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1.
Although the observational evidence linking cigarette smoking with risk of senile cataract is well-established, it is unclear whether any benefit is obtained from quitting smoking. Therefore, in this study, the authors examined the association between time since quitting smoking and incidence of cataract extraction in women and men enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, respectively. There were 4,281 incident physician-confirmed cases of cataract and 1,038,493 accumulated person-years of follow-up. Compared with current smokers, former smokers who had quit smoking 25 or more years previously had a 20% lower risk of cataract extraction after adjustment for age, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, and other potential risk factors (relative risk (RR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71, 0.91). However, risk among past smokers did not decrease to the level seen among never smokers (for never smokers, RR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.79). The observed relation was similar when data were examined by cataract subtype (>25 years since quitting vs. current smoking: primarily nuclear cataract, RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.97; primarily posterior subcapsular cataract, RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.13). These findings suggest that any healing from damage due to cigarette smoking occurs at a very modest pace, and they emphasize the importance of never starting to smoke or quitting early in life.  相似文献   

2.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse the factors that determined whether or not people were successful in quitting tobacco during the 1980s in Sweden. DESIGN: A logistic regression model was used for the analyses and included: education, marital status, socioeconomic group, social network, physical activities, cigarette consumption, and years spent smoking as independent variables. Men and women were analysed separately for smoking. A specific univariate analysis was also performed for men who used snuff. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 5104 randomised people aged 16-84 years was interviewed in 1980-81 and followed up in 1988-89 in the survey of living conditions undertaken by Statistics Sweden. The participation rate was 86%. The panel included 1546 men and women who were daily smokers. There were 418 daily users of snuff among the men, and 129 men both smoked and used snuff. MAIN RESULTS: Together 26% of women and 23% of men had quit smoking. Five percent in both groups were new smokers. Among men, 26% had quit using snuff and 5% had begun smoking. New snuff users among men were 5%. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried men kept smoking at significantly higher rates (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2,3.6), as did those men who smoked 11-20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5, 3.4), or more than 20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4,5.7). Among women, smoking 11-20 cigarettes/day was also a significant factor (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.1,5.0). Men and women aged 25-44 were significantly more likely to continue smoking (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1,3.7, and 2.2; 95% CI 1.2,4.4) as were those who had smoked for 20 years or more (OR 4.7; 95% CI 2.0,10.8 and OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1,5.5, respectively). For women, low education (up to grade 9) was also a significant factor (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2,5.1). Among men who had quit using snuff we did not find any values of significance. CONCLUSIONS: One in four smokers had quit during the 1980s and a few started smoking (5%). Some men quit smoking and started using snuff instead. For both sexes, the daily consumption of cigarettes, years spent smoking, and age were the most important determinants of successful quitting. In men, being married/ cohabiting was an important factor as was higher education in women.  相似文献   

3.
How soon after quitting smoking does risk of heart attack decline?   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
A population-based case-control study (involving 1282 cases and 2068 controls) was conducted to examine the risk of myocardial infarction or coronary death after cigarette smokers quit smoking. The odds ratios for current smokers were significantly elevated compared to non-smokers (OR = 2.7 for men and OR = 4.7 for women). For ex-smokers odds ratios declined rapidly after quitting and after about 3 years they were not significantly different from unity. Fibrinogen concentrations measured in the controls only were higher in current smokers and ex-smokers up to 2 years after quitting than in non-smokers and after that time were similar to levels in non-smokers; however, most of the differences among categories of smokers were not statistically significant. These results support the hypothesis that risk of a coronary event in ex-smokers declines rapidly after quitting and within 2-3 years is similar to the risk for non-smokers.  相似文献   

4.
PURPOSE: To determine the impact of smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality among women. METHODS: Survival analysis is used to assess the effect of smoking cessation on lung cancer death in the dietary cohort of 49,165 women aged 40 to 59 years enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. RESULTS: During an average of 10.3 years of follow-up, 106 women died of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer mortality among women who quit before age 50 (HR=0.26; 95% CI, 0.13-0.55 among women who quit at ages 40-49) or quit in the previous 10 years (HR=0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.69) is substantially lower than the risk among current smokers. Women who quit after age 40 or have quit for less than 20 years are at substantially higher risk of lung cancer mortality compared with never smokers. Both duration of smoking cessation and age at quitting have independent effects on lung cancer mortality, after controlling for number of cigarettes smoked per day and number of years smoked, as well as other potential confounding variables. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that programs and policies to promote early cessation of smoking and prevention of relapse should be a public health priority.  相似文献   

