Dental Visits and Self-assessment of Dental Health Status in the Adult Danish Population

The purpose of the present investigation was to study dental visits and self-assessment of dental health status in the adult Danish population. The study group comprised 5151 persons (86.7% of the original sample) who were interviewed in order to determine living conditions. Questions on dental visits and self-assessment of dental health status were included. 61% of the adult Danish population in the age group 20-69 had regular dental visits. Dental visit habits varied according to urbanization, age, sex and social group. Among well off persons 85% had regular dental visits as opposed to only 40% in the disadvantaged social group. Well off persons and persons with regular dental visits more often claimed good dental health than persons in the disadvantaged social group and among the non-regular visitors. In the higher social group 13% reported to have removable dentures in contrast to 51% in the disadvantaged social group. To isolate determinants of dental visits a multiple dummy-regression analysis was performed. Nearly 50% of the variation in dental visit habits was explained by the variables: urbanization, sex, age, perceived dental health status, education, work in exhausting jobs, income, social background and perceived psychological problems. Efforts to bring a greater part of the adult population in Denmark in contact with the dental health service system should consider these findings.     

替牙期儿童龋齿与饮食及口腔卫生习惯关系分析

目的：研究替牙期乳恒牙的龋坏情况和饮食习惯、口腔卫生习惯的关系。方法选择盐城市亭湖区某小学8～11岁学生212名进行口腔龋齿检查和学生甜食摄入习惯、口腔卫生保健习惯问卷调查。分析儿童龋齿指数与饮食习惯、口腔卫生习惯的关系。结果212名学生乳牙龋失补牙面数（dmft）为（6．21±0．52）颗,恒牙龋失补牙面数（DMFT）为（2．21±0．27）颗。进食糖果、巧克力、含糖软饮料、冷饮、水果的学生乳牙dmft分别为（5．98±0．62）,（6．12±0．68）,（5．64±0．57）,（6．78±0．71）,（4．68±0．51）颗,差异有统计学意义（F＝154．71,P＜0．05）;恒牙DMFT比较差异有统计学意义（F＝314．99,P＜0．05）;进行甜食频率高的学生乳牙dmft、恒牙DMFT高于进食水果和进食频率低的学生,差异均有统计学意义（F值分别为37．62,125．15;P＜0．05）。每日刷牙3次和进食甜食后刷牙的学生的乳牙dmft、恒牙DMFT均低于刷牙次数少、漱口或者无口腔保健措施的学生,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论饮食中甜食摄入量和频率、口腔卫生习惯均与替牙期儿童龋齿的发生有一定的影响。     

平度市农村地区成年人口腔健康状况调查

目的了解平度农村地区40岁以上人群口腔健康状况。方法采取分层、系统抽样的方法选取调查对象,按男女性别和年龄分组（每5岁为1组）,进行问卷调查和口腔检查,包括刷牙习惯、牙列状况、修复状况以及缺失原因,分析不同性别和年龄段的刷牙习惯、龋失补均数（DMFT）和牙齿缺失原因。结果共调查772例,DMFT随年龄递增,40-45岁组最少（5.46±3.95）,65岁以上组最多（18.59±10.07）,40-45、46-50和65以上年龄组男女性别间比较差异有显著性（t=2.12-3.66,P〈0.05）。各年龄组缺失牙占DMFT的大部分（62.5%-94.7%）。龋损占牙齿缺失原因的53.0%以上。在65岁以下各年龄段人群中,每天刷牙1次的人数占41.1%-53.7%,而65岁以上的老年人几乎不刷牙者占46.2%。结论平度市农村地区成年人DMFT较高,缺牙因素主要为龋损,口腔卫生习惯有待改善。     

