488名初产孕妇个性特征与抑郁情绪回归模型

目的 通过建立初产孕妇人格与抑郁情绪的回归模型,探索孕妇人格因素与抑郁情绪之间的关系.方法 妇产科产检的488名初产孕妇作为被试,分别完成艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）以及症状自评量表（SCL-90）.使用被试的EPQ得分作为自变量,用SCL-90抑郁分量表T分作为自变量建立初产孕妇个性特征与抑郁情绪之间的线性回归模型.结果 初产孕妇个性特征与抑郁情绪之间的回归模型为：抑郁=35.929＋0.037X精神质-0.081X内外向＋0.543X神经质.其中个性特征的掩饰性Beta值-0.072没有进入回归方程（P =0.068）.回归模型的均方和2463.357（P =0.000）,说明整个方程模型建立较好.结论 人格作为影响孕妇抑郁情绪很重要的因素,能够建立初产孕妇个性特征与抑郁情绪之间的回归模型,可以有的放矢的指导对初产孕妇抑郁情绪的心理干预及疏导.     

919名幼师女生抑郁、焦虑情绪的流行学特征及相关因素

目的：了解幼师女生抑郁、焦虑情绪的流行特征及其相关因素。方法：分层整群抽取某幼师学校919名女生进行抑郁、焦虑情绪的流行学特征及其相关因素的现况调查。结果：幼师女生抑郁和焦虑情绪的流行率分别为48．75％和16．32％，不同年级女生在某些BDI单项分上的差异具有显著性；但在焦虑情绪方面的差异无显著性。抑郁组女生的N(神经质)和P(精神质或倔强、讲求实际)值显著高于非抑郁组，但E(内、外向)和L(测定被试掩饰，或社会幼稚水平)值显著低于非抑郁组。抑郁组女生在亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性和组织性方面显著低于非抑郁组，而在矛盾性方面显著高于非抑郁组。非条件logistic回归分析结果表明，幼师女生抑郁情绪与生源、亲密度、控制体型、学习成绩以及母亲文化程度有关，焦虑情绪与情感表达、控制体型、近1个月内饮酒和矛盾性有关。结论：应联合学校、家庭、社会，加强幼师学生心理健康教育，以防止或降低其抑郁、焦虑情绪的发生率，并依据目标人群特点，为采取有针对性的健康教育措施提供依据，以全面推进素质     

小学生不良情绪状况的特点研究

目的：研究我国小学生的不良情绪状况的年龄特点。方法：采用自编的小学生不良情绪量表，从全国三个不同的地区(城市)选取小学三年级到六年级被试3315名，测评其焦虑、抑郁、孤独、敌对、恐惧情绪，并进行有关统计分析。结果：小学生不良情绪存在地区差异和年级差异。结论：我国小学生情绪状态总体发展良好。     

CES—D的结构分析及其在成年人的试用

目的：本研究旨在通过对ＣＥＳ－Ｄ结构的因素分析，以期建立关于该量表的结构方程模型，同时探讨该量表在中国成年人中的试用情况。方法：４５３名被试，男２１９人，女２３４人，年龄２０～８５岁。采用ＣＥＳ－Ｄ中译本，在北京地区取样，由主试登门对被试进行测查。结果：（１）验证性因素分析表明，ＣＥＳ－Ｄ可分成四个因子，即无助与无望感、健康、压抑情感、躯体反应，此四个因子在抑郁体验上的负荷在０．６０～０．９６，分别可以解释抑郁体验变异的３６％～９３％；（２）同质信度和分半信度分别为０．８６７９和０．８５２６；（３）无助与无望感、压抑感及抑郁总分随年龄增长显著下降，心理健康因子得分随年龄增长显著升高。结论：ＣＥＳ－Ｄ具有较好的结构效度，用于中国成人具有较好的信度，可以用于评定中国成年人的抑郁体验及其特征。     

女大学毕业生的道家传统价值观与焦虑、抑郁的关系

目的：研究女大学毕业生的道家传统价值观与焦虑、抑郁的关系。方法：369名女大学毕业生完成了道家传统价值观、简易应对方式、焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表。结果：女大学毕业生焦虑抑郁症状检出率高；t检验发现女大学毕业生的焦虑、抑郁和积极应对在知和豁达、顺其自然、反向辩证维度和道家价值观总分高低组上差异显著，消极应对在知和豁达、少私寡欲和超脱自在高低组上差异显著；相关分析发现知和豁达、顺其自然、反向辩证及道家价值观总分、积极应对跟焦虑、抑郁成显著负相关，消极应对跟焦虑、抑郁成显著正相关；回归分析发现积极应对、消极应对、知和豁达、返璞归真对抑郁、焦虑的预测作用显著，其解释率分别为37．7％和44．8％。在道家价值观影响焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系中，积极应对方式起完全中介作用。结论：女大学毕业生焦虑抑郁情绪严重，道家传统价值观对焦虑抑郁情绪的调节有重要的意义。     

