老年人躯干肌群与髋部肌群相关性研究

目的探讨老年人躯干肌群与髋部肌群体质成分含量的相关性。方法收集2017年3月至5月来我院体检的新街口社区60～85岁中老年人316名,其中,男性122名,女性194名。CT扫描得到志愿者腹部和髋部图像,使用东软医疗系统有限公司开发的高级可视化后处理工作站(advanced visualization workspace,AVW),分别定量测量L_3椎体中份层面和小转子下3 cm垂直股骨长径横截面的肌群面积(cross-sectional muscle area,CSMA)、肌肉间隙脂肪面积(inter-muscular adipose area,IMAA)、肌肉脂肪浸润程度(muscle fat infiltration,MFI)。用单样本K-S检验正态性;使用组内相关系数(interclass correlation coefficient,ICC)评价两名测量者组间重复性及一名测量者两次测量的组内重复性;使用独立样本t检验比较男、女两组间一般情况、躯干和髋部肌群CSMA、IMAA、MFI结果的差异;Pearson相关性比较两组L_3水平躯干肌群和髋部肌群体质成分的相关性,再分别以L_3 CSMA、IMAA、MFI为因变量,髋部CSMA、IMAA、MFI为自变量做多元逐步回归分析,确定影响躯干肌群体质成分的主要影响因子。P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结果男性躯干和髋部CSMA大于女性,两个部位MFI程度小于女性。Pearson相关分析显示男、女躯干CSMA、IMAA、MFI与髋部CSMA、IMAA、MFI成正相关,其中,男性躯干肌肉面积与髋部肌肉面积相关性最高。结论老年躯干肌群与髋部肌群体质成分改变具有相关性,男性躯干肌肉面积与髋部肌肉面积相关性最高。     

胫神经腓肠肌肌支离断术治疗小腿腓肠肌肥大

目的:探讨一种简单、安全、有效的小腿肌肉肥大的治疗方法。方法:选择典型的小腿肌肉肥大病例,静脉+局麻下在腘窝横纹中央切开1.2～1.5cm皮肤、皮下组织,找到胫神经的腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支,用神经探测仪确定后离断。结果:自2005年共完成400例,经6～24个月随访,平均12个月,效果满意,小腿围较术前缩减3.63±1.10cm(P0.001),不影响小腿功能。结论:本法操作简单、效果明显,病人痛苦小,恢复快,符合美容手术微创的原则。     

Physiological fatigue of smooth muscle contractions in rat urinary bladder

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the physiological fatigue in bladder smooth muscles that can occur within 60 s of stimulation, which is closer to the duration of normal voiding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal and transverse strips of rat bladder were used; the muscles were mounted in an in vitro multi-muscle chamber, and the decline in contractile tension recorded during continuous electrical stimulation at frequencies of 5-30 Hz for 60 s. The effect of muscle length on fatigue was assessed by monitoring the decline in tension during 30 Hz stimulation at rest length, and at 60% and 100% stretched lengths of the bladder strips. To assess some of the factors involved in the development of fatigue, tension responses of fatigued muscles were monitored on exposure to 80 mm potassium or 1 microm bethanechol. RESULTS: In both longitudinal and transverse bladder strips stimulated at 30 Hz, peak contractile tension declined to 50% of original after approximately 33 s, and to 30% after 60 s of stimulation. After 10 s rest, 60% of the original tension was recovered. Increasing the frequency of fatigue stimulation from 5 to 30 Hz significantly increased the extent of the decline in tension and reduced the time to a 50% decrease in tension. Stretching the bladder strips from rest length to 100% stretched length significantly reduced the extent of tension decline and increased the time to a 50% decrease in tension. Exposure of fatigued muscles to high potassium or bethanechol generated more tension than electrical stimulation. CONCLUSION: Contractile fatigue occurs in both longitudinal and transverse strips of the bladder smooth muscles within the duration of normal voiding. Increasing the frequency of stimulation from 5 to 30 Hz increased the degree and rate of fatigue. Stretching the bladder strips from rest length by 60-100% reduced the degree and rate of fatigue. Bladder fatigue may be caused by decreased depolarization of the smooth muscle membranes, reduced release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals, or by other yet undetermined mechanisms.     

