经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检203例临床分析

目的评估经直肠超声引导的前列腺六针穿刺活检在前列腺癌及前列腺其他疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断的价值。方法对指肛检查阳性，血清PSA〉4pg／L及经直肠超声检查前列腺声像图异常怀疑有占位性病变的203人进行经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检的203例病理结果：良性前列腺增生（BPH）104例占51．24％，前列腺癌（PCa）95例占46．80％，前列腺结核及前列腺平滑肌肉瘤各2例，分别占0．98％。结论经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检其操作简单，病人痛苦小，并发症少，较安全。在前列腺癌及其他前列腺疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的临床价值。     

前列腺癌的声像特征及血清PSA与Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者的声像图、血清PSA与PCa Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性.方法 回顾性分析经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检确诊的220例PCa患者的临床资料和声像图表现.采用Spearman等级相关分析和秩和检验,分析血清PSA水平与Gleason评分、临床分期的关系.结果 超声显示有异常回声结节178例.其中145例为低回声结节,42例在声像图上未发现异常.PCa患者Gleason评分越高,临床分期越晚,PSA值越高.血清PSA水平分别与Gleason评分(r=0.275,P＜0.01)、临床分期(r=0.314,P＜0.01)呈正相关;Gleason评分与临床分期亦呈正相关(r=0.325,P＜0.01).结论 前列腺内部低回声结节是PCa主要超声表现,血清PSA与Gleason评分和PCa临床分期有关,该指标可作为判断PCa预后的指标.     

超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨超声引导下经会阴道前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法：对376例临床怀疑前列腺癌患者行直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检。分3组。A组：184例,为指检前列腺触及结节或前列腺增大、质硬怀疑前列腺癌者;B组：84例,为因前列腺增生行直肠腔内超声检查发现有异常回声区域者;C组：108例,为指检未及明显硬节而血中PSA＞10ng/ml者。结果：3组穿刺活检阳性率分别为44．5％（82／184）,29．8％（25／84）,57．4％（62／108）。结论：直肠腔内超声引导下经会阴穿刺活检取材准确,能清楚显示穿刺针的径路和深度,避免损伤邻近脏器,可重复操作,明显提高穿刺活检的阳性率。     

经直肠超声引导下重复穿刺活检在前列腺癌高危人群中的诊断价值(附45例分析)

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下重复穿刺活检在前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）升高或直肠指检阳性的前列腺癌（PCa）可疑人群中的诊断价值。方法在首次穿刺活检诊断为前列腺良性病变的45例Pca高危人群中开展TRUS引导下10点重复穿刺活检。平均年龄78（58-92）岁；45例患者PSA均大于2．6ng／ml，其中12例直肠指检异常。结果在45例前列腺重复穿刺的患者中，34例穿刺2次，8例穿刺3次，3例穿刺4次；确诊Pca 10例（22．2％），良性前列腺增生32例，慢性前列腺炎3例。结论在Pca高危人群中开展TRUS引导下重复穿刺可以提高Pca的诊断率。     

经直肠彩色超声对前列腺癌诊断分析

目的：经直肠彩超检查,对照病理结果,探讨PCa的彩色多普勒超声表现和特征。方法：对经直肠彩超引导下穿刺活检确诊为PCa的30例患者35个恶性结节和BPH的25例患者42个增生结节的回顾,分析在二维声像图和彩色多普勒血流显像中的不同。结果：PCa结节出现在外周带为主,占86％（30／35）,内部以低回声多见,占88％（31／35）;BPH结节多出现在内腺,占81％（22／42）,内部高低回声均可见。BPH结节和PCa结节血供均增加,但PCa结节比BPH结节血流更丰富,动脉收缩期最高流速峰值、舒张末期血流峰速,加速指数、血流阻力指数明显增高,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：经直肠彩超有助于前列腺良恶病变的定性诊断,更有利于穿刺活检的准确定位。     

