高效液相色谱法测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的浓度

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的含量的方法。方法：色谱柱采用Diamon-sil ODS C18柱（4．6mm×150mm，5μm），以乙腈-甲醇-0．02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠缓冲液（1：9：90）（磷酸二氢钠缓冲液用磷酸调pH3．0）为流动相，原儿茶醛为内标；流速为1．0mL·min^-1；柱温为30℃；检测波长为270nm。结果：HPLC法测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的线性范围为21．3-4260μg·L^-1，r=0．9995.低（42．6μg·L^-1）、中（426μg·L^-1）、高（2130μg·L^-1）3个质量浓度的方法回收率分别为（96．7±13．5）％，（95．6±7．6）％，（99．9±1．4）％，日内、日间RSD均小于15％；分析方法的最低定量限为21．3μg·L^-1。结论：本方法适用于神衰果素血药浓度测定和药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱双波长法测定芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量

目的：建立芍桂胶囊的主要成分芍药苷与肉桂酸的高效液相色谱法含量测定的方法。方法：采用双波长双通道高效液相色谱法测定，色谱柱为大连依利特HypersiLODS2 C18柱（46mm×250mm，5um）；流动相为0．1%醋酸-乙腈梯度洗脱，检测波长λ1=230nm，λ2=278nm。结果：芍药苷在28．8～172．8mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9982，平均回收率为90．15％（n=5）；肉桂酸在3．85～46．27mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9988，平均回收率为89．63％（n=5）。结论：本法专属性强，操作简便，结果准确。适用于检测芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量。     

RP-HPLC法测定阿坎酸钙的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定阿坎酸钙含量的方法。方法：采用C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以0．01mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液（醋酸调pH为5）-甲醇（95：5）为流动相,流速0．5ml·min^-1,检测波长220nm。结果：阿坎酸钙在1．5～10．0mg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9995）,平均回收率为99．3％,RSD=1．0％（n=9）,最低检测限为14ng。结论：方法准确,重复性好,可有效的控制阿坎酸钙原料药的质量。     

HPLC法测定微泵给药后头孢他啶血药浓度

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定头孢他啶的人体血药浓度。方法：色谱柱为Hypersil C18（250mm×4．6mm，10μm）柱；流动相为甲醇-0．02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（13．5：86．5），流速为1ml·min^-1；检测波长为254nm；柱温30℃；采用饱和硫酸铵溶液直接沉淀蛋白后进样。结果：头孢他啶血药浓度与峰面积线性关系良好；线性范围1．0～60μg·ml^-1（r=0．9997）。日内、日间RSD〈5％；头孢他啶高、中、低浓度的平均方法回收率分别为99．2％，99．1％，98．6％，平均提取回收率分别为42．3％，42．0％，43．6％。结论：该法操作简便、准确、快速，回收率稳定，适用于头孢他啶体内动力学研究。     

RP—HPLC法测定猪血浆中头孢喹肟浓度

目的：建立测定头孢喹肟血药浓度的RP—HPLC法。方法：血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后取上清进样测定，色谱柱为C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液（0．83％磷酸用三乙醇胺调pH为2．8）-乙腈（86：14），流速为1mL·min^-1，检测波长270nm，柱温25℃。结果：头孢喹肟血药浓度在0．05—20μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9994）；最低检测限为0．05μg·mL^-1；方法回收率88．0％～96．8％；日内RSD和日间RSD均小于10％。结论：方法快速简便、灵敏准确，适用于头孢喹肟在动物体内的药物动力学研究。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定兔血清中环丙沙星的浓度

目的：建立以固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定兔血清中环丙沙星浓度的方法。方法：取加有10μl内标（含盐酸洛美沙星0．403mg·ml^-1）的兔血清样品以OASISHLB小柱提取其中的环丙沙星，色谱柱为Luna C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相：0．05mol·L^-1枸橼酸-乙腈（82：18），检测波长277nm。结果：环丙沙星线性范围为25．3～4048ng·ml^-1（r=0．9997），最低检测限为25．3ng·ml^-1；方法回收率为96．52％～101．25％；低、中、高3种浓度的日内RSD分别为1．10％，2．05％，1．59％，日间RSD分别为4．20％，4．06％，3．66％。结论：本方法灵敏度高，操作简便，结果准确，可用于兔血清中环丙沙星浓度的测定及其药动学研究。     

RP—HPLC法测定畅鼻通颗粒中升麻素苷和5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的含量

目的：建立测定畅鼻通颗粒中升麻素苷和5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法：采用Agilent Eclipse XDB—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），甲醇-水-三乙胺（35：65：0．1）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长254nm。结果：升麻素苷和5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的线性范围分别为2．5～100．0mg·L^-1（r=0．9993）和2．1～84．0mg·L^-1（r=0．9992）；平均回收率（n=9）分别为99．2％和99．8％。结论：该方法简单，结果准确、可靠，可以作为该制剂质量控制的一项重要指标。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中羟苯磺酸钙的浓度

目的：建立测定人体内羟苯磺酸钙血浆药物浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈-10mmol·L^-1醋酸铵（含0．3％三乙胺，用冰醋酸调节pH为3．5）（7：93），流速为1．0mL·min^-1，柱温为40℃，检测波长305nm。结果：羟苯磺酸钙在0．36～22．78μg·mL^-1（r^2=0．9998）范围线性关系良好，最低定量限为0．36μg·mL^-1，提取回收率大于50％，日内和日间RSD均小于10％。结论：此方法能够简便、高效、快速和灵敏地检测健康志愿者血浆中的羟苯磺酸钙，可用于羟苯磺酸钙药物代谢动力学研究。     

HPLC法分别测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷与盐酸小檗碱含量

目的：建立测定芍连胃乐片中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：芍药苷含量测定采用C18（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（15：85），检测波长为230nm。盐酸小檗碱含量测定采用C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈：0．033mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（32：68），检测波长为265nm。结果：芍药苷在3．0—48．3μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1．0000），平均回收率为98．1％，RSD为0．5％；盐酸小檗碱在1．0～16．4μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=1.0000），平均回收率为98．9％，RSD为1．0％。结论：本方法简便、可靠、准确。     

反相离子对色谱法测定枸橼酸喷托维林片的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定枸橼酸喷托维林片的含量。方法：采用Agilent C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-0．05mmol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠溶液（含三乙胺0．05％，磷酸调节pH至3．0）（50：50），流速1．0ml·min^-1，检测波长210nm，柱温30℃。结果：枸橼酸喷托维林在10．2～102mg·L^-1的范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率为100．04％，RSD=0．3％（11=9）。结论：方法简便，准确，专属性强。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.