Fascia iliaca compartment block reduces emergence agitation by providing effective analgesic properties in children

Study Objective

To determine whether fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) reduces emergence agitation.

Design

Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial.

Setting

Operating room and Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) of a university hospital.

Patients

64 ASA physical status 1 and 2 pediatric patients aged three to 7 years, scheduled for orthopedic surgery involving the anterior or lateral thigh.

Interventions

Patients enrolled in the FICB group received FICB immediately after the operation, while control group patients received intravenous (IV) patient/parent-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl.

Measurements

Severity of agitation and pain were evaluated using the Pediatric Agitation and Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS). Data were collected at 10-minute intervals in the PACU. The results were analyzed using the t-test.

Main Results

PAED scores in the FICB group were significantly lower than those of the control group on arrival at the PACU (7.3 ± 2.9 vs 10.4 ± 3.2, P < 0.001). The FICB group also had significantly lower CHEOPS pain scores than the control group, both on arrival at the PACU and 10 minutes after arrival (6.4 ± 1.5 vs 10.4 ± 1.8, P < 0.001 and 6.7 ± 1.6 vs 8.0 ± 1.4, P = 0.009, respectively).

Conclusion

In children having surgery on the thigh, FICB effectively reduced the severity of emergence agitation and postoperative pain during the immediate postoperative period.     

Psoas compartment block in children: Part I--description of the technique

BACKGROUND: Until recently only small series of psoas compartment blocks (PCB) in children have been reported. A high incidence of epidural spread as an important side effect was noted. A series of 100 consecutive blocks using new standardized landmarks is reported. METHODS: In 100 consecutive children (5.9-106 kg) PCB was performed using a nerve stimulator. In the lateral position, the needle was inserted between the medial 2/3 and the lateral 1/3 on a line from the spinous process of L4 to the posterior superior iliac spine. The blocks were performed by residents in training under supervision of one specific designated pediatric anesthetist. RESULTS: All blocks were clinically successful. In 64% only one attempt was necessary, in 26 patients two attempts were necessary and in 10 patients more than two attempts were necessary. In 16% a vascular puncture occurred. In one patient with a dense unilateral block a partial epidural spread occurred. No serious complications were observed during the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The described new technique has a very high success rate with no relevant side effects. Although only one case of epidural spread occurred, PCB remains an invasive technique with the potential for serious complications.     

应用MRI研究创伤后骨筋膜室压力与骨骼肌纤维化修复的关系

目的应用MRI研究创伤后骨筋膜室压力与骨骼肌纤维化修复以及远期患肢功能的关系。方法选取36例具有完整骨筋膜室压力数据并行骨折切开复位内固定术的患者,在内固定物取出术后2个月进行MRI检查,评估骨骼肌纤维化修复的情况。末次随访时,分别采用DASH评价系统及IOWA评分系统评估患肢功能的恢复情况,并进行统计学分析。结果患者均获得骨性愈合,并顺利完成内固定物取出术及MRI检查,经过软件测量及统计学分析,患侧/健侧肌肉体积比和患侧/健侧肌肉T2WI信号比与骨筋膜室压力的最高值、ΔP(舒张压减去患肢的骨筋膜室压力)的最低值、骨筋膜室压力的累积值以及ΔP的累积值均相关,且与ΔP的累积值相关度最高。患肢功能评分为75~98分,与患侧/健侧肌肉体积比和T2WI信号比的Pearson积距相关系数分别为0.735和-0.799。结论骨骼肌的纤维化修复与骨筋膜室压力,尤其是ΔP的累积值密切相关。     