5.
We investigated the excess mortality risks of former smokers according to the number of years since they quit smoking in a cohort of 21,112 men and women evaluated with coronary angiography and included in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study registry. There is a prompt decline in mortality risk within the first year of quitting. Thereafter, former smokers have a sustained, modestly elevated mortality risk for at least 20 years compared with people who never smoked. The pattern is similar in men and women, in 35-54, 55-64, and greater than or equal to 65 age groups, and in subcohorts of those with coronary artery disease and those without coronary artery disease.  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: Previous prospective studies have suggested that cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but the possibility of confounding, particularly by dietary factors has not been fully examined. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the association between cigarette smoking and HbA(1C), a marker of long-term glucose homeostasis in 2704 men and 3385 women, aged 45--74 years who were recruited to a population-based study of diet and chronic disease. RESULTS: Twelve per cent of men and 11% of women reported being current smokers. Mean HbA(1C) was lowest in never smokers, intermediate in former smokers and highest in current smokers. There was a dose-response relationship between HbA(1C) levels and number of cigarettes smoked per day and a positive association with total smoking exposure as measured by pack-years. The unadjusted increase in HbA(1C) for 20 pack-years of smoking was 0.12% (95% CI : 0.09--0.16) in men and 0.12% (95% CI : 0.08--0.17) in women. After adjustment for possible confounders including dietary variables, the values were 0.08% (95% CI : 0.04--0.12) and 0.07% (95% CI : 0.02--0.12) for men and women, respectively. Mean HbA(1C) was inversely related to time since quitting smoking in men. CONCLUSIONS: These results add support to the hypothesis that smoking has long-term effects on glucose homeostasis, an association that cannot be explained by confounding by dietary factors as measured in this study.  相似文献   

7.
目的 了解安徽省成人居民吸烟和戒烟行为状况,为制定烟草控制措施提供依据。方法 利用2013-2014年安徽省成人慢性病及其危险因素监测项目调查数据,使用事后分层权重调整和复杂抽样设计方法进行统计分析。结果 有效样本量为7 182人,现在吸烟率为26.2%(95% CI:23.9%~28.4%),男性高于女性,分别为51.2%(95% CI:45.5%~56.8%)和1.4%(95% CI:0.5%~2.4%);男性现在吸烟率随文化程度提高出现降低趋势(P<0.001)。现在每日吸烟率为23.7%(95% CI:21.4%~26.0%),男性(46.5%,95% CI:41.7%~51.3%)高于女性(1.2%,95% CI:0.5%~1.9%)。现在吸烟者日均吸烟量为17.1(95% CI:16.5~17.6)支,男女分别为17.2(95% CI:16.7~17.8)支和10.5(95% CI:9.4~11.7)支,且男性日均吸烟量随着年龄升高而增加(P=0.048),随文化程度升高而减少的趋势(P=0.003)。二手烟暴露率为57.6%(95% CI:51.2%~64.0%)。男性现在吸烟者中仅有37.6%(95% CI:25.0%~50.2%)打算戒烟,男性戒烟率为13.8%(95% CI:7.5%~20.1%),成功戒烟率为9.1%(95% CI:5.1%~13.0%)。结论 安徽省成人居民吸烟行为普遍存在,二手烟暴露率较高,成年男性烟草使用率高,戒烟和成功戒烟率水平低。  相似文献   

8.
A 1987 questionnaire survey of a 1% random sample (n = 356) of registered nurses in North Carolina provided data on the smoking habits and smoking cessation. Fifty-six percent were never smokers; 19% were current smokers. Among the ever smokers, 31% had quit smoking for at least one year. Twenty-two percent of the former smokers had smoked less than 5 years and 39% less than 10 years before quitting. Anecdotal notes from never smokers suggested that their major deterrent to smoking was their own parents smoking. Concerns about the addictive smoking behavior and health effects of smoking observed in their parents as well as concerns about potential health risks to themselves deterred them from smoking. Concerns about the adverse consequences of smoking was the most influential factor influencing smoking cessation and reduction of cigarette smoking. Friends' and family's encouragement to stop smoking was the most influential external factor motivating nurses to quit or reduce cigarette consumption. Fifty-seven percent of the former smokers quit smoking after one or two attempts while 53 of the current smokers had tried to quit 3 or more times - 90% had tried at least once to quit smoking; however, only 18% of the current smokers had abstained for more than one year during any of their attempts to quit. Implications of the results include: (1) smoking cessation programs for nurses in the workplace may have considerable impact since the majority of nurses who smoke are tying to quit; (2) relapse prevention strategies need to be an integral part of such smoking cessation programs including involvement of family and friends to support the smokers in their cessation efforts.  相似文献   

9.

