非结构化四面体单元用于搅拌设备流场的计算

采用非结构化四面体单元,利用滑移网格技术模拟了搅拌设备内的非定常流场。通过搅拌桨叶端时均速度、功率准数与实验值的对比,量化考察了不同因素对计算精度的影响,指出了建模过程中网格划分和参数设置应遵循的原则,为非结构化四面体单元进一步用于搅拌设备CFD分析提供了可靠的理论依据,从而为基于CFD技术的具有复杂型面的新型搅拌桨的开发打下基础。     

*研究快报* 通过Bergman环化聚合反应合成侧链含有苯丙氨酸的手性聚合物

以直径为140 mm水力旋流器作为研究对象,采用计算流体力学（CFD）技术对旋流器内部流场进行数值模拟,并对所建立的模型进行激光粒子图像测速（PIV）实验验证。基于数值模拟和实验结果,分析了旋流器内部压力、切向速度、轴向速度和径向速度的分布。利用PIV技术对旋流器内部流场进行测量,考察了不同入口速度下旋流器圆柱段区域瞬态速度场。通过对比数值计算与测试结果表明：CFD模拟可以有效预测水力旋流器内部流场分布,帮助探索旋流器内的流动状态和分离机理;利用PIV技术测量旋流器内部流动特性和速度分布,其测量结果与CFD计算结果吻合良好,验证了数值模型的准确性。     

双层涡轮桨搅拌槽内混合过程的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件对双层六直叶涡轮桨搅拌槽内的混合过程进行了数值模拟,选用RNG标准κ-ε模型及多重参考系法(MRF),通过改变网格策略,增加网格数量,并降低浓度收敛残差的方法,将速度场与浓度场方程分开求解,预测了不同的加料点、监测点位置及操作条件对混合时间的影响规律。模拟结果表明:搅拌功率的模拟值与实验值吻合良好,但由于模型基于各向同性的假设,且双层六直叶涡轮桨两桨之间子域的存在,混合时间的模拟结果与实验值有较大的误差。     

搅拌桨内部三元流动计算

对计算叶轮机械内部三元流动的任定准正交面法略加个性后，用于计算搅拌桨内部的流动。计算所得的桨叶排出流的三维速度分布与实验结果大体一致。计算结果表明，不同转速下的桨叶排出流的无因次轴向速度分布是重合的，桨叶直径，叶片安放角，盘面比，轮毂比对桨叶排出流的速度分布的均有影响。     

Ⅱ型轴流VAD的CAD及流场分析

目的：近年来随着心脏外科的发展，心脏移植的大量涌现，作为心脏辅助桥梁过渡的心室辅助装置（ventricular assistant device，VAD）的研究再次掀起高潮；而机电工程、材料技术的发展，又使VAD的实现逐渐成为可能。目前我国所研制的VAD不能应用于临床的最大障碍是VAD主体-血泵的血液相容性问题没有很好地解决．切确地讲VAD应用时的溶、凝血问题是目前国内、外VAD研制的一个难题。方法：本文中我们采用计算机辅助设计（CAD）工具设计Ⅱ型轴流VAD，用有限元计算方法进行泵内流场分析（CFD）的方法对VAD进行血液相容性研究。结果：（1）VAD的压力流量输出可以满足心室辅助的要求；（2）流场中的最大剪切率出现在叶轮入口的地方。在整个叶轮端面保持了较高的剪切率。而且随着转速升高。剪切率增大；流量增加，剪切率也增大；（3）在叶轮相对径向流速以较高速度旋转时．在入口附近．流场保持层流状态；接近转子时、流体开始加速．同时具有周向剪切速度；由于叶轮与转子连接部位具有不对称性．转子和泵壁之间的流场出现了不对称性，中下壁面出现较大波动，而在其对称面上没有出现波动；在叶轮附近．流场发生着剧烈的变化。同时随转速的不同．流动呈现不同的流动状态；在靠近轮毂的地方会出现湍流。叶片之间出现较大的分离涡流，流场剧烈波动；在出口导流叶片与叶轮的相接区域，流动出现局部回流，在狭窄的交接区域。出现流动滞止；流体进入导流叶片时．由于导叶端面有较大的几何形状变化，流动方向在此急剧变化会引起流动分离，从而影响了出口流速和流动的稳定性；（4）从流场显示中观察到叶轮与出口导叶片接触端面压力变化剧烈。结论：出口、叶轮内部及与其与出口导叶片连接部分、出口导叶片内部流场不稳定容易形成涡流和流动停滞，容易形成血栓；叶轮与出口导叶片连接端面以及叶轮内部剪切力较高，容易产生溶血。     

生物搅拌反应器的CFD模拟及在肌苷发酵中的应用

通过改变搅拌桨叶间距,对50 L的气液搅拌生物反应器在指定转速、每升发酵液中每分钟通入空气1 L条件下的搅拌流场、剪切力、空气体积分率进行模拟,从流体力学角度对反应器进行了优化。将模拟优化结果用于实际肌苷发酵过程中,结果表明:计算流体力学(CFD)模拟优化后的搅拌桨位置能改善发酵罐内部的流场和气体分布,从而对菌体代谢和肌苷合成产生影响,使每升发酵液的产苷量提高了4.06 g。     