改良髂筋膜间隙联合腘窝坐骨神经阻滞在单侧大隐静脉曲张手术中的应用

目的观察改良髂筋膜间隙联合腘窝坐骨神经阻滞在单侧大隐静脉曲张手术中的麻醉效果。方法选择择期行单侧大隐静脉高位结扎加抽剥术患者60例,男32例,女28例,年龄42~76岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将其分为改良髂筋膜间隙联合腘窝坐骨神经阻滞组(N组)和硬膜外阻滞组(E组),每组30例。N组先行腘窝坐骨神经阻滞,再在超声图像上确认髂筋膜和股神经位置,先行股神经阻滞,再在同一穿刺点从缝匠肌内侧缘开始,由外向内沿髂筋膜下给1%利多卡因10ml和0.5%罗哌卡因10ml,同时超声探头在腹股沟韧带水平向内移动,内侧达股动脉上方;E组采用L2~3间隙行硬膜外阻滞。记录两组阻滞前(T0)、阻滞后10min(T1)、30min(T2)、60min(T3)的SBP、DBP及HR;记录两组阻滞完成时间、感觉阻滞起效时间、术中麻黄碱使用情况、麻醉效果及术后48h恶心呕吐、头痛及尿潴留发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T2时E组的SBP和DBP明显降低(P0.05),T2时N组SBP和DBP明显高于E组(P0.05);N组感觉阻滞起效时间明显短于E组、术中麻黄碱使用率明显低于E组(P0.05);E组整体麻醉效果优于N组(P0.05),但两组麻醉效果优良率差异无统计学意义;术后48hN组尿潴留发生率明显低于E组(P0.05)。结论改良髂筋膜间隙联合腘窝坐骨神经阻滞用于单侧大隐静脉高位结扎加抽剥术中,麻醉效果良好,较硬膜外阻滞具有血流动力学影响小、术后并发症少及适应证更广等优点。     

Psoas compartment block for operative reduction of hip fracture in a patient with increased intracranial pressure due to inoperable brain tumor

General and neuraxial anesthesia in patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) who present for non-neurosurgical surgery may cause life-threatening changes in ICP, with possible fatal outcome. Peripheral nerve blocks may be a safe alternative technique for limb surgery. The successful use of psoas compartment block for operative reduction of a hip fracture in a patient with increased ICP due to an inoperable brain tumor is presented.     

高龄患者下肢手术行外周神经阻滞效果分析

目的：在老年患者下肢手术过程中分别采用硬膜外麻醉与外周神经阻滞两种方法,并观察这两种麻醉方法的麻醉效果和安全性。方法选取2013年1月~2014年1月因下肢外伤就诊于我院的老年患者24例。按随机分组的方法分为外周神经阻滞组和硬膜外麻醉组,每组12例。外周神经阻滞组：在神经刺激器引导下行后路腰丛及坐骨神经阻滞。硬膜外麻醉组常规硬膜外麻醉。结果两组手术麻醉效果无显著差异（P＞0.05）。血流动力学改变：外周神经阻滞组患者阻滞前后及术毕均无明显波动,麻醉后15,30min两组心率、收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压均有显著差异（P＜0.05）。镇痛时间：外周神经阻滞组明显长于硬膜外阻滞组。外周神经阻滞组起效时间明显短于硬膜外阻滞组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。外周神经阻滞组维持时间长于硬膜外阻滞组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。运动神经阻滞：外周神经阻滞组起效时间、维持时间均短于硬膜外阻滞,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论外周神经阻滞可安全有效地应用于80岁以上高龄老人下肢手术。     

超声引导下髂腰肌平面阻滞与髂筋膜间隙阻滞在髋关节置换围术期镇痛效果的比较

目的 比较超声引导下髂腰肌平面阻滞与髂筋膜间隙阻滞在髋关节置换围术期镇痛效果。方法 选择择期行单侧髋关节置换术患者50例,男28例,女22例,年龄18～95岁,BMI 17～35 kg/m²,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：髂腰肌平面阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和髂筋膜间隙阻滞组(S组),每组25例。Ⅰ组在髂股韧带和髂腰肌之间注射0.3%罗哌卡因10 ml, S组在腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜间隙注射0.3%罗哌卡因40 ml。术后采用舒芬太尼行患者自控静脉镇痛,VAS疼痛评分≥4分时,静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg补救镇痛。记录神经阻滞操作时间、起效时间。记录术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量和舒芬太尼追加次数、术后2、6、8、12和24 h静息和活动(抬髋15°)时VAS疼痛评分、术后24 h镇痛泵有效按压次数和总按压次数、术后24 h舒芬太尼用量和补救镇痛情况。记录术后恶心呕吐、谵妄、感染、局麻药中毒和股四头肌无力发生情况。结果 与S组比较,Ⅰ组神经阻滞操作时间和起效时间明显缩短,术中舒芬太尼追加率、术后8 h活动时VAS疼痛评分、术后股四头肌无力发生率明显降低(P<0....     