Background

Snus is considerably less hazardous to health than cigarettes. Recent data from Scandinavia have indicated that many smokers use snus as a method for quitting smoking.

Methods

Data from five repeated cross-sectional surveys of Norwegian men and women aged 16-74 were pooled (N = 6 262). Respondents were asked about current and former smoking and snus use. Former daily smokers (N = 1219) and current daily smokers who had tried to quit at least once (N = 1118) were asked about the method they had used at their latest quit attempt and how many quit attempts they had made. Former smokers were also requested to report what year they had made their final quit attempt.

Results

Snus was the most common method used for quitting smoking among men, while NRT was most often used among women. Stratifying the data according to year of quitting smoking (1945-2007) indicated a significant increase in use of the methods for quitting asked about over time. Among men, this was largely due to an increase in the use of snus. Among male quitters under the age of 45 years, 45.8% of those who had used snus on their last attempt to quit were current non-smokers (OR = 1.61, CI 1.04-2.29), while 26,3% of those who had used NRT were current non-smokers. 59.6% of successful quitters and 19.5% of unsuccessful quitters who had used snus as a method for quitting smoking had continued to use snus on a daily basis after quitting.

Conclusion

Norwegian men frequently use snus as a method for quitting smoking whereas women are more likely to use NRT. The findings indicate that switching to snus can be an effective method for quitting smoking.  相似文献   

10.
BackgroundIn April 2020, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection control measures, including requests to work from home and stay-at-home restrictions, were introduced. This study examined changes in smoking behavior during the COVID-19 state of emergency.MethodsAn online cross-sectional survey was conducted in Osaka, Japan. To assess differences in smoking behavior among 5,120 current smokers before and after the declaration of a state of emergency, prevalence ratios (PRs) for two outcomes, increased smoking and quitting smoking, were calculated using multivariable Poisson regression, adjusting for potential covariates.ResultsWe found 32.1% increased the number of cigarettes smoked and 11.9% quit smoking. After adjustment for all variables, we found risk factors for COVID-19 (men and older age group) had both significantly higher PR for quitting smoking (men: PR 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.62) and participants aged ≥65 years: PR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.92–3.12) and significantly lower PR of increased smoking (men: PR 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78–0.93 and participants ≥65 years: PR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.29–0.49). Additionally, respondents working from home or living alone had significantly higher PR for increased smoking (working from home: PR 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17–1.41 and living alone: PR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10–1.38) and respondents who changed from cigarettes to heated tobacco products (HTPs) had significantly lower PR for quitting smoking (PR 0.150; 95% CI, 0.039–0.582).ConclusionsWe suggest people who have high-risk factors for COVID-19 might change their smoking behavior for the better, while people who work from home or live alone might change their smoking behavior for the worse, during the COVID-19 state of emergency. Additionally, changing from smoking cigarettes to using HTPs makes smokers less likely to quit.Key words: tobacco, cigarette, COVID-19, declaring the state of emergency  相似文献   

11.
STUDY OBJECTIVE--The study aimed to investigate the relationship between years since stopping smoking and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. DESIGN--This was a hospital based, multicentre, case-control study conducted in Italy between September 1988 and June 1989 within the framework of the GISSI-2 clinical trial. SETTING--Over 80 coronary care units in various Italian regions participated. SUBJECTS--A total of 916 incident cases of acute myocardial infarction, below age 75 years, and with no history of ischaemic heart disease, and 1106 control subjects admitted to the same hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions that were not known or suspected to be related to cigarette smoking took part in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS--Measures were relative risk (RR) estimates of acute myocardial infarction according to the time since stopping smoking and adjusted for identified potential confounding factors. Compared with never smokers, the multivariate RRs were 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8,3.2) for subjects who had given up smoking for one year; 1.4 (95% CI 0.9,2.1) for those who had stopped for two to five years; 1.2 (95% CI 0.7,2.1) for six to 10 years; and 1.1 (95% CI 0.8,1.8) for those who had not smoked for over 10 years. The estimated RR for current smokers was 2.9 (95% CI 2.2,3.9). The risks of quitters were higher for heavier smokers and those below age 50 years, while no difference emerged in relation to the duration of smoking, sex, and other risk factors for myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS--These results indicate that there is already a substantial drop in the risk of acute myocardial infarction one year after stopping. The risk in ex-smokers, however, seemed higher (although not significantly) than that of those who had never smoked, even more than 10 years after quitting. This could support the existence of at least two mechanisms linking cigarette smoking with acute myocardial infarction--one involving thrombogenesis or spasms that occurs over the short term, and another involving atherosclerosis that is a long term effect.  相似文献   