大学生成就动机与情绪和行为问题的关系

目的：探讨大学生成就动机与情绪和行为问题的关系。方法：采用成就动机、自尊、特质焦虑、抑郁、孤独四个量表及问题行为问卷对403名大学生进行测查。结果：（1）大学生追求成功动机显著高于避免失败动机。②追求成功动机与自尊呈显著正相关．与焦虑、抑郁、孤独及外显问题行为呈显著负相关．避免失败动机与自尊等变量的相关模式与追求成功动机相反。（3）追求成功型大学生存自尊上的得分显著高于避免失败型，而在焦虑、抑郁、孤独及外显问题行为上的得分显著低于避免失败型。结论：大学生成功动机与情绪和行为问题存在较密切关系。     

夫妻冲突对子女情绪影响的研究

目的探讨夫妻冲突对子女抑郁、焦虑情绪的影响,为相关心理干预提供参考。方法采用父母冲突儿童知觉问卷(CPIC)、自编初中生认知情绪调节策略问卷、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)对635名初中生进行问卷调查。结果夫妻冲突能够有效预测抑郁、焦虑(t=7.883,5.505;P<0.001),在理性思考和积极重新关注进入方程后,预测系数降低但仍然显著;通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了认知情绪调节策略在夫妻冲突与抑郁、焦虑之间起部分中介作用。结论夫妻冲突对子女的情绪既有直接的作用,又有通过认知情绪调节策略而间接产生的影响。     

Study on the Effect of Marital Conflict on Emotion of Children

目的 探讨夫妻冲突对子女抑郁、焦虑情绪的影响,为相关心理干预提供参考.方法 采用父母冲突儿童知觉问卷(CPIC)、自编初中生认知情绪调节策略问卷、流调中心抑郁量袁(CES-D)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)对635名初中生进行问卷调查.结果 夫妻冲突能够有效预测抑郁、焦虑(t=7.883,5.505;P＜0.001),在理性思考和积极重新关注进入方程后,预测系数降低但仍然显著;通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了认知情绪调节策略在夫妻冲突与抑郁、焦虑之间起部分中介作用.结论 夫妻冲突对子女的情绪既有直接的作用,又有通过认知情绪调节策略而间接产生的影响.     

音乐治疗对大学生焦虑情绪的影响

目的:探究音乐治疗对大学生焦虑情绪的影响。方法:采用随机招募志愿者的方式,募集60名被试参与为期1个月的音乐治疗。根据实验前被试贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)得分均分将60名被试分为高分组和低分组。在实验进行过程中有41名被试,参与完成为期一个月的音乐治疗。最后分别对完成实验的两组被试的实验前后BAI得分进行比较。结果:实验前后整体BAI得分没有发生明显的改变(t=1.906,P=0.064),但高分组个体的BAI得分有显著差异(t=2.137,P=0.050)。实验前的男女焦虑情绪差异(t=-0.71,P=0.48)与实验后的男女焦虑情绪差异(t=-1.30,P=0.19)均无显著差异。结论:音乐治疗可以有效的减轻大学生高焦虑情绪,音乐治疗对不同性别大学生焦虑情绪改善具体同样的效果。     

儿童情绪表达规则认知发展及其与焦虑的关系

目的：探讨儿童情绪表达规则认知发展的年级和性别特征，及其与焦虑的关系方法：采用结构访谈法，配以情绪图片程序，考察90名（一年级29名，三年级30名，五年级31名）普通小学被试的情绪表达规则认知水平，用Spenee儿童焦虑量表测查了被试的焦虑水平。结果：①一三年级、一五年级之间情绪表达规则认知各变量得分均达到显著差异（P〈0．001），三年级自我保护目标得分显著高于五年级（P〈0．05），社会定向目标显著低于五年级（P〈0．001）．没有发现显著性别差异；②情绪调节目标（P〈0．01）和社会定向目标类型（P〈0．05）均与社交焦虑显著负相关。结论：儿童年级越高，情绪表达规则认知发展水平越高，但三五年级之间只在具体目标类型上有差异，儿童较低的社会定向目标类型与较高的社交焦虑水平相关。     