经眼轮匝肌下额肌瓣悬吊术矫治重度上睑下垂

目的:使额肌瓣悬吊术矫治上睑下垂,特别是重度上睑下垂的损伤更小,更符合生理功能。方法:根据上睑解剖特点,改进传统的额肌瓣,术式的关键是额肌瓣在眼轮匝肌的深面与眶隔之间分离。结果:临床应用矫治上睑下垂51例63只眼,经过2周至1年的随访,除1只眼过度矫正,14只眼略显矫正不足外,其余48只眼睑裂正常,睑裂弧度自然,术后闭目不全现象3个月后逐渐消失。结论:该术式操作方便,损伤小,术后恢复快,效果可靠持久。     

Longitudinal evaluation of local muscle conditions in a rat model of gastrocnemius muscle injury using an in vivo imaging system

This study aimed to evaluate the time course of local changes during the acute phase of gastrocnemius muscle strain, in a rat model, using an in vivo imaging system. Thirty‐eight, 8‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley male rats were used in our study. Experimental injury of the right gastrocnemius muscle was achieved using the drop‐mass method. After inducing muscle injury, a liposomally formulated indocyanine green derivative (LP‐iDOPE, 7 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. We evaluated the muscle injuries using in vivo imaging, histological examinations, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The fluorescence peaked approximately 18 h after the injury, and decreased thereafter. Histological examinations revealed that repair of the injured tissue occurred between 18 and 24 h after injury. Quantitative analyses for various cytokines demonstrated significant elevations of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α at 3 and 18 h post‐injury, respectively. The time course of fluorescence intensity, measured using in vivo imaging, demonstrated that the changes in cytokine levels and histopathologic characteristics were consistent. Specifically, these changes reached peaked 18 h post‐injury, followed by trends toward recovery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1034–1038, 2015.     

Inhibition of ADAM10 in satellite cells accelerates muscle regeneration following muscle injury

Muscle injury is one of the most common orthopedic and sports disorders. For severe cases, surgical repair may be indicated; however, other than immobilization and the administration of anti‐inflammatory drugs there is currently no effective conservative treatment for this condition. Satellite cells (SCs) are muscle‐specific stem cells and are indispensable for muscle regeneration after muscle injury. SCs are activated upon muscle injury to proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts, which subsequently fuse into myofibers and regenerate the damaged muscle. We have previously shown that ADAM10, a membrane‐anchored proteolytic enzyme, is essential for the maintenance of SC quiescence by activating the Notch signaling pathway in SCs. Because suppression of ADAM10 activity in SCs can activate SC differentiation, we asked whether inactivation of ADAM10 in SCs after muscle injury could enhance muscle regeneration. Using Adam10 conditional knockout mice, in which ADAM10 activity can specifically be suppressed in SCs, we found that partial inactivation of ADAM10 accelerates muscle regeneration after muscle injury. Nearly identical results were obtained by the administration of GI254023X, a selective ADAM10 inhibitor. The findings of the present study thus indicate that transient enhancement of SC differentiation after muscle injury expedites muscle regeneration and that ADAM10 can be a potential molecular target in treating muscle injuries. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2259–2265, 2018.

     

Relative contributions of muscle activation and muscle size to plantarflexor torque during rehabilitation after immobilization.

Muscle atrophy is clearly related to a loss of muscle torque, but the reduction in muscle size cannot entirely account for the decrease in muscle torque. Reduced neural input to muscle has been proposed to account for much of the remaining torque deficits after disuse or immobilization. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relative contributions of voluntary muscle activation failure and muscle atrophy to loss of plantarflexor muscle torque after immobilization. Nine subjects (ages 19-23) years with unilateral ankle malleolar fractures were treated by open reduction-internal fixation and 7 weeks of cast immobilization. Subjects participated in 10 weeks of rehabilitation that focused on both strength and endurance of the plantarflexors. Magnetic resonance imaging, isometric plantarflexor muscle torque and activation (interpolated twitch technique) measurements were performed at 0, 5, and 10 weeks of rehabilitation. Following immobilization, voluntary muscle activation (56.8 +/- 16.3%), maximal cross-sectional area (CSA) (35.3 +/- 7.6 cm(2)), and peak torque (26.2 +/- 12.7 N-m) were all significantly decreased ( p < 0.0056) compared to the uninvolved limb (98.0 +/- 2.3%, 48.0 +/- 6.8 cm(2), and 105.2 +/- 27.0 N-m, respectively). During 10 weeks of rehabilitation, muscle activation alone accounted for 56.1% of the variance in torque ( p < 0.01) and muscle CSA alone accounted for 35.5% of the variance in torque ( p < 0.01). Together, CSA and muscle activation accounted for 61.5% of the variance in torque ( p < 0.01). The greatest gains in muscle activation were made during the first 5 weeks of rehabilitation. Both increases in voluntary muscle activation and muscle hypertrophy contributed to the recovery in muscle strength following immobilization, with large gains in activation during the first 5 weeks of rehabilitation. In contrast, muscle CSA showed fairly comparable gains throughout both the early and later phase of rehabilitation.     