多层桨搅拌槽内的宏观混合特性

在直径为0.476 m的搅拌槽内,采用电导法测定搅拌槽内单层桨和多层桨体系的混合时间。对于单层桨体系,在相同的搅拌输入功率下,不同类型的径向流桨和轴向流桨具有相同的混合时间。对于窄叶翼型CBY搅拌桨,在相同的搅拌输入功率下,单层、双层以及三层CBY搅拌桨的混合时间基本相同;而对于六直叶涡轮桨DT-6,在相同的搅拌输入功率下其混合时间随桨叶层数的增加而加长;多层CBY桨的混合时间远低于多层DT-6搅拌桨的混合时间。     

硫酸铵工业尺寸结晶器的拉哥朗日多相CFD模拟

反应器内流体的流动行为和硫酸铵晶体粒子的悬浮情况,是设计工业生产硫酸铵反应器的关键。通过测定硫酸铵晶体的粒度分布（CSD）,计算出硫酸铵晶体粒子恰好悬浮时的搅拌速率为100 r/min。针对一个为实际工业生产设计的连续结晶器,进行计算流体力学（CFD）模拟,得到其稳定的单相流场,并与200 r/min搅拌速率的流场进行对比。引入拉哥朗日离散相模型,进行两相流CFD模拟,验证不同粒度的硫酸铵晶体粒子在100 r/min搅拌速率下在连续结晶器内的悬浮效果。模拟结果表明设计的硫酸铵连续结晶器是合理的。     

II型轴流VAD的CAD及流场分析

目的:近年来随着心脏外科的发展,心脏移植的大量涌现,作为心脏辅助桥梁过渡的心室辅助装置(ventricular assistant device,VAD)的研究再次掀起高潮;而机电工程、材料技术的发展,又使VAD的实现逐渐成为可能。目前我国所研制的VAD不能应用于临床的最大障碍是VAD主体-血泵的血液相容性问题没有很好地解决,切确地讲VAD应用时的溶、凝血问题是目前国内、外VAD研制的一个难题。方法:本文中我们采用计算机辅助设计(CAD)工具设计型轴流VAD,用有限元计算方法进行泵内流场分析(CFD)的方法对VAD进行血液相容性研究。结果:(1)VAD的压力流量输出可以满足心室辅助的要求;(2)流场中的最大剪切率出现在叶轮入口的地方,在整个叶轮端面保持了较高的剪切率,而且随着转速升高,剪切率增大;流量增加,剪切率也增大;(3)在叶轮相对径向流速以较高速度旋转时,在入口附近,流场保持层流状态;接近转子时,流体开始加速,同时具有周向剪切速度;由于叶轮与转子连接部位具有不对称性,转子和泵壁之间的流场出现了不对称性,中下壁面出现较大波动,而在其对称面上没有出现波动;在叶轮附近,流场发生着剧烈的变化,同时随转速的不同,流动呈现不同的流动状态;在靠近轮毂的地方会出现湍流,叶片之间出现较大的分离涡流,流场剧烈波动;在出口导流叶片与叶轮的相接区域,流动出现局部回流,在狭窄的交接区域,出现流动滞止;流体进入导流叶片时,由于导叶端面有较大的几何形状变化,流动方向在此急剧变化会引起流动分离,从而影响了出口流速和流动的稳定性;(4)从流场显示中观察到叶轮与出口导叶片接触端面压力变化剧烈。结论:出口、叶轮内部及与其与出口导叶片连接部分、出口导叶片内部流场不稳定容易形成涡流和流动停滞,容易形成血栓;叶轮与出口导叶片连接端面以及叶轮内部剪切力较高,容易产生溶血。     

工业结晶器内流体流动过程的数值模拟

对某无机盐工业结晶反应器中的流体流动过程进行了三维数值模拟,采用多重参考系法(MRF)及标准k-ε模型,分析了桨型、转速、桨的安装高度对结晶器流场的影响情况。计算结果表明：速度分布主要集中于内导流筒内部以及内、外导流筒之间的区域,相应地,结晶器被粗略地划分为对反应结晶过程具有不同作用的两个区域——内导流筒内速度较大的循环区和外导流筒外速度较小的沉降区。通过对循环区和沉降区的速度分布比较,认为推进式搅拌桨的流体流场速度云分布均一性要好于其他型式的搅拌桨,其最佳安装高度为3.5～5.7 m。在合适的搅拌速率下,结晶器沉降区的流体流动速率具有均匀向上的特点,可以有效带出部分小粒子,有利于获得大粒度产品。通过流动过程的数值模拟获得详细的流场分布及操作参数,为结晶器结构和操作参数优化提供了理论指导。实践表明：优化后的产品粒度显著提高,产品中大于0.2 mm的粒子从优化前的不足50%提高到优化后的90%以上,干燥产品的天然气消耗从优化前的22 m3/t降低到优化后的15 m3/t,节能降耗效果显著.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.