Psoas compartment block (PCB) in children: Part II--generation of an institutional learning curve with a new technique

BACKGROUND: Literature concerning institutional learning processes for anesthesia procedures in pediatric anesthesia is rare. Until recently only small series of psoas compartment blocks (PCB) in children have been reported. We report on a series of 100 consecutive blocks using new landmarks and the institutional learning process. METHODS: In 100 consecutive children (5.9-106 kg) PCB was performed using a nerve stimulator. In the lateral position, the needle was inserted between the medial 2/3 and the lateral 1/3 on a line from the spinous process of L4 to the posterior superior iliac spine. Residents unfamiliar with PCB were instructed by one single staff member without manual intervention. Failure was defined as a bloody tap, more than one skin perforation with the needle or relinquishing the procedure to senior staff. To evaluate the institutional learning process the cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistical technique was used. CUSUM analysis was performed using an acceptable failure rate of 10%. A learning curve using a bootstrap technique and a least square fit model was also used. RESULTS: Although all blocks were clinically successful, only in 64% was a single attempt sufficient. In 16% vascular puncture occurred. Surprisingly the CUSUM analysis showed a clear institutional learning phenomenon. Applying a strict definition for a successful block, more than 100 PCB in an institution may be necessary. Using the generated learning curve, for a success rate of 70% a case load of at least 55 attempts is required. CONCLUSIONS: Although the described new technique had a very high success rate with a low complication rate, PCB in children is not easily implemented into clinical practice when strict criteria of success were used, despite a well-controlled environment. Training programs could use CUSUM to track the progress of their institutional learning in order to guarantee adequate experience.     

超声引导下改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞在老年股骨近端骨折麻醉中的应用

目的观察超声引导下改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞在老年股骨近端骨折手术中的麻醉效果。方法选择股骨近端骨折拟行人工股骨头置换术或股骨近端髓内钉手术的老年患者60例,男22例,女38例,年龄65~99岁,BMI 18.6~29.7kg/m2,ASAⅠ-Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法将其分为两组:单纯全麻组(GA组)和全麻联合神经阻滞组(GB组),每组30例。两组均给予咪达唑仑、依托咪酯、舒芬太尼及顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导后行喉罩全麻,GB组在全麻后,经超声引导给予0.5%罗哌卡因30ml进行改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞。记录入室时(T0)、置入人工气道即刻(T1)、手术开始5min(T2)、手术结束时(T3)的HR、SBP、DBP;记录术中麻醉药物的用量、手术时间、麻醉苏醒时间、人工气道拔除时间、拔除30min和出恢复室时的Ramsay镇静评分;记录术后第一次补救镇痛时间、补救镇痛使用次数、血管活性药物使用总次数;记录术后2、6、12、24和48h静息和咳嗽时的视觉模拟疼痛(VAS)评分。记录术后48h恶心、呕吐发生情况。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组HR明显减慢,SBP、DBP均明显降低,T2时GA组SBP明显升高(P0.05)。与GA组比较,GB组麻醉过程中舒芬太尼、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量明显减少(P0.05),苏醒时间、人工气道拔除时间明显缩短(P0.05),拔管30min时Ramsay镇静评分明显降低(P0.05),第一次补救镇痛时间明显延长(P0.05),补救镇痛使用次数和血管活性药物使用总次数明显减少(P0.05),术后2、6和12h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分均明显降低(P0.05)。两组术后恶心呕吐差异无统计学意义。结论在老年股骨近端骨折手术中采用全麻联合改良髂筋膜间隙阻滞,具有术中减少全麻药物的用量、术后恢复佳、术后镇痛效果好等优点。     

Systematic review of the effects of fascia iliaca compartment block on hip fracture patients before operation

Background

Fascia iliaca compartment block is used for hip fractures in order to reduce pain, the need for systemic analgesia, and prevent delirium, on this basis. This systematic review was conducted to investigate the analgesic and adverse effects of fascia iliaca block on hip fracture in adults when applied before operation.