Effect of three anaesthetic techniques on isometric skeletal muscle strength

Background. Our aim was to quantify human involuntary isometricskeletal muscle strength during anaesthesia with propofol, sevoflurane,or spinal anaesthesia using bupivacaine. Methods. Thirty-three healthy patients undergoing anaesthesiafor elective lower limb surgery were investigated. Twenty-twopatients received a general anaesthetic with either propofol(n=12) or sevoflurane (n=10); for the remaining 11 patientsspinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine was used. We used a non-invasivemuscle force assessment system before and during anaesthesiato determine the contractile properties of the ankle dorsiflexormuscles after peroneal nerve stimulation (single, double, triple,and quadruple stimulation). We measured peak torques; contractiontimes; peak rates of torque development and decay; times topeak torque development and decay; half-relaxation times; torquelatencies. Results. Males elicited greater peak torques than females, medians6.3 vs 4.4 Nm, respectively (P=0.0002, Mann-Whitney rank-sumtest). During sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia, muscle strengthdid not differ from pre-anaesthetic values. During spinal anaesthesia,torques were diminished for single-pulse stimulation from 3.5to 2.0 Nm (P=0.002, Wilcoxon signed rank test), and for double-pulsefrom 7.6 to 5.6 Nm (P=0.02). Peak rates of torque developmentdecreased for single-pulse stimulation from 113 to 53 Nm s^–1and for double pulse from 195 to 105 Nm s^–1. Torque latencieswere increased during spinal anaesthesia. Conclusions. At clinically relevant concentrations, propofoland sevoflurane did not influence involuntary isometric skeletalmuscle strength in adults, whereas spinal anaesthesia reducedstrength by about 20%. Muscle strength assessment using a devicesuch as described here provided reliable results and shouldbe considered for use in other scientific investigations toidentify potential effects of anaesthetic agents. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 367–72     

Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of pelvic floor muscle activity when activated directly or via a transversus abdominis muscle contraction

AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of instruction to contract the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), the transversus abdominis (TrA), and the TrA + PFM visualized as displacement of the pelvic floor by ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty female physical therapists, mean age 41.1 years (range 26-56) participated in the study. A 3.5 MHz 35 mm curved linear array ultrasound transducer (Dornier Medtech) was placed in the mid-sagittal plane immediately suprapubically, angled at 15-30 degrees from the vertical depending on subcutaneous fat and anatomical variations, to image the pelvic floor. Six trials of three maneuvers in random order were performed: contraction of PFM, TrA, and TrA + PFM. RESULTS: In spite of correct contractions assessed by palpation and clinical observation, one subject demonstrated a downward movement of the pelvic floor during PFM contraction on ultrasound. Six subjects (30%) showed a downward movement during a TrA- contraction, and two during the combined TrA + PFM contraction. Instruction to contract PFM produced significantly greater mean displacement: 11.2 mm (95% CI 7.2-15.3) than TrA 4.3 mm (95% CI -0.2-8.8), P < 0.01, and combination: 8.5 mm (95% CI 5.2-12), P = 0.04. Hence, instruction of PFM contraction produced a 61.6% greater displacement of the pelvic floor in the correct direction than a TrA contraction. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that ultrasound is a more valid method than palpation and clinical observation to assess PFM function, and that instruction to contract the PFM produces a significantly more effective pelvic floor muscle contraction than instruction to perform a TrA contraction.     

肌肉强度和肌肉质量与绝经后女性骨密度的相关性研究

目的探索绝经后女性肌肉强度和肌肉质量与骨密度相关性。方法分析了2014年3月至2017年8月在我院就诊的340名绝经后妇女。使用双能量X射线吸收测定法检测股骨颈和腰椎骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、全身骨密度和附肢骨骼肌肌肉量(appendicular skeletal muscle,ASM)。ASM指数(ASMI,kg/m~2)按照ASM(kg)除以高度的平方(m~2)计算。测量握力(kg)作为肌肉力量的指标。结果调整ASMI和年龄后(股骨颈标准化偏回归系数β=0. 105,腰椎=0. 116),握力强度与几个骨骼部位BMD呈显著性正相关(P0. 05)。股骨颈和腰椎骨密度的调整平均值显示出握力强度从最低到最高三分位数的显著增加趋势。本研究结果表明肌肉强度与绝经后妇女肌肉量的几个位点的BMD密切相关。无论肌肉大小如何,肌力强健的绝经后妇女都有健康的骨骼状态。结论绝经后女性骨密度和肌肉强度密切相关,与肌肉质量无明显相关性。     

Evaluation of a novel biomaterial for intrasubstance muscle laceration repair.

