年6月间10例乳房切除的乳腺癌患者行即刻带蒂TRAM乳房重建术,其中采用双蒂TRAM 6例,单蒂TRAM 4例.术中均用聚丙烯补片修补腹壁缺损.结果 10例患者重建乳房完全成活.1例发生乳房转移皮瓣感染,1例发生腹壁切口缘皮肤坏死.重建乳房形态:优8例,良2例.随访3～15月,所有病例无局部复发和远处转移.结论 带蒂TRAM乳房重建术在重建缺损乳房的同时达到了腹壁整形的效果,是一种较好的乳房重建方法.     

Immediate breast reconstruction after salvage mastectomy: Case control outcome comparisons of DIEP flap and DTI reconstruction

BackgroundCancer recurrence after breast-conserving therapy is most often managed by salvage mastectomy. Successful breast reconstruction immediately after salvage mastectomy, however, remains challenging because the reconstruction is performed on previously irradiated breast tissue.MethodsRecords of patients who underwent breast reconstruction from June 2010 to June 2019 were reviewed, including their demographic characteristics, methods of breast reconstruction, and early and late outcomes. Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps and direct-to-implant (DTI) reconstructions following salvage mastectomies were compared with reconstructions following completion or primary mastectomies. Patients who underwent reconstruction followed by postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and patients followed up for less than 6 months were excluded.ResultsDIEP flaps in 27 breasts that underwent salvage mastectomy were compared with DIEP flaps in 32 breasts that underwent completion and 564 that underwent primary mastectomy. Rates of early complications, including microsurgical revision and total flap loss, and of late complications (>6 months after surgery), including fat necrosis and flap volume loss, did not differ significantly. DTI reconstruction in 20 breasts that underwent salvage mastectomy was compared with DTI reconstruction in 12 breasts that underwent completion and 351 that underwent primary mastectomy. Wound healing problems, including wound dehiscence and delayed wound healing (15% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.0022), and capsular contracture (30% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.0000), were significantly more frequent in breasts that underwent salvage than primary mastectomy.ConclusionsDIEP flap is a successful reconstruction option after salvage mastectomy. DTI reconstruction is associated with higher rates of wound healing problems and capsular contracture after salvage than after primary mastectomy.     

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy in Hong Kong Chinese

Breast reconstruction in Western countries is considered an essential part of the total management of breast cancer. This concept may differ somewhat in oriental patients because of certain psycho-social considerations and notably different breast morphology. Over a six-month period, 52 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer among 331 patients presenting to the breast surgical clinic at the Prince of Wales Hospital. Total mastectomy with axillary clearance was indicated for these patients. After excluding two patients who required mandatory reconstruction after salvage mastectomy, 35 patients under the age of 60 were considered suitable candidates for breast reconstruction. 19 patients (54%) opted for breast reconstruction, their ages ranged from 20 to 53 years with a mean age of 37. 14 patients had reconstruction using a saline mammary implant, three patients using a transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap and two patients with a Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous flap. Only two patients had nipple and areola reconstruction; the others showed no interest in having further surgery. Complications included a partial TRAM flap necrosis, which was managed under local anaesthesia and one patient who had the saline implant removed because of obsessive anxiety over a foreign body. The remaining patients expressed extreme satisfaction after breast reconstruction. Since then, all patients have been fully informed about breast reconstruction and the related complications whenever mastectomy is indicated so that a well informed decision can be made. This article analyses the patients' perception, outcome and our experience after two years follow up regarding breast reconstruction among Chinese patients.     

Brustrekonstruktion mit gestielten Lappen

It is important for women with breast cancer undergoing mastectomy to make an informed decision about the options for breast reconstruction and to be provided with information about the techniques, advantages and disadvantages. After modified radical mastectomy breast reconstruction involves replacement of breast skin and volume and after skin-sparing mastectomy only the volume must be reconstructed. The most commonly used surgical techniques are expander implant reconstruction, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps with or without implants and the use of lower abdominal tissue. Currently, the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is the standard method for autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy and thoracic wall irradiation. In recent years microsurgical perforator flaps have gained in popularity because of the lower morbidity.     