大学生自我效能感与情绪关系研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感、学业自我效能感和焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、学业自我效能感问卷、焦虑自评问卷、抑郁自评问卷对102名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生自我效能感在性别,年级,专业,独生与否,父母文化程度,家庭氛围等人口学变量上不存在显著差异(P>0.05);②相关分析显示,一般自我效能感与抑郁(r=-0.399,P<0.01)、焦虑(r=-0.231,P<0.01)存在显著负相关,学业自我效能感及其学习能力自我效能感维度与抑郁(r=-0.399,-0.354;P<0.01)存在显著负相关;③回归分析显示,一般自我效能感分别进入焦虑、抑郁的回归方程,分别可以解释焦虑、抑郁5.3%和15.9%的变异量。结论一般自我效能感越高,负性情绪越低,心理健康状况越好;学业自我效能感不能有效预测负性情绪的变化。     

抑郁性神经症患者个性、孤独感及与家庭环境的关系

目的：初步探讨抑郁性神经症的个性、孤独感以及和家庭环境的关系。方法：采用Ｂｅｃｋ抑郁自评量表（ＢＤＩ）、ＵＣＬＡ孤独量表、卡氏十六种人格因素量表和家庭环境问卷对５１例抑郁性神经症患者和５２名正常对照进行测试,并对有关结果作多元回归分析。结果：抑郁性神经症组怀疑性、忧虑性、紧张性、家庭矛盾性得分均明显高于对照组,稳定性、有恒性、世故性、自律性、新密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性、娱乐性、道德宗教观和组织性得分均明显低于对照组;抑郁性神经症组ＤＢＩ与ＵＣＬＡ量表分均较高并呈显著正相关;多元回归分析显示：家庭的娱乐性和亲密度对抑郁因子作用较大,个性的兴奋性、稳定性、恃强性、和家庭的娱乐性、控制性对孤独因子的作用较大。结论：抑郁性神经症的发生有一定的个性基础,并存在着较严重的孤独感,且两者互为因果。抑郁性神经症家庭的生活     

腹膜透析病人的焦虑和抑郁水平与其病情变化的相关分析

目的:探讨腹膜透析病人情绪障碍,即焦虑症状和抑郁症状的发生情况,以及与透析相关因素的关系.方法:88例腹膜透析病人,使用Hamilton焦虑量表和Hamilton抑郁量表评估其情绪状况,同时测定其营养状况、残余肾功能和透析充分性、以及炎症水平,记录心脑血管事件发生情况等.结果:本组腹膜透析病人焦虑症状的发生率为44.3%,抑郁症状的发生率为56.8%.具有糖尿病和心脑血管病史者的Hamilton焦虑评分和抑郁评分高于无此类病史者(P<0.05).SGA评分较高的病人Hamilton焦虑评分和抑郁评分也较高;焦虑评分和抑郁评分较高的病人,其血清白蛋白水平、蛋白质摄入水平、体重指数、上臂中段肌肉面积和脂肪面积均较低(r=0.22～0.60,P<0.05或P<0.01).结论:腹膜透析病人焦虑症状和抑郁症状的发生率较高,焦虑症状和抑郁症状与心脑血管系统疾病和糖尿病相关,并可能与营养不良的发生存在一定的关系.     

生物反馈疗法治疗焦虑、抑郁的实验研究

目的实验研究生物反馈疗法对焦虑、抑郁的治疗效果。方法选取某医学院校大二年级的学生230人为调查对象。运用焦虑自评量表和贝克抑郁自评问卷(BDI)对其进行普测。选取焦虑自评总粗分>40分,并且BDI总分>5分的46名学生为研究对象。随机选取23人为实验组,另外23人为对照组,实验组运用生物反馈仪进行治疗,1个月后对实验组及对照组进行量表测试,以观察治疗效果。结果实验组经过治疗后,焦虑、抑郁水平明显下降(P<0.05),平均焦虑水平已处于常态(35.67<40),而抑郁水平的平均值仍处于轻度抑郁状态(6.67>5),对照组前后的焦虑、抑郁水平没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。结论生物反馈疗法能有效降低个体的焦虑水平,同时也使抑郁水平有所下降。     

Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in Young Children: Support for Two Separate Constructs

Validated the interrelatedness of depression and anxiety in young children by testing four latent factor models: dual construct, unrelated; dual construct, correlated; single construct; and second-order or higher order analysis to test that depression and anxiety are primary constructs under the higher order factor of general affective distress. Children (N = 86) were ages 6 to 11, with mothers who were HIV-symptomatic or diagnosed with AIDS. Depression and anxiety measures included the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992), selected items from the Dominic-R (Valla, Bergeron, Berube, Gaudet, & St-Georges, 1994), and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds & Richmond, 1985). Structural equation modeling was used to test the models. Model 2 (dual construct, correlated) fit the data better than did Models 1 and 3; results for the higher order model were identical to Model 2, suggesting the higher order model is equivalent to the dual-construct model.     