The authors compare the effects of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) treatment to suture repair with respect to histologic and functional outcomes for complete muscle lacerations in a rabbit model. The authors hypothesized that SIS treatment of full-thickness muscle belly lacerations would significantly improve muscle function, strength, and regeneration compared to the current standard-of-care treatment. Muscle belly lacerations were created in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of both hind limbs of each rabbit. After randomization, lacerations were left unrepaired (n = 48) or repaired using a 4-0 Prolene modified Kessler stitch (n = 48). A flap of SIS graft was sutured into half (n = 24 each) of the repaired and unrepaired muscles forming four study groups. Suture repair with SIS augmentation of complete muscle lacerations resulted in healed tissue that most closely resembled normal muscle in terms of morphology and function when compared to current standard-of-care treatments. Active force production in this group reached 79% of uninjured controls 12 weeks after surgery. SIS may have important clinical advantages over suture repair alone and warrants further clinical study.     

Exposure to radial extracorporeal shockwaves induces muscle regeneration after muscle injury in a surgical rat model

The leading cause of training interruption in sport is a muscle injury, for which the standard treatment is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To find alternative treatments, we investigated whether the radial extracorporeal shockwave application (rESWT) could stimulate muscle regeneration. A lesion with complete rupture (grade III muscle tear) was set in the musculus rectus femoris of 12-week-old Wistar rats, and the NSAID diclofenac, rESWT, or a combined therapy were applied on day 0, 3, and 5 directly following the surgery. Rats were euthanized at 2, 4, and 7 days after surgery and the area of muscle lesion was excised for histological and gene expression analysis to determine the progress in the healing of damaged fibers and tissue regeneration. The best effect on muscle regeneration was observed in the group treated with rESWT alone. Monotherapy by diclofenac showed a smaller but still positive effect and lowest effects were detected when both therapies were applied. rESWT alone demonstrated a significant upregulation of the muscle markers MyoD and myosin. The presence of myosin gene expression indicated newly formed muscle fibers, which was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Seven days after injury the amount of mononucleated cell decreased and regenerating fibers could be detected. This effect is most pronounced in the group treated with rESWT alone. In our study, shockwaves demonstrated the best effect on muscle regeneration. Therefore, we recommend prospective clinical studies to analyze the effect of rESWT after sports trauma to improve muscle regeneration and to shorten the rehabilitation.     

Upper limb muscle imbalance in tennis elbow: A functional and electromyographic assessment

The purpose of this study was to investigate strength, fatigability, and activity of upper limb musculature to elucidate the role of muscular imbalance in the pathophysiology of tennis elbow. Sixteen patients clinically diagnosed with tennis elbow, recruited from a university hospital upper limb orthopedic clinic, were compared with 16 control subjects with no history of upper limb musculoskeletal problem, recruited from university students and staff. Muscle strength was measured for grip, metacarpophalangeal, wrist, and shoulder on both sides. Electromyographic activity (RMS amplitude) and fatigue characteristics (median frequency slope) of five forearm and two shoulder muscles were measured during isometric contraction at 50% maximum voluntary contraction. All strength measurements showed dominance difference in C, but none in TE. In tennis elbow compared to controls, hand/wrist and shoulder strength and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) activity were reduced (p < 0.05), while fatigue was normal. A global upper limb weakness exists in tennis elbow. This may be due to disuse and deconditioning syndrome caused by fear avoidance, and needs to be addressed in prevention and treatment. Activation imbalance among forearm muscles (reduced extensor carpi radialis activity) in tennis elbow, probably due to protective pain‐related inhibition, could lead to a widespread upper limb muscle imbalance. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1651–1657, 2007     

小切口手术治疗臀肌挛缩症

1994年1月-2006年12月,我院采用小切口手术治疗臀肌挛缩症85例,疗效满意。     

Osteosarcoma with skeletal muscle metastasis

Osteosarcoma usually metastasizes to the lung or the bone, but very rarely to the soft tissue. There have been few reports of osteosarcoma patients with long-term survival after the soft tissue metastasis. We report a case of osteosarcoma in a 18-year-old man, who presented with a solitary skeletal muscle metastasis in the right vastus lateralis as the second relapse of the disease. The patient underwent excision surgery without adjuvant chemotherapy, and remains free of the disease for over 34 months after the surgery.     