经直肠超声影像学对前列腺癌病理分级的评估

目的评价经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌病理分级的评估作用。方法156例患者,经临床检查及经直肠前列腺穿刺活检病理证实为前列腺癌,由二位有经验超声医师双盲读片,分析前列腺癌的声像图与病理分级之间的关系。结果156例前列腺癌经直肠前列腺穿刺点1014点,阳性穿刺点为660针,阳性率为65．05％,平均每个前列腺癌病人的阳性穿刺点为(4．23±1．73)。不同级别的前列腺癌的声像图具有不同的声像图表现。其中前列腺癌Ⅰ级以非典型性改变为主,夹有低回声结节。前列腺癌Ⅱ级以低回声肿块为主,伴有血流信号浓聚。前列腺癌Ⅲ级以弥漫型低回声病变,可伴有簇状钙化灶及前列腺不对称性肿大。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检有利于前列腺癌的诊断,超声声像图对判断病理分级有一定作用。     

经直肠B超引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值(附658例报告)

目的：探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在前列腺癌（PCa）诊断中的临床应用价值。方法：自2000年开始，对中老年男性进行以PSA为主要检查指标的PCa普查，累计23761例。普查中发现PSA〉4μg／L者占普查人群的8．0％，达1900例。以前列腺PSA密度（PSAD）〉0．15ng／cm^3，同时结合直肠指诊为658例疑似PCa者行经直肠超声引导下的前列腺外腺6点穿刺活检术。结果：经穿刺证实为PCa者168例（25．5％），BPH者347例（52．7％），非典型性增生者24例（3．6％），腺瘤样改变者36例（5．5％），前列腺炎者57例（8．7％），肉芽肿性前列腺炎者26例（4．0％）；168例PCa者中，前列腺周围区见低回声反射103例（61．3％）。PCa者PSAD为0．19±0．04，前列腺体积为（28．11±12．79）cm^3；BPH者PSAD为0．12±0．02，前列腺体积为（36．22±18．18）cm^3，分别比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点，是确诊PCa的有效方法之一。同时结合正确应用PSA、PSAD，不但提高PCa的早期诊断率，而且有助于PCa高危人群的随访。     

前列腺穿刺活检研究近况

前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌（PCa）的金标准。20世纪80年代，随着前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）以及超声引导下经会阴及直肠前列腺穿刺活检的临床应用，PCa检出率大大提高。超声引导下前列腺穿刺安全简便，穿刺准确性和成功率高，因而得到广泛应用。我们对超声引导下前列腺穿刺的适应证、穿刺技术及并发症等方面的研究近况综述如下。     

超声引导下前列腺6点活检诊断早期前列腺癌

目的探讨前列腺癌(PCa)的超声影像与超声引导下6点系统活检病理学检查的关系,提高早期PCa检出率。方法研究对象为PCa集团普查发现的血清PSA>4.0ng/ml的329例经直肠超声引导下前列腺活检受检者,每位受检者均行血清PSA检测及前列腺活检病理诊断。结果(1)329例接受前列腺活检病例中PCa患者93例(28.3%),其中前列腺腺癌88例,其他类型癌5例。(2)93例PCa患者的超声影像中见低回声反射区组为56例(60.2%),其余37例为无异常回声组(39.8%)。(3)88例前列腺腺癌中,53例低回声反射区组PSA平均值为(60.50±39.79)ng/ml,35例无异常回声组PSA平均值为(12.74±8.25)ng/ml,两组比较差异显著(P<0.001)。PSA含量4.0￣10.0ng/ml区间者17例,无低回声反射区者15例,占88.2%。(4)早期病例(A,B期)中无异常回声组占82.9%。结论在超声影像学无异常的血清PSA增高的人群中,经超声引导下前列腺活检能够发现早期PCa。     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术的临床意义。方法对60例PSA〉4ng／ml、直肠指检异常或超声发现异常回声的患者采用前列腺穿刺活检术，其中30例患者采用骶管内麻醉下经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术，年龄45～86岁，平均68±3．6岁，PSA〈4ng／ml为4例，4-10ng／ml为10例，〉10ng／ml为16例。对照组30例，年龄50-84岁，平均70±3．5岁，PSA〈4ng/ml为3例，4-10ng／ml为9例，〉10ng／ml为18例。对照组采用直肠指检压迫下穿刺或表面麻醉下行经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检。结果骶管内麻醉组阳性率为60％（18／30），患者术中无疼痛表现，对照组阳性率为33％（10/30），患者在术中伴有不同程度的疼痛。结论与常规穿刺相比，骶麻下经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检术准确性高，疼痛较轻，更能被患者接受，值得临床推广使用。     