Online support group use and psychological health for individuals living with HIV/AIDS

Objective

The Internet provides an opportunity for individuals with HIV/AIDS to obtain support and information in a timely and convenient manner. The present study examines the psychological effects of online support group use for individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

Methods

A total of 340 HIV positive online support group users completed an online survey.

Results

Results from structural equation modeling showed that individuals with higher levels of online support group participation had higher levels of empowering processes, which in turn, had higher levels of optimism toward life. Optimism was related to lower levels of loneliness and depression while loneliness was also related to higher levels of depression.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that participants with higher levels of online support group participation had better psychological health than those with lower levels of participation.

Practice implications

Findings suggest that the use of online support groups could be promoted to individuals with HIV/AIDS. Healthcare professionals should work to increase the motivation and confidence patients have in using online support groups. Health education should also be provided to patients with HIV/AIDS so to improve their skills and literacy in using online support groups.     

Effects of pregnancy and delivery on serum prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) activity: alterations in serum PEP are related to increased anxiety in the early puerperium and to postpartum depression

BACKGROUND: There is now some evidence that anxiety or anxiety disorders are related to increased activity of serum prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) and that major depression is related to lower serum PEP. The aims of the present study were to examine (i) the effects of pregnancy and delivery on serum PEP and (ii) the relationships between serum PEP and postpartum depression, anxiety in the early puerperium and a past history of depression. METHODS: Serum PEP activity was measured in 11 healthy nonpregnant and in 98 pregnant women 3 days before delivery and 1 and 3 days after delivery. On the same occasions, pregnant females completed the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and were divided into high and low anxiety responders, as defined by changes in the STAI. The presence of a previous depression and postpartum depression within 3 months of delivery was assessed by means of DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Serum PEP activity was significantly higher 1 and 3 days after delivery than before. Women with a past history of depression as well as anxiety responders had significantly increased serum PEP activity over nonpregnant women and puerperae with a negative history and anxiety nonresponders, respectively. Parturients who developed a postpartum major, but not minor, depression had significantly lower serum PEP than parturients without postpartum depression. The results were controlled for maternal and labor variables, such as type of analgesia and delivery, induction of labor, breast feeding, parity, and duration of pregnancy and labor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that, in puerperae, increased serum PEP is related to increased state anxiety in the early puerperium and that lowered serum PEP is related to a subsequent postpartum major depression. INTERPRETATION: The results suggest that increased serum PEP may be related to postpartum anxious blues and that lowered serum PEP may predispose toward postpartum major depression.     

大学生自尊水平、抑郁状态与状态焦虑的关系

目的探讨大学生自尊、抑郁和焦虑水平的性别差异、文理科别差异及其关系。方法采用Rosenberg（1965）自尊量表、抑郁形容词核对表、状态焦虑问卷对216名大二学生进行调查。结果总体上,女大学生的自尊水平显著高于男大学生,焦虑水平显著低于男大学生;理科大学生的焦虑水平明显高于文科大学生;自尊、抑郁和焦虑三者之间均存在非常显著的两两相关。结论大学生的自尊、抑郁和焦虑存在不同程度的性别差井和文理科别差异以及三者间的密切关系。     

Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study used empirically validated insomnia diagnostic criteria to compare depression and anxiety in people with insomnia and people not having insomnia. We also explored which specific sleep variables were significantly related to depression and anxiety. Finally, we compared depression and anxiety in (1) different insomnia types, (2) Caucasians and African Americans, and (3) genders. All analyses controlled for health variables, demographics, organic sleep disorders, and symptoms of organic sleep disorders. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and retrospective. PARTICIPANTS: Community-based sample (N=772) of at least 50 men and 50 women in each 10-year age bracket from 20 to more than 89 years old. MEASUREMENTS: Self-report measures of health, sleep, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: People with insomnia had greater depression and anxiety levels than people not having insomnia and were 9.82 and 17.35 times as likely to have clinically significant depression and anxiety, respectively. Increased insomnia frequency was related to increased depression and anxiety, and increased number of awakenings was also related to increased depression. These were the only 2 sleep variables significantly related to depression and anxiety. People with combined insomnia (ie, both onset and maintenance insomnia) had greater depression than did people with onset, maintenance, or mixed insomnia. There were no differences between other insomnia types. African Americans were 3.43 and 4.8 times more likely to have clinically significant depression and anxiety than Caucasians, respectively. Women had higher levels of depression than men. CONCLUSION: These results reaffirm the close relationship of insomnia, depression, and anxiety, after rigorously controlling for other potential explanations for the relationship.