Recovery of impaired muscle function in severe sciatica

This is a prospective cohort study of patients with acute treated severe sciatica. The objectives of the study are, firstly, to describe the recovery of muscle performance by manual and isokinetic muscle testing in patients with acute severe sciatica over 1 year, and secondly, to discuss the potential clinical relevance of the isokinetic testing of the ankle for patients with acute sciatica. In clinical daily practice, muscle performance is evaluated by means of isometric manual tests. Different authors using manual muscle tests have reported the long-term outcome of the muscle function in patients with sciatica. Overall, the results are good in terms of the recovery of muscle strength. However, it is not clear whether the isometric strength is sufficiently relevant to evaluate the more complete muscle performance of the affected muscles in patients with sciatica. This study presents data on the muscle recovery measured with manual testing and isokinetic testing of patients with severe sciatica. Consecutive patients admitted to the Cantonal Hospital for conservative management of severe acute sciatica were eligible for inclusion in the study. Patients were evaluated at admission, discharge, and follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. All the visits included a standardized clinical examination and the completion of questionnaires. Imaging and electromyography were conducted at the first visit. Isokinetic muscle tests at 30 degrees/s and 120 degrees/s were performed at discharge and follow-up visits. Manual and isokinetic tests were performed on foot and ankle flexor and extensor muscles. Eighty-two consecutive patients (66% men), with a mean age of 43 (+/-10.3) years, entered the study. The prevalence of major muscle weakness was low, with 7% of patients unable to perform toe walking and 11% unable to walk on the heel at visit one. Moreover, motor deficit defined as a score of 4 or less (out of 5) was found in 15% of subjects at the first evaluation. Such severe deficits were not found during the last three visits. The isokinetic tests showed a higher prevalence of muscle function impairment. At visit 5, the isokinetic test showed impaired muscle function recovery from 23% to 32%, while the manual test showed almost full recovery. The issues of agreement between manual and isokinetic muscle testing are discussed. In this selected and homogeneous cohort of patients, the prevalence of motor deficit was rather low and the outcome excellent according to the results of the manual testing. Isokinetic muscle tests showed a higher prevalence of deficit and a much slower recovery. The manual muscle test is a crude clinical test. For more indepth muscle performance evaluation, additional testing may be necessary, especially for those patients with physically demanding jobs or activities.     

先天性眼球震颤眼外肌的超微病理变化

目的：电镜下观察先天性眼球震颤患者眼外肌超微结构，探讨先天性眼球震颤发病过程中的眼外肌超微结构变化。方法：利用电镜观察4例先天性水平型眼球震颤患者内、外直肌的超微结构。结果：①部分肌纤维溶解，胶原纤维增生，形成横向、纵向肌纤维及胶原纤维交错排列的混乱结构；部分肌纤维断裂，断端糖原及线粒体增多。②肌棱内、外囊不同程度的溶解消失，有髓神经纤维脱髓鞘，神经轴突内细胞器成分溶解，梭内肌纤维变性萎缩，神经末梢与梭内肌纤维失去正常的突触结构。结论：先天性情眼球震颤患者眼外肌纤维异常，可影响其收缩牵拉眼球运动的功能；眼外肌肌梭结构异常，可影响肌梭对牵拉力的敏感性，影响眼球本体感受信息的传入，使眼球产生和维持固视功能障碍。     

Cavernous hemangioma of the temporal muscle

Intramuscular cavernous hemangiomas are often found in the brain, but they are uncommon in the muscles of the head and neck region, with the masseter being the most frequent, followed by the trapezius and sternocleidomastoideus. Such a lesion in the temporal muscle is an extremely unusual situation. A 55-year-old man presented with intermittent headaches and painless swelling of the right temple region brought on by stress and bending forward. On MRI, T1-weighted imaging with enhancement after contrast medium showed a low signal-intense, fat-free lesion restricted to the temporal muscle. T2 weighting showed a hyperintense, high fluid content, low-flow lesion. There was no progression within 2 years. No resection was performed. In planning a treatment approach, one must bear in mind that cavernous hemangiomas in the temporal muscle or other muscles of the head and neck can be clinically distinguished from the more aggressive capillary ones. Complications are extremely rare (hemorrhage or functional deficits). These cavernomas should simply be followed up and only resected in case of any problems (cosmetic, neurological deficits). Electronic Publication