精神分裂症患者罹患龋病状况临床调查

目的 探讨长期服用抗精神病药物维持治疗的精神分裂症患者罹患龋病状况,为临床口腔卫生保健工作提供依据.方法 对264例精神分裂症患者罹患龋病及口腔卫生状况进行调查分析.结果 本组患者罹患龋病率为70.8%,其中,患龋齿数1170颗,龋均4.4颗,牙体严重缺损16.07%.男性罹患龋病率为70.72%,女性为72.84%,差异无显著性(χ2=0.228,P＞0.05);无刷牙习惯者高达76.1%,牙石指数4.3,接近世界卫生组织牙周疾病流行程度评价标准的高等级;患龋齿数量与患者服药时间呈显著正相关(R=0.691).结论 长期服用抗精神病药物的精神分裂症患者罹患龋病率高,龋病严重,服药时间与龋齿数呈正相关;临床上要重视患者的口腔卫生问题,做到有效预防,及时治疗口腔疾病,提高口腔健康水平.     

不同层次学生口腔卫生习惯与患龋状况相关研究

[目的]了解唐山市不同文化层次学生的患龋情况,探讨龋病与口腔卫生习惯的相关性.[方法] 采用分层抽样方法随机抽取唐山市小学、中学、大学学生各200人进行问卷调查,回收587份,其中小学197份,中学192份,大学198份.[结果]小学生的患龋率最高,为44.67%;龋病与经常吃甜食,睡前吃零食及咬坚硬物品的习惯有关(P<0.05或P<0.01);每天刷牙、饭后清洁及饮食以粗粮为主的学生患龋病的危险性明显降低(P<0.05).[结论]加强学生的口腔卫生,改变不良生活习惯和口腔卫生习惯,可减少龋病的发生.     

社区戴用可摘局部义齿老人口腔卫生习惯调查

目的了解社区内戴用可摘局部义齿的老年人口腔卫生习惯情况,为社区开展老年人口腔健康教育提供依据。方法以某社区内180例戴用可摘局部义齿1年以上的老年人为对象,采用问卷方式调查其口腔卫生习惯情况。结果 180例答卷者中,60～70岁年龄组仅有23.3%的男性老年人符合义齿使用及口腔保健情况,即每日清洁义齿3次,并且夜间睡觉前停戴;而女性老年人约有32.0%。在〉70岁年龄组中,符合义齿使用及口腔保健要求的,男女性老年人分别有12.0%和5.0%。结论社区老年人的口腔卫生相对较差,对戴可摘局部义齿的老年人应加强口腔卫生宣教工作.     

非口腔专业医务人员口腔卫生保健知识和健康行为调查分析

目的了解非口腔专业医务人员的口腔健康知识和保健行为。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷，调查756例非口腔专业的医务人员对口腔卫生保健知识的掌握程度及其保健行为。结果①大多数都能掌握常规的口腔卫生知识，61．1％的人不知道应该使用牙线；②刷牙方法正确的占75．9％；③定期检查的占10．8％，从未洁过牙的占60．8％；④对牙结石、牙茵斑、牙周病的认知率几乎为零。结论大多数非口腔专业医务人员能掌握一般的口腔卫生知识．粟用正确的口腔清洁措施．但对专业的口腔知识知晓率低．定期检查治疗的实践率低。     

大学生饮食卫生行为态度调查

目的了解大学生饮食行为习惯,分析存在的问题和原因,为卫生相关部门制定针对性的饮食卫生教育措施提供参考依据和建议。方法采用根据性别、年级、学院分层按比例抽样的方法,对四川大学本科一、二、三年级的1？551名同学进行自拟问卷调查。结果在选择就餐地点时,56.3%的大学生选择＂环境好、干净卫生＂,只有7.8%的学生重视卫生许可证,14.9%的学生认为从业人员应该也必须有健康证,30.6%的学生认为餐具必须消毒后才能使用。大学生购买没有营业许可证的流动小摊上食品的比例超过80%,只有21%的大学生能够做到每次饭前洗手。结论绝大多数大学生对就餐过程各环节的卫生健康状况有要求,但对具体的卫生标准认识模糊。大部分大学生饭前洗手意识薄弱,身边洗手设施配备不足。大学生对存在卫生安全隐患食品的危害认识不足。     

