HPLC法测定头孢克洛原料、头孢克洛片的含量

采用HPLC法定量测定头孢克洛原料、头孢克洛片的含量。以NuclesoilC18柱为分析柱 ,0 .1mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH =4 .5) -乙腈 (94 0∶60 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 54nm。实验表明 ,该法线性良好 ,平均回收率 99.4 % ,RSD =0 .4 3% (n =6)     

HPLC法测定氨苄西林胶囊的含量

目的　建立 HPLC法测定氨苄西林胶囊含量。方法　采用 C18柱为固定相 ;0 .0 2 5 mol· L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 (p H 4.5 ) -乙腈 (96∶ 4)为流动相 ;流速 1 m L· min-1;检测波长为 2 5 4 nm;灵敏度为 0 .0 5 AUFS。结果　浓度在 0 .2 6～ 1 .3 2 g·L-1范围内线性关系良好。 r=0 .9999,平均回收率为 1 0 0 .1 % ,RSD 0 .3 % (n =5 )。结论　该法快速、简便、准确 ,适用于氨苄西林胶囊的含量测定     

高效液相法测可乐定贴片的释放度

目的　建立一种采用高效液相色谱检测可乐定贴片的释放度的方法。方法　采用 KP1 0 0 - SC1 8色谱柱 (2 5 mm× 4 .6 mm ) ,流动相为乙腈∶水∶三乙胺 =5 0∶ 5 0∶ 0 .0 5 (用稀磷酸调节至 p H4 .8) ,UV检测波长为 2 0 0nm。结果　该法平均回收率为 1 0 0 .4 3% ,RSD为 1 .4 3% (n=5 )。结论　该法操作简便、快速     

反相HPLC法测定罂粟壳中吗啡、可待因的含量

采用C18 柱 ,以 0 0 5mol/L醋酸钠缓冲液 (pH3 6) -乙腈 -乙醇 (2 2∶2∶1 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 54nm。吗啡、可待因与各杂质成分分离度良好。含量测定的平均回收率分别为 94 7% (RSD =1 4 3% ,n =5) ;94 6%(RSD =1 73% ,n =5)     

RP-HPLC法测定抗病毒口服液中连翘苷含量

采用 RP- HPL C法测定抗病毒口服液中连翘苷含量。固定相为 Nova- Pak C18反相柱 ;流动相为甲醇 -水 -磷酸 (4 3∶ 57∶ 0 .2 ) ;检测波长为 2 77nm。该方法的线性范围为 0 .4 2～ 4 .2 3μg(r =0 .9999) ,平均回收率为95.6 % ,RSD =3.0 1% (n =6 )。     

HPLC测定益气健脾口服液中橙皮苷的含量

目的　建立益气健脾口服液的专属性含量测定方法。方法　采用HPLC法 ,色谱柱为KromasilC18柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -醋酸 -水 (35∶4∶6 1) ,检测波长 2 .83nm。结果　橙皮苷在进样量为 0 .10 4～ 5 .2 0 0 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系 ;平均加样回收率为 99 .5 8% ,RSD =1.0 4 % (n =6 )。结论　所用方法操作简便易行、准确可靠 ,可用于益气健脾口服液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法-蒸发光散射检测器测定卡托普利片中卡托普利的含量

目的 　利用高效液相色谱法 -蒸发光散射检测器测定卡托普利 〔1〕片中卡托普利的含量。方法　色谱柱 :RP C1 8柱 ( 4 .6× 3 0 0 mm,5μm) ;流动相 :9%四氢呋喃甲醇溶液∶水 ( 4 0∶ 60 ) (用冰醋酸调节 p H至 3 .0 0 ) ;流速 :1.0 ml· min- 1 ;柱温 :室温 ;以 ELSD-2 0 0 0为检测器。 结果 　卡托普利进样量在 13 .4～ 13 4.0 μg范围内 ,线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9915 ) ,平均回收率为 98.8% ,RSD=0 .8% ( n=6)。 结论 　该法简便 ,快速 ,结果准确、可靠 ,重现性好。     

HPLC测定川芎药材中藁本内酯的含量

目的　采用HPLC法测定川芎药材中藁本内酯的含量。方法　用Luna 5 μSilica(2 )色谱柱 (15 0mm× 4 .6mm) ;流动相为正己烷 -乙酸乙酯 -氯仿 (92∶3∶5 ) ;流速 0 8ml·min-1;检测波长 32 0nm。结果　在 0 1～ 2 0 μg范围内 ,峰面积与进样量的线性回归方程为 :A =- 4 7 2 4 +2 72 2X(r =1.0 0 0 0 ) ;平均回收率为 10 0 7%。测得 3批川芎药材中藁本内酯的含量分别为1 5 5 %、1 33%和 1 70 %。结论　所建方法简便、准确、重复性好 ,可用于川芎药材中藁本内酯的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC测定盐酸洛美沙星及其制剂的含量

目的　建立RP -HPLC法测定盐酸洛美沙星及其制剂的含量。方法　SperisorbC18色谱柱 (4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,10 μm) ,流动相为庚磺酸钠磷酸二氢钾溶液 -甲醇 -磷酸 (4 9∶5 1∶0 .7) ,检测波长 2 87nm ,采用外标法。 结果　方法线性范围 2 5 .0～ 2 0 0 .0 μg·ml-1。平均回收率为 97.7%,RSD =1.47%(n =5 ) ,日内和日间RSD分别为 1.45 %和 2 .5 6 %。结论　该法简便、快速、重复性好 ,可作为盐酸洛美沙星及其制剂的含量测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定双异丙酚注射液的含量

用高效液相色谱法对双异丙酚注射液进行含量测定。以AlltimaC18分析柱 ,甲醇 -乙腈 -水 ( 60∶1 5∶2 5)为流动相 ,,检测波长 2 75nm。双异丙酚在 3 0 . 83～ 92 . 4 9μg/ml浓度范围线性关系良好 (r=0 . 9999) .平均回收率为 1 0 0 . 9% (n =5) ,RSD =1 . 4 6%。本法操作简便、准确。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.