USEFULNESS OF DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION, SERUM PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, TRANSRECTAL ULTRAS ONOGRAPHY AND SYSTEMATIC PROSTATE BIOPSY FOR THE DETECTION OF ORGAN-CONFINED PROSTATE CANCER

The detection rate of organ-confined prostate cancer by digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate, as well as the value of a directed, guided transrectal core biopsy for the prostate (TRUS-guided biopsy) combined with systematic biopsy, were evaluated. The subjects were 171 patients with urinary symptoms suggestive of prostatic disease excluding those with clinical stage C and D prostate cancer. Twenty-five patients (14.6%) had prostate cancer, 127 (74.2%) had benign prostate hypertrophy, four (2.3%) had prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, eleven (6.4%) had inflammation, and four (2.3%) had normal prostate tissue. The incidence of detection of hypoechoic findings by TRUS in the patients in whom nodules were detected by DRE or who had elevated serum PSA was higher than that in patients with negative diagnostic findings. In 22 of the 25 patients with prostate cancer, the cancer was detected by recognition of a hypoechoic area on TRUS. In 10 of these 22 patients, prostate cancer was also detected by systematic biopsy in isoechoic areas. Prostate cancer was detected by systematic biopsy in three patients without hypoechoic findings. The positive predictive value for patients with abnormal findings on all three tests was 64.3%, which is significantly higher than that for patients with any other combination of findings (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the combination of DRE, serum PSA and TRUS is useful for the detection of organ-confined prostate cancer, and that TRUS and TRUS-guided prostate biopsy combined with systematic biopsy should be performed in patients with abnormal findings for both DRE and PSA. Our results also demonstrate that systematic biopsy is useful for the detention of prostate cancer from the isoechoic area visualized by TRUS.     

超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析816例经直肠前列腺系统性12＋1针穿刺活检的可疑前列腺癌患者。其中PSA＜4ng／ml、直肠指诊发现结节者66例;PSA介于4～10ng／ml、f／tPSA值异常、PSAD值异常者190例;PSA〉10ng／ml、任何f／tPSA、PSAD值者560例。结果816例患者中活检病理确诊为前列腺癌者358例,总阳性率为43．9％（358／816）。其中位于前列腺尖部阳性者235例,占确诊病例总数的65．6％（235／358）。术后发热9例（1．0％,9／816）,并发血尿49例（6．0％,49／816）。几乎所有患者皆有短时大便带血。无其他严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经直肠系统性前列腺12＋1针穿刺活检术定位准确,创伤较小,并发症较少。可以随机增加穿刺点,利于提高前列腺癌检出率。     

Predictors of prostate cancer on repeat transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic prostate biopsy

BACKGROUND: We analyzed the outcome of repeated transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided systematic prostate biopsy in Japanese men whose clinical findings were suspected of prostate cancer after previous negative biopsies. METHODS: Between January 1993 and March 2002, 1045 patients underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Among them, 104 patients underwent repeat biopsy due to indications of persistent elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) or TRUS, increased PSA velocity, and/or previous suspicious biopsy findings. Several clinicopathological factors were evaluated for their ability to predict the detection of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 22 of 104 patients (21.2%) who underwent repeat biopsies. PSA concentration and PSA density at both the initial and repeat biopsies, and PSA velocity in men with positive repeat biopsy were significantly greater than those in men with negative repeat biopsy. The incidence of abnormal findings in DRE and TRUS at initial biopsy in men with positive repeat biopsy was also significantly higher than that in men with negative repeat biopsy. However, neither the presence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia nor number of biopsy cores at initial biopsy had a significant association with the results of the repeat biopsy. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that PSA and PSA density at both the initial and repeat biopsies, PSA velocity, and DRE and TRUS findings at initial biopsy were independent predictors of malignant disease on repeat biopsy. CONCLUSION: Despite an initial negative biopsy, repeat TRUS-guided biopsy should be carried out to exclude prostate cancer in cases of suspicious clinical findings, such as elevated PSA or PSA-related parameters, or abnormal findings of DRE or TRUS.     