Association between the frequency of toothbrushing and lifestyle in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: at the baseline date of the Kamogawa-DM cohort study

It has been reported that oral health is associated with some co-morbid conditions, including cardiovascular disease, in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study investigated the association between the frequency of toothbrushing and lifestyle in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This cross-sectional study included 624 outpatients at the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine in Kyoto, Japan from January 2014 to January 2016. Lifestyle was evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. The average age and hemoglobin A1c level were 67.6 ± 10.9 years and 7.2 ± 1.1%, respectively. The number of patients who brushed their teeth twice or more a day was 189 (50.3%) in men and 198 (79.8%) in women. Among men, the proportion of patients living alone was lower in those who brushed their teeth twice or more a day than those who brushed their teeth never/rarely or once a day. The logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, revealed that living alone (odds ratio 2.88; 95% confidence interval 1.53–5.66) was associated with the increased odds of the low frequency of toothbrushing (never/rarely or once a day) in men, but not in women. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that living alone was associated with the low frequency of toothbrushing in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in men.     

A service-learning project to eliminate barriers to oral care for children with special health care needs

Children with special health care needs face many barriers to oral care and are at high risk for oral disease. School nurses are in a unique position to promote oral wellness in this vulnerable population. Collaboration between school nurses and dental hygiene faculty resulted in the formation of a partnership between a university-based dental hygiene program and two special education districts in rural southern Illinois. Senior dental hygiene students participated in a school-based service-learning project that provided dental examinations, preventive services, and education to children with special health care needs. Evidence-based behavioral interventions were used to teach children to comply with oral procedures. School nurses mentored dental hygiene students in behavior management of children. Dental exams were provided to 234 children from four special education schools with the majority receiving cleanings and fluoride.     

声波牙刷刷牙时间与儿童牙菌斑控制的关系

目的观察声波牙刷刷牙不同时间儿童牙菌斑控制的效果,为临床口腔卫生指导及儿童牙病预防提供理论依据。方法选择年龄4～5岁的儿童32例,在刷牙前进行菌斑染色,采用声波牙刷刷牙0．5、1．0、2．0及3．0min,分别记录菌斑牙面数及菌斑指数,计算菌斑百分率。结果应用声波牙刷刷牙2．0min,菌斑百分率（14．81％）可达基本控制范围内。刷牙0．5、1．0及2．0min时菌斑百分率及菌斑指数与刷牙前比较差异均有统计学意义（x2=91．84～730．80,F=76．692,P〈0．05）;刷牙3．0min与刷牙2．0min相比,菌斑百分率及菌斑指数差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论声波牙刷对儿童牙菌斑控制有良效;建议儿童在专业口腔卫生指导下用声波牙刷刷牙每次2．0min。     

Exploration of clients living with HIV needs for reporting on experiences with sex

Talking about sex with people living with HIV receives insufficient attention in health care. A cross‐sectional and exploratory study describes the preferences of people living with HIV to talk about sex with specialized HIV physicians and nurses in a clinic in Barcelona (Spain). A 27‐item self‐administered questionnaire was used between June 2017 and May 2018. One hundred fourteen people agreed to participate. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Most of the participants reported “never or almost never” having been asked about sex practices in visits with the HIV specialist physician (n = 65 [57.0%]) or nurse (n = 74 [64.9%]). Older participants stated that neither physicians nor nurses talked about sex during visits. Women felt that physicians hardly ever asked about their sexual practices. Men who had sex with other men indicated that their physicians always asked about their sex practices compared with heterosexuals living with HIV. Health professionals should reformulate how to talk about sex with people living with HIV to facilitate communication and provide adequate care.     