几种乳房再造术的临床应用体会

目的：探讨乳腺癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造的适应证、手术方法、手术效果。方法：本组共24例病例。14例乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌根治术，Ⅰ期行假体植入乳房再造；6例采用改良乳腺癌根治可扩张假体植入Ⅰ期乳房再造；4例接受单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造手术，其中2例为Ⅰ期再造，另2例为Ⅱ期乳房再造。结果：手术效果较满意，2例出现轻微并发症，其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死，另1例出现乳头乳晕部分坏死。结论：单纯假体植入适用于乳房小，没有明显下垂的瘦小病人。优点是不增加额外瘢痕，术后恢复快；可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳腺癌根治术的患者，此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张的优点：TRAM皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植，安全、手术效果好。     

Autologous breast reconstruction with the transverse myocutaneous gracilis flap: aesthetic improvements with tissue expansion before free flap transfer

The transverse myocutaneous gracilis (TMG) flap provides an alternative to commonly used free flaps from the lower abdomen and buttocks for breast reconstruction. Excellent aesthetic results can be achieved in primary breast reconstruction after subcutaneous and skin-sparing mastectomy. However, in delayed breast reconstruction after mastectomy, an obvious skin island and conspicuous scars often compromise the final appearance. A two-stage approach with tissue expansion of the skin followed by free deepithelialised TMG flap reconstruction avoids these disadvantages and leads to improved aesthetic results. We treated two patients who asked for an autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy due to primary breast cancer. Reconstruction with lower abdominal tissue was not feasible in one patient because of a previous abdominoplasty and in the other because of insufficient lower abdominal tissue. Both patients declined an implant-based breast reconstruction as well as a procedure using a flap from the buttock, favouring reconstruction with autologous tissue from the superior inner thigh. In the first stage, a tissue expander was inserted endoscopically assisted via a transaxillary approach. The expander was gradually filled over a 3-month period and finally replaced by a free deepithelialised TMG flap. The postoperative period was uneventful in both patients. We achieved satisfying results in both patients with good breast symmetry and uniform colour of the breast skin. Disadvantages and limitations of traditional one-stage breast reconstructions by free TMG flaps can be avoided by this two-stage approach. This reconstructive procedure leads to inconspicuous scars and a matching skin colour of both breasts. Level of Evidence: Level V, therapeutic study.     

Tailoring through Technology: A Retrospective Review of a Single Surgeon's Experience with Implant‐Based Breast Reconstruction before and after Implementation of Laser‐Assisted Indocyanine Green Angiography

Reported complication rates of implant‐based breast reconstruction in the literature exceed 50%, with mastectomy skin flap necrosis reported to occur in up to 25% of cases. Laser‐assisted indocyanine green angiography (LA‐ICGA) technology allows the surgeon to optimize preservation of the mastectomy skin flap while avoiding skin necrosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if outcomes of breast reconstruction are beneficially affected by using LA‐ICGA. A total 269 consecutive women (467 breast reconstructions) undergoing implant‐based breast reconstruction from 2008 to 2013 were examined. The complication rates of those who underwent reconstruction prior to the implementation of LA‐ICGA were compared with those who were reconstructed after implementation of LA‐ICGA. A total of 254 consecutive breast reconstructions were performed prior to implementation of LA‐ICGA, and 213 breasts were reconstructed with the use of LA‐ICGA. After implementation of LA‐ICGA System, the rate of mastectomy skin flap necrosis decreased by 86% (6.7% versus 0.9%, p = 0.02). The overall complication rate prior to LA‐ICGA was 13.8% compared with 6.6% with the use of LA‐ICGA (p = 0.01). After LA‐ICGA was incorporated, the percentage of patients undergoing single‐stage reconstruction increased from 12% to 32% (p = <0.001). Implementation of LA‐ICGA provides the surgeon with an objective assessment of mastectomy flap perfusion resulting in a trend toward overall reduction in complications as well as an 86% decrease in the rate of subsequent skin necrosis. The objective assessment of mastectomy flap perfusion allows the surgeon to tailor breast reconstruction intraoperatively, in real‐time, adjusting for the individual patient's mastectomy flap perfusion.     