12.
IntroductionLittle is known about the rates of smoking among pregnant veterans. Our objective was to examine rates of smoking during pregnancy and factors associated with quitting smoking during pregnancy.MethodsWe used data from a cohort study of pregnant veterans from 15 Veterans Health Administration facilities nationwide. Veterans who reported smoking during pregnancy were included in this analysis. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of quitting smoking during pregnancy.ResultsOverall, 133 veterans reported smoking during pregnancy. Among this group of women who smoked, the average age was 31.6 years, 20% were Black, and 14% were Hispanic/Latino. More than one-half of women (65%) who reported smoking at the start of pregnancy quit smoking during pregnancy. Multivariable models, adjusted for history of deployment and age, indicated that prenatal care initiation at 12 or fewer weeks compared with more than 13 weeks (relative risk [RR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18–3.58), living without household smokers compared with any household smokers (RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14–2.17), and first pregnancy (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.17–1.95) were significant predictors of quitting versus persistent smoking during pregnancy.ConclusionsWomen veterans who quit smoking may be different than those who continue to smoke during pregnancy. Establishing prenatal care early in pregnancy, which likely includes counseling about smoking cessation, seems to be an important factor in quitting. Those for whom it is not a first pregnancy and who live with other smokers may especially benefit from such counseling.  相似文献   

13.
PURPOSE: To clarify whether cigarette smoking was associated with completed suicide in a cohort of middle-aged Japanese men. METHODS: A total of 45,209 out of 57,714 men, aged 40 to 69 years, in nine public health centers across Japan responded to a self-administered questionnaire that included questions regarding their smoking history. The questionnaire was distributed in 1990 (Cohort I) and in 1993 and 1994 (Cohort II). By the end of 2000, 173 suicides were identified by death certificates. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, current smokers had a marginally higher risk of suicide than never smokers. Current smokers with more than 60 pack-years of cigarette smoking had a more than two-fold higher risk of suicide than never smokers (pooled multivariate relative risk=2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.1, 4.0), but a significant dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and suicide was not found. The risk of suicide increased significantly with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (p for trend=0.036). Smoking status, duration of quitting, duration of smoking, and age at the start of smoking were not significantly associated with suicide risk. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that heavy smoking, particularly a large number of cigarettes per day at baseline was associated with an increased risk of suicide independent of several potential confounders.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: Encouraging smokers to switch to snuff may have unintended public health implications. This study examined the associations between snuff use and smoking in a representative sample of U.S. men. METHODS: Subjects were males aged >or=18 years in the National Health Interview Survey (N=13,865). The data analysis was conducted between August 2001 and April 2002. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to examine the association between using snuff and quitting smoking. RESULTS: In 1998, 26.4% of U.S. men smoked, 3.6% used snuff, and 1.1% used both products. Adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, current smoking was most prevalent among males who used snuff on some days (38.9%) and lowest among those who used snuff every day (19.2%). Daily snuff users were significantly more likely than never-users to have quit smoking in the preceding 12 months (odds ratio [OR]=4.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.16-8.28). However, U.S. men were more likely to be former snuff users who currently smoked (2.5%) than to be former smokers who currently used snuff (1.0%). Occasional snuff users (some day users) were more likely than never users to have tried to quit smoking in the preceding year (OR=1.69; 95% CI=1.04-2.76) but tended to be less likely to succeed (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.19-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: Some men may use snuff to quit smoking, but U.S. men more commonly switch from snuff use to smoking. Some smokers may use snuff to supplement their nicotine intake, and smokers who also use snuff are more likely than nonusers to try to quit smoking but tend to have less success.  相似文献   