常规临床检查与PSA灰区患者前列腺癌检出率的关系

目的:探讨直肠指检(DRE)、影像学(TRUS、MRI)检查、血清游离与总前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)比值(f/t)与PSA在4～10μg/L之间患者前列腺癌检出率的关系。方法:回顾性分析365例PSA处于灰区的患者进行DRE、TRUS、MRI检查、游离PSA测定,并对这些患者行经直肠B超引导下的前列腺穿刺活检。评估其临床资料与前列腺穿刺病理结果的关系。结果:在365例患者中,穿刺病理为前列腺癌的患者共有87例(23.84%)。DRE阳性的患者共有128例,穿刺阳性40例,阳性率为31.25%,TRUS检查的患者共有257例,其中有异常回声结节的69例患者中穿刺阳性26例,阳性率为37.68%,MRI检查的患者共有191例,其中有异常信号结节的107例患者中穿刺阳性59例,阳性率为55.14%。198例患者行fPSA与tPSA比值分析,其中前列腺癌患者的平均f/t PSA明显低于穿刺阴性患者。f/t PSA受试者曲线(ROC)下的面积(0.725)高于患者PSA ROC的面积(0.542)。结论:结合临床DRE、影像学资料及f/t PSA比值可以有效提高前列腺癌检出率,从而减少不必要的穿刺给患者带来的痛苦。     

弥散加权磁共振联合经直肠超声定位的前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的价值

目的 探讨DWI在前列腺穿刺活检中的运用价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年12月在我院行常规经直肠超声(TRUS)定位下经直肠前列腺穿刺(A组)的410例患者和DWI联合TRUS定位下行前列腺穿刺(B组)的141例患者资料,按前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)＜10μg/L、10 μg/L≤PSA ＜20 μg/L、20 μg/L≤PSA ＜50 μg/L和PSA≥50 μg/L将A、B两组各分为4个亚组,分别比较DWI联合TRUS定位与单纯TRUS定位下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的诊断率.结果 A组PSA＜ 10 μg/L、10μg/L≤PSA ＜20 μg/L、20 μg/L≤PSA＜ 50 μg/L和PSA≥50 μg/L的患者穿刺诊断率分别为12.1％、31.1％、48.0％和91.2％,B组中对应的患者穿刺诊断率分别为23.7％、35.5％、66.7％和96.3％,两种穿刺方法的诊断率在PSA＜ 10 μg/L的患者中有统计学差异(x2=4.405,P＜0.05).结论 对于PSA＜ 10 μg/L的可疑患者,建议行DWI及TRUS联合定位的可疑病灶加系统穿刺法,从而提高前列腺穿刺的诊断率.     

前列腺特异性抗原≤4.0μg/L前列腺癌的诊断

目的:评价直肠指检(DRE)、经直肠超声(TRUS)、游离前列腺特异性抗原/总前列腺特异性抗原(fPSA/t-PSA)、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)对前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)≤4.0μg/L PCa的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析1996年4月至2012年12月解放军总医院超声科PSA≤4.0μg/L的前列腺穿刺患者共343例,年龄30~91岁。将患者按PSA含量0.0~1.0μg/L、1.1~2.0μg/L、2.1~3.0μg/L、3.1~4.0μg/L分为4组,评价DRE、TRUS、f-PSA/t-PSA、PSAD在不同PSA水平下PCa患者中的诊断价值,同时按年龄分为5组:≤49岁、50~59岁、60~69岁、70~79岁、≥80岁,评价不同PSA水平下不同年龄患者PCa的检出率。结果:343例患者中,共检出PCa 65例,检出率19.0%。PSA含量0.0~1.0μg/L、1.1~2.0μg/L、2.1~3.0μg/L、3.1~4.0μg/L时PCa的检出率分别为16.28%(21/129)、17.17%(17/99)、21.82%(12/55)、25.00%(15/60)。PSA≤2.0μg/L时,f-PSA/t-PSA比值在PCa和非PCa患者中没有明显差异(P0.05),而PSA2.0μg/L时有明显差异(P0.05)。而PSAD值在PCa组与非PCa组中分别为(0.09±0.16)μg/L/ml、(0.06±0.07)μg/L/ml,没有明显差异(P0.05)。随着PSA含量的升高,PCa的检出率相应升高,各年龄段的检出率没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:当PSA含量在2.1~4.0μg/L时,若DRE/TRUS异常,则应引起重视,定期随访,监测PSA变化;若f-PSA/t-PSA≤0.15,伴或不伴DRE/TRUS异常,均应该行前列腺穿刺活检,以明确诊断。而对于PSA在0.0~2.0μg/L时,DRE、TRUS、f-PSA/t-PSA比值和PSAD均不能有效诊断PCa。     