Improvement of upper extremity lymphedema after delayed breast reconstruction with an extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap

Lymphedema is a common complication after mastectomy in breast cancer patients. Many treatment options are available, but no treatment results in a complete cure. We report a case of lymphedema that occurred after modified radical mastectomy in a breast cancer patient who showed objective improvement after delayed breast reconstruction with an latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. A 41-year-old female patient with left breast cancer had undergone modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection and postoperative radiotherapy 12 years previously. Four years after surgery, lymphedema developed and increased in aggravation despite conservative treatment. Eight years after the first operation, the patient underwent delayed breast reconstruction using the extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap method. After reconstruction, the patient's lymphedema symptoms showed dramatic improvement by subjective measures including tissue softness and feeling of lightness, and by objective measures of about 7 mL per a week, resulting in near normal ranges of volume. At a postoperative follow-up after 3 years, no recurrence was observed. Delayed breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps may be helpful to patients with lymphedema after mastectomy. This may be a good option for patients who are worried about the possibility of the occurrence or aggravation of secondary lymphedema.     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造

目的　介绍保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即时乳房再造的经验。方法　对早期乳腺癌 ,保留乳房皮肤 ,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结 ,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房再造。结果　应用该方法治疗 37例 ,再造乳房形态良好。结论　保留皮肤乳腺癌根治术后即时乳房再造 ,切口隐蔽 ,再造乳房形态效果好 ,对早期乳腺癌患者值得推广应用     

The "banked" TRAM: a method to insure mastectomy skin-flap survival

BACKGROUND: Necrosis of the skin flaps after mastectomy can be a devastating complication following immediate breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap. Skin-flap loss compromises the aesthetic result and may necessitate revisional surgery. The authors wish to present a simple and effective method to insure mastectomy skin-flap survival. METHODS: Seven patients over the last 5 years were treated with immediate breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap after skin-sparing mastectomy and had evidence of skin-flap compromise intraoperatively. These patients had their TRAM flaps "banked" under the flaps and returned to the operating room within 72 hours for definitive debridement of the skin flaps, deepithelialization, and insetting of the TRAM. RESULTS: In all cases, there was 100% survival of the skin flaps after delayed insetting. There was no skin-flap loss. No patients required additional surgery for revision. CONCLUSIONS: The banked TRAM is a simple and effective method to insure mastectomy skin flap survival if there is a question of flap viability.     

经乳晕环形切口皮下乳腺切除与即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣再造术

目的　为完善和提高再造乳房的质量 ,使患早期乳腺癌的病人更容易接受乳房再造手术。方法　选择患乳腺导管内原位癌的病人 ,经乳晕切口活检做病理检查确立诊断 ,采用乳晕环形切口行保留乳房皮肤的乳腺皮下切除术 ,应用腹直肌肌皮瓣即刻再造乳房 ,仅以少量的肌皮瓣皮肤弥补切除的乳头、乳晕 ,在此皮瓣上再造乳头 ,经文身使乳头、乳晕色泽与健侧一致。结果　此方法再造的乳房瘢痕较少 ,且隐蔽 ,外观形态自然 ,易与健侧对称 ,保留了乳房皮肤的良好感觉 ,但手术适应证选择要严格 ,以免术后乳腺癌复发 ,术中切除乳腺需彻底但又不能损伤乳房皮肤和皮下组织 ,其过程需多专科协作完成。结论　在严格选择手术适应证的前提下 ,经多专科协作完成的该术式 ,为一更加完善的乳房再造方法     

不同方法乳房重建术的患者报告结局

乳腺癌术后乳房重建可以提高患者的自尊和健康相关的生活质量,重建方式有自体组织重建与假体重建。自体重建有不同自体组织;假体重建有一步法与二步法,假体植入物有不同类型,按重建时间分为即刻与延期重建;重建后可能需要放疗。不同重建材料、重建时机和术后放疗,都可能会对乳房重建患者的报告结局产生影响。本文就不同方法乳房重建术的患者报告结局的研究进展作一综述。