15.
Cigarette smoking and bone mineral density in the elderly.   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is associated with reduced bone mineral density in elderly men and women. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SUBJECTS: These comprised 224 men and 186 women aged 61-73 years, born and resident in East Hertfordshire. MEASUREMENTS: Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were determined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounding variables, men who were current smokers were found to have a lumbar spine BMD that was 7.3% (95% CI 0.4, 14.2) lower than men who had never smoked. Similarly, women who were current smokers had a BMD value that was 7.7% (95% CI 0.3, 15.6) lower than in women who had never smoked. The difference at the femoral neck was smaller and not statistically significant. For both men and women, each decade of smoking was associated with a reduction of 0.015 g/cm2 in BMD at the lumbar spine (95% CI: men 0.002, 0.027; women 0.003, 0.028). At the femoral neck the reduction in BMD was 0.011 g/cm2 (95% CI 0.003, 0.020) for men and 0.004 g/cm2 (95% CI -0.003, 0.012) for women with each decade of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results show an adverse effect of smoking on BMD which was most noticeable at the lumbar spine, and seemed stronger in men than women. This effect could not be explained by differences in life style between smokers and nonsmokers.  相似文献   

16.
Effects of passive smoking in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), conducted in 1973-1982, provided a unique opportunity to study the effect of passive smoking on men whose wives smoke. MRFIT participants who reported at entry that they had never smoked tobacco products were classified according to the smoking status of their wives. Men with wives who smoked had similar mean levels of serum thiocyanate (54.3 vs. 53.9 mumol/liter, p = 0.83) but higher mean levels of expired carbon monoxide (7.7 vs. 7.1 ppm, p = 0.001). Lower levels of pulmonary function (by maximum forced expiratory volume in one second) were also observed in these men (3,493.1 vs. 3,591.9 ml, p = 0.04). The relative risks, for men whose wives smoked compared with men whose wives did not smoke, for the endpoints coronary heart disease death, fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease event, and death from any cause were 2.11 (p = 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-6.46), 1.48 (p = 0.13, 95% CI 0.89-2.47), and 1.96 (p = 0.08, 95% CI 0.93-4.11), respectively. When smokers who quit prior to entry were included in the analyses, the relative risks, for men whose wives smoked compared with men whose wives did not smoke, for the above endpoints were 1.45 (p = 0.25, 95% CI 0.77-2.73), 1.19 (p = 0.29, 95% CI 0.85-1.65), and 1.72 (p = 0.01, 95% CI 1.12-2.64), respectively. These relative risk estimates did not change appreciably after adjusting for other baseline risk factors. The results suggest that passive exposure to cigarette smoke may have a deleterious impact on the health of nonsmokers and that nonsmokers may be at an increased risk of death through passive exposure to cigarette smoke.  相似文献   

17.
Cigarette smoking and cessation behaviors among urban blacks and whites   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Smoking behaviors among blacks and whites were studied in a population-based sample of 2,626 residents of Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN. More blacks than whites were found to be smokers, before and after adjusting for age and education differences. More whites than blacks were former smokers, but the prevalence of those who had never smoked was comparable for whites and blacks. Among smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was lower among blacks than whites, but more blacks were found to smoke cigarettes with high "tar" (dry particulate matter) and nicotine content. Men smokers were found to smoke more than women smokers, young people smoked more than older people, and those with a high school education or less smoked more than those with more than a high school education. Smoking cessation behavior consisted mostly of a variety of strategies that began with reducing cigarette consumption, followed by changing to lower tar brands, attempting to quit, and actually quitting. In general, a higher percentage of whites than blacks reported smoking cessation behaviors. A greater percentage of white than black women had tried cigarette brands lower in tar and nicotine within the previous year. Among men, a lower percentage of black than white smokers had tried quitting, and fewer black men planned to quit in the future. Blacks appeared to lag behind whites in their efforts to quit smoking. Smoking behavior continues to be problematic for both blacks and whites. Studies are needed to explain better the racial differences in smoking and smoking cessation behaviors, and to facilitate programs to encourage cessation.  相似文献   