Predictors of medical care utilization by independently living adults with spinal cord injuries

A prospective study of 87 independently living adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a major disabling condition showed the following average annual health care utilization rates: 1.3 hospital admissions, 16.8 days hospitalized, 1.7 emergency room (ER) visits, and 22.4 outpatient contacts (in person or by telephone). Those hospitalized (n = 66) experienced a mean of 22.2 days hospitalized per person per year. Mean length of stay (LOS) was 11.1 days per admission. Stepwise regression analysis indicated no statistically significant (p less than or equal to .05) predictors of hospital admissions. There were three independent predictors of days hospitalized (greater age, fewer years of education, and more days hospitalized during the previous year), three predictors of days hospitalized for those hospitalized only (greater age, fewer years of education, and longer hospital LOS during the previous year), one predictor of LOS (self-assessment of health), three of emergency room (ER) visits (more unmet instrumental activities of daily living needs, lack of organizational memberships, and more ER visits during the previous year), and five predictors of outpatient contacts (greater age, less satisfaction with health care providers' expressions of concern for their health, lower frequency of leaving apartments, lower levels of life satisfaction, and nonparticipation in a managed medical care demonstration project). Many predictors of health services utilization are immutable. However, changes which facilitate social interaction and changes in the organization of health services may reduce certain types of medical care utilization by people with SCI.     

1610名2～6岁儿童乳牙龋病现况及影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市儿童乳牙龋病情况及相关因素,为开展儿童龋病的防治工作提供科学依据。方法整群随机抽样调查深圳市6所幼儿园1 610名2～6岁儿童乳牙龋病情况,并对其家长进行问卷调查,调查内容包括幼儿饮食嗜好,幼儿及家长的卫生生活、行为习惯等相关因素,将调查数据采用χ2检验,进行统计学分析。结果 2～6岁儿童总患龋率为51.68%,5岁组儿童患龋率最高,为70.19%,患龋率随年龄的增长呈上升趋势;男、女患龋率分别为52.81%和50.40%,男、女儿童患龋率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳牙龋齿以上中切牙最常见,占32.63%;儿童龋病的发生与其不良饮食习惯、不良口腔卫生习惯、父母口腔卫生习惯和口腔保健意识有关。结论要针对儿童各个生长时期的年龄特点,结合主要家庭影响因素,做好儿童龋齿的防治工作。     

农村儿童口腔健康教育工作模式的研究

目的探讨农村儿童口腔健康教育工作模式教育的效果。方法随机抽取某农村小学6年级3个班学生共150人,均为12岁,分为模式教育组、医生教育组和空白对照组各50人,通过教育前后问卷调查口腔健康知识知晓情况和口腔健康行为形成情况比较教育效果。结果口腔健康知识知晓情况和口腔健康行为形成情况在教育前3组差异无显著性（F=1.03、1.54,P〉0.05）;教育前后比较,模式教育组和医生教育组差异有显著性（t=9.38~24.14,P〈0.001）,空白对照组调查前后差异无显著性（t=0.07、0.38,P〉0.05）;教育后,模式教育组和医生教育组与空白对照组比较差异均有显著性（F=116.56、40.78,q=10.12~19.41,P〈0.001）,而模式教育组与医生教育组差异无显著性（q=1.51、1.82,P〉0.05）。结论农村儿童口腔健康教育工作模式教育可使这项工作有效、经济、广泛、持久开展,在一定程度上改善我国农村儿童口腔卫生状况。     

Social Resources, Health Resources, and Preventive Health Behavior: Patterns and Predictions

This study was designed to test the resource model of preventive health behavior (PHB) that incorporates social and health resources as causes of good health habits. The findings were based on survey data collected in 1979 on a national probability sample of 3,025 adults. Factor analysis was used to construct indexes of PHB and of health. Five PHB factors were regressed on education and income; on three health factors; and on control variables age, sex, and race. The model predicted dental and fitness factors. Higher education and the health factor of better health comparison consistently predicted the PHB factors. It was concluded that several types of PHBs are unrelated to one another and that the causes of these specific PHBs do vary.     