右美托咪啶对后腹腔镜手术术后恢复的影响

目的 观察右美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine,DEX)对行后腹腔镜手术患者术后恢复以及麻醉并发症的影响.方法 选择择期后腹腔镜手术40例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),抽签法随机分成实验组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组20例.D组患者给予0.5μg/kg DEX泵注10 min,C组患者给予相同剂量生理盐水,随后行常规诱...     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年胸科手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外阻滞对老年患者行胸科手术时全麻苏醒期躁动(emergence agitation,EA)的影响.方法 择期行胸科手术的老年患者40例,ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级.其中男23例,女17例,年龄65岁～78岁,均为食道癌和肺癌患者.将40例患者用完全随机法分为两组(每组20例),分别给予全麻复合硬膜外麻醉(A组)...     

蛛网膜下腔注射罗哌卡因与布比卡因运动神经阻滞效力的比较

Objective To determine the median effective doae (ED50) for motor block after intrathecal ropivacaine and bupivacaine. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-64, weighing 46-75 kg, undergoing elective urological surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, were randomized into 2 groups ( n = 30each) receiving intrathecal 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine respectively. The ED50 was determined by up-down sequential allocation. The initial dose was 4 mg. Each time the dose increased/decreased by 1 mg. Efficacy was determined by the occurrence of any motor block in either lower extremity (modified Bromage scale > 0)within 5 or 10 min after the spinal injection. Results The intrathecal ED50 for motor block was 6.68 mg for ropivacaine (95% confidence interval 6.27-7.13 mg) and 4.07 mg for bupivacaine (95% confidence interval 3.56-4.47mg) . The relative motor blocking potency ratio was ropivacaine/bupivacaine 0.61. Conclusion The potency of intrathecal ropivacaine is lower than that of bupivacaine for motor block.     

超声引导下腰方肌阻滞与髂筋膜间隙阻滞在老年髋关节术后镇痛的比较

目的比较腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)和髂筋膜间隙阻滞(fasciailiaca compartment block,FICB)在老年髋关节置换术的镇痛效果。方法选择择期拟行腰麻下全髋关节置换术的老年患者55例,男22例,女33例,年龄65～85岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为QLB组(n=28)和FICB组(n=27)。术后分别于超声引导下行QLB和FICB,予0.375%罗哌卡因30ml。所有患者术后行舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛。记录术后6、12、24、48h镇痛泵按压次数及舒芬太尼用量;记录静息及运动时VAS疼痛评分;记录术后恶心呕吐、眩晕等不良反应情况。结果术后12、24、48h QLB组镇痛泵按压次数及舒芬太尼用量明显少于FICB组(P0.05);术后12、24、48hQLB组运动时VAS评分明显低于FICB组(P0.05),两组不同时点静息时VAS评分差异无统计学意义;QLB组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于FICB组[2(7.1%)vs 9(33.3%),P0.05]。结论腰方肌阻滞较髂筋膜间隙阻滞更能明显减轻髋关节置换术后活动痛,减少阿片类药物的使用及不良反应发生率。     

Propofol emulsion for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. A combined technique of general and regional anaesthesia

To provide general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation during regional blockades, three dose regimens of propofol emulsion were studied: induction 2 mg kg-1, infusion rate 9 mg kg-1 h-1 (Group 1); induction 2.5 mg kg-1, infusion rate 12 mg kg-1 h-1 (Group 2); induction 2.5 mg kg-1, infusion rate 9 mg kg-1 (Group 3). Each group comprised 10 healthy (ASA class 1 or 2) unpremedicated patients. The induction times measured from the start of injection until counting ceased (+/- 50 s) and until eye-lash reflex disappeared (+/- 80 s) showed no statistical differences between groups. In five patients in Group 1 and one patient in each of Groups 2 and 3 the induction dose was too low for intubation. Pain on injection was seen in 13 cases (mild 6, moderate 6 and severe 1). Cough accompanied by hypersalivation was the most important side-effect. Recovery times varied widely and showed no statistical differences. Answering simple questions was possible after 14 min in Group 1, 23 min in Group 2 and 19 min in Group 3. Apart from a short period of euphoria, recovery was uneventful. There was no tendency to fall asleep again. None of the combinations of induction doses and infusion rates provided good anaesthesia conditions for an acceptable number of patients.     

Measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in intensive care units in the United Kingdom: a national postal questionnaire study

Background. To explore the attitudes of intensivists in theUK to intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) measurement and abdominalcompartment syndrome (ACS) and to determine current practice. Methods. A postal questionnaire study addressed to the leadclinician in the intensive care unit was sent to hospitals inthe UK with a general surgical service. Results. Completed questionnaires were received from 137 ofthe 207 hospitals surveyed (66.2% response rate). Only 1.5%of the respondents (n=2) had no prior knowledge of intra-abdominalhypertension and ACS. IAP had been measured on some occasionby 75.9% (n=104) of the respondents, always by the intravesicalroute. Among those intensive care units that measured IAP, in93.2% (n=97) it was only measured when there was a suspicionof the development of ACS; 3.8% of units (n=4) measured IAPon all patients who had undergone an emergency laparotomy, and2.9% (n=3) measured IAP only in those who had undergone emergencylaparotomy associated with massive fluid resuscitation. Therewas major disparity in the frequency of IAP measurement andwhen to recommend abdominal decompression. Conclusions. Despite widespread awareness of IAH and the ACS,many intensive care units never measure the IAP. When it ismeasured, the intravesical route is used exclusively. No consensusexists on optimal timing of measurement or when decompressivelaparotomy should be performed.      

Intra-abdominal pressure measurement: validation of intragastric pressure as a measure of intra-abdominal pressure

Background: The diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome depends uponthe demonstration of an elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP).Direct measures of IAP are impractical in the critical careunit; intravesical pressure (IVP) and intragastric pressure(IGP) should represent acceptable surrogate measures. IVP isthe preferred measure of IAP in critical care. We consideredthat IGP represents a practical alternative. The objective ofthis preliminary study was to observe the relationship betweenIGP and IAP. Methods: After Institutional Ethics Board approval, 29 patients havingelective laparoscopic surgery were recruited. IAP was measureddirectly via the abdominal trochar. This was compared with IGPmeasured via a commercial balloon catheter placed into the stomach. Results: Measured IGP was always more positive than IAP; both showedlinear correlation (r²>0.9). When IGP was calibrated againstIAP, an estimated difference between the IGP and IAP of ±2.5 mm Hg for 95% of the measurements was seen. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the strength of the relationship betweenIGP and IAP in normal individuals. Application of IGP measurementin the critical care patient is necessary to demonstrate itssuitability for continuous IAP assessment.     

Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block: clinical efficacy, technical problems and bupivacaine plasma concentrations

Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block with a single dose of 0.5% bupivacaine 1.25 mg/kg, continued with an infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine 0.25 mg/kg/h, was performed on 24 patients to provide analgesia during shoulder surgery and in the postoperative period. The drugs for general anaesthesia included glycopyrrolate, thiopentone, vecuronium, enflurane and N2O/O2. All patients had signs of regional analgesia 30 min after the block without haemodynamic problems. The infusion of local anaesthetic was interrupted in six patients because of a failure in catheter function. Of the remaining 18 patients, nine needed no complementary analgesics and nine patients received, on average, 1.6 doses of oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg/dose) during a 24-h period. Displacement of the interscalene catheters could be prevented by a fixation suture to the skin. Two patients noted a metallic taste during the bupivacaine infusion. The most common complaints were numbness of the hand (n = 15) and hoarseness (n = 5). The mean (+/- s.e.mean) plasma concentrations of bupivacaine at 30, 60, 180 min and 24 h were 0.68 +/- 0.06, 0.62 +/- 0.05, 0.52 +/- 0.04 and 0.76 +/- 0.01 micrograms/ml, respectively. During the 24-h period, the alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentration (mean +/- s.e.mean) in plasma rose from 0.41 +/- 0.04 g/l to 0.54 +/- 0.04 g/l (P less than 0.001). The concentration of free bupivacaine was below detectable levels (less than 0.01 micrograms/ml) after the 24-h infusion. The rise in AAG probably increases binding of bupivacaine to plasma proteins, diminishing the risk of systemic toxicity.