经直肠前列腺穿刺活检的临床分析

目的 探讨经直肠前列腺穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的临床价值.方法 194例前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)升高或直肠指诊阳性或经直肠前列腺超声发现可疑结节的患者,行超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检.结果 194例患者中前列腺癌患者51例,前列腺增生患者87例,前列腺炎患者14例,前列腺上皮内瘤(PIN)患者36例,前列腺梗死患者6例.有38例出现一过性肉眼血尿,血便20例;发热16例;败血症5例;无血精、前列腺脓肿等并发症发生.结论 经直肠前列腺穿刺活检是一种安全的方法,有助于提高前列腺癌的早期诊断及前列腺疾病的鉴别诊断.

Abstract：

Obiectives To explore the clinical value of ultrasound guided transrectal prostate biopsy for diagnosing prostate carcinoma.Methods Systemic biopsy were performed on 194 patients who had normal level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)or who had prostate nodules by digital rectal examination or on ultrasound.Results Prostate carcinoma were detected in 51 cases;Benign prostatic hyperplasia 87 cases;prostatitis 14 cases;Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 36 cases;Prostatic infarction 6 cases.38 patients had transient gross hematuria,20 patients had hematochezia;fever was seen in 16 patients;5 patients got Sepsis;there were no hematospermia,prostate abscess and other complications occurred.Conclusions Transrectal Ultrasound Prostate Biopsy can increase the cancer early detection and in diffematiul diagnosis with other prostate disease.It is safe and efficacioious.     

血清PSA值和前列腺结节指导前列腺穿刺活检的临床意义

目的 探讨血清ＰＳＡ浓度变化与前列腺癌及其骨转移的相关性。方法 对９３例直肠指诊异常及血清ＰＳＡ〉４ｎｇ／ｍｌ的患者,行直脾性Ｂ超引志下前列腺穿刺活检;用９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＤＰ行全身骨扫描判断有无骨。结果 ９３例中前列腺活检阳性者６０例,其中２６例扫描阳性;随血清ＰＳＡ浓度升高,前列腺阳性活检率及其远处骨转移阳性率升高。 血清ＰＳＡ升高与前列腺癌及其骨转移的发生率呈正相关。     

Prediction of prostate volume based on total and free serum prostate-specific antigen: is it reliable?

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the utility of total/free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and age as predictors of the prostate volume in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and no evidence of prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Total and free serum PSA were determined in 681 patients with normal digital rectal examination and symptomatic BPH using the Hybritech method. Prostate volume was measured by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). TRUS-guided biopsy was performed in 459 (67.4%) of the patients with a serum PSA >4.0 ng/ml. RESULTS: The relationship with prostate volume was best described in a log linear fashion by free PSA (R(2) = 0.367), total PSA (R(2) = 0.264) and age (R(2) = 0.017). Multiple linear regression demonstrates no significant influence of age. Free PSA was able to predict the individual TRUS prostate volume +/-10% in 67% of the patients and +/-20% in 91.2% and total PSA in 63 and 90. 9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prostate volume is strongly related with free and total PSA. Both determinations would be able to predict the TRUS prostate volume +/-20% in more than 90% of the patients.     

超声造影结合直肠B超在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用（附87例报告）

目的：探讨微泡造影剂结合经直肠多普勒超声（contrastenhancedtransrectualultrasound,CE-TRUS）在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床意义。方法：对87例前列腺疾病患者在CE-TRUS后行经直肠B超引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,穿刺标准依据2007年新修订的《中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》确定．先行彩色多普勒超声检查。了解并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、大小、数目、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况。结果：87倒确诊为前列腺癌和前列腺增生者分别为52例和35例,两者比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．617）。而以PSA≤20ng／ml和PSA〉20ng／ml为标准行分层分析,发现PSA≤20ng／ml者在CE-TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺阳性率高（P=0．041）。结论：CE-TRUS后经直肠B超引导下行经会阴前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌的重要方法;PSA≤20ng／ml者结合CDTRUS行前列腺穿刺活检能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率。