Knowledge of the damages of wrong nutrition and of the effect of stimulants. (Results of questioning 100 employees of a large industry]

In an unselected collective of 100 employees of a big concern the knowledge with regard to body weight, nutrition and nicotine abuse was studied and the eating habits as well as the principles of education connected with them were ascertained. Nearly all questioned persons knew their body weight. Half of them were able to indicate their ideal weight with a precision of +/- 10%. The rate of the considerably overweight persons in the collective showed a dependence on higher age and female sex. Among the questionees with secondary education more normalweight persons were found. The test persons were well informed about the disadvantages of overweight and controlled their body weight in two thirds of the cases at least once a week. They stated to have met the term "diet" above all in the mass media. About half of them were able to define the term "calorie" approximately precisely. The questionees, however, often underestimated the required caloric quantity, apparently without drawing conclusions. The caloric content of alcoholic drinks was underestimated. Beer ranked first among the consumed alcoholic drinks. Only one fifth of the test persons "reward" their children with sweets and wish that they eat up their dinner. About half of the questionees were smokers. One fourth had never smoked, while another fourth had given up smoking. Mostly cigarettes were consumed, although nearly all test persons regarded inhaling smoking as harmful. The sole knowledge of factors that have a detrimental effect on the state of health (e.g. overweight, smoking) seems to be not sufficient to lead a healthy life. Since the test persons are, however, willing to do something for their health it would be useful to concentrate adipose persons and smokers into groups that should be treated by behaviour therapy and be positively motivated.     

重庆市沙坪坝区口腔健康行为习惯养成和知识知晓情况现况调查

目的了解重庆市沙坪坝区居民口腔健康行为习惯养成和知识知晓情况,为《健康口腔、幸福家庭》这一国家项目的开展提供科学依据。方法采用国家统一制定的调查问卷和知情同意书,根据城乡分层整群抽样方法,对重庆市沙坪坝区口腔健康的基线情况进行调查和统计分析。结果于2015年2月发放调查问卷630份,收回有效调查问卷622份。口腔健康行为习惯养成情况为:每天至少刷牙1次的比例达到92.0%,近50.0%的居民使用含氟牙膏;青少年吃甜食(48.3%)和喝碳酸饮料(43.3%)所占比例较高;每年仅有少部分人(18.6%)进行过口腔检查。口腔健康行为知识的知晓情况为:71.8%认为"正确的口腔卫生行为"属于健康的生活方式;56.0%知晓口腔健康的标准;其他6个知识点正确率仅在17.0%~32.4%。结论重庆市沙坪坝区居民口腔健康行为习惯养成有所欠缺,口腔健康行为知识的知晓水平偏低,应针对龋病和牙周病的预防,加大口腔卫生保健知识的宣传力度,有效控制口腔健康危险因素。     

Chronic Liver Disease Impairs Bacterial Clearance in a Human Model of Induced Bacteremia

Sepsis often causes impaired hepatic function. Patients with liver disease have an increased risk of bacteremia. This is thought to be secondary to impaired reticuloendothelial system function. However, this has not been demonstrated clinically. Since transient bacteremia occurs following toothbrushing, we hypothesized that subjects with cirrhosis would have impaired bacterial clearance following toothbrushing compared with subjects with pulmonary disease and healthy controls. After baseline blood was drawn, the subjects underwent a dental examination to determine plaque index and gingival index. Following toothbrushing, blood was drawn at 30 seconds, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. Bacteremia was measured using quantitative real‐time PCR with primers that amplify all known bacteria. We found greater than 75% incidence of bacteremia following toothbrushing. While control and pulmonary subjects were able to clear this bacteremia, subjects with cirrhosis had prolonged bacteremia. Baseline and peak bacterial load correlated with plaque index, suggesting that dental hygiene predicts the degree of bacteremia. However, only the severity of cirrhosis was predictive of bacterial clearance at 15 minutes, suggesting that liver function is important in clearing bacteremia. In this study, we demonstrate clinically that cirrhosis results in impaired bacterial clearance. This suggests that cirrhotic patients may be more susceptible to sepsis because of ineffective bacterial clearance.