18.
INTRODUCTION: In 1996 we conducted a cross-sectional survey to study the epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults. METHODS: The 4000 participants were selected using a three-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Altogether 3859 participants (1798 males, 2061 females) returned a completed self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking was 34.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 32.2-36.6) among men and 1.9% (95% CI = 1.3-2.5) among women. Among men, the highest prevalence (56.5%; 95% CI = 36.2-76.8) was observed in the youngest age group (< or = 20 years). Among women the highest prevalence was observed in one of the older age groups (46-50 years) (7.1%; 95% CI = 3.1-11.1). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors were independently associated with smoking: lower levels of education (odds ratio (OR) 3.5; 95% CI = 1.5-8.4), lower employment grade (OR = 4.1; 2.5-6.7), and being a separated, divorced, or widowed woman (OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 2.0-11.8). The majority of smokers (68%) began smoking when younger than 20 years; significantly more men (70%) than women (33%) began smoking at these ages (P < 0.0001). On average, men began smoking at an earlier age (18 years vs 21 years; P < 0.001) and therefore had smoked for a longer period (15 years vs 12 years; P < 0.05); men also consumed a higher number of cigarettes each day (26 vs 17; P < 0.05). A large proportion of smokers were ignorant about the health consequences of passive smoking: about 77% of those with children reported that they smoked in the presence of their children. Almost half (47%) of all smokers stated that they wanted to stop smoking, and about 56% had attempted to quit. The biggest perceived barrier to quitting was uncertainty about "how to quit". A total of 338 respondents (8.8%; 95% CI = 5.8-11.9) were classified as former smokers. About half of the former smokers had quit between the ages of 20 and 29 years; the average age of quitting was 28 years. Former smokers were more likely to have smoked fewer cigarettes per day and to have smoked for significantly less time than current smokers. DISCUSSION: Given the fact that free education is provided at all levels by the government, anti-tobacco education and awareness should be included as an integral part of the curriculum in schools and colleges.  相似文献   

19.
To examine the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MS), 3649 Japanese male office workers aged 35-59 yr who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease were enrolled in this study. 2994 men without the MS at entry were followed up over a 7-yr period. A modified National Cholesterol Education Program definition with body mass index instead of waist circumference was used for the MS. With adjustment for age, family history of diabetes, alcohol intake, and regular physical activity, the odds ratios of the MS were 1.0 (referent), 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.68), 1.07 (95% CI, 0.82-1.39), 1.17 (95% CI, 0.88-1.56), and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.24-2.20) for never smokers, ex-smokers, and those who smoked 1-20 cigarettes/d, 21-30 cigarettes/d, and > or =31 cigarettes/d, respectively (P for trend for current smokers only =0.006). As for the risk of developing the MS, the respective multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios of developing the MS were 1.0 (referent), 1.43 (95% CI, 1.14-1.79), 1.14 (95% CI, 0.91-1.44), 1.45 (95% CI, 1.14-1.84), and 1.59 (95% CI, 1.24-2.05) (P for trend for current smokers only =0.001). Among men without the MS at entry, body weight gain over 7 yr, compared with never smokers, was significantly higher in smokers who quit smoking. It is important for the prevention of the MS not only to quit smoking but also to prevent weight gain after smoking cessation.  相似文献   

20.
Use of cigarette tobacco by large proportions of the population of Middle Eastern countries has been reported; however, little is known about smoking behavior in one of America's fastest growing minorities, the Arab Americans. The purpose of this study was to examine cigarette smoking behavior of 237 randomly selected Arab American adults from a telephone listing in the Detroit area. Participants lived in the geographic Arab American community and identified with a Middle Eastern cultural heritage. Nurses, who spoke both English and Arabic, interviewed one adult family member using the 59-item self-report from the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Survey developed by Rice. Mean age of respondents was 40.4 years, 97 percent had been born in the Middle East, and 67 percent had been living in the United States 15 years or less. Current smokers rate was 38.9 percent, former smokers rate was 11.1 percent, never smokers rate was 50 percent, and the quit ratio (proportion of ever smokers who are former smokers) was 22.2 percent. Fifty-four percent of the current smokers were between 25 and 34 years of age; fewer women than men were former smokers, and the highest proportion of current smokers were Lebanese. Subjects who had smoked for the longest time were the least well educated. Arab Americans in this sample had a higher smoking rate, a lower quitting rate, and a much lower quit ratio when compared with national and State of Michigan data. With the growing numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants, there is potential for a dramatic increase in smoking-related health problems.  相似文献   

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