尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的 评价尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass手术)治疗尿道下裂的疗效。方法 总结了2年间21例行Snodgrass手术的尿道下裂患儿的手术资料。患儿年龄2～12岁，平均6．2岁，其中阴茎头型3例，阴茎体型17例，阴囊型1例。结果 手术治愈19例(90．5％)，有2例患儿发生尿瘘，尿瘘发生率为9．5％，2例尿瘘患儿半年后再行Snodgrass手术，均获得成功，无尿道狭窄发生。结论 Snodgrass手术保留了尿道板，操作简单，手术时间短，仅40min；并发症较少；手术成形效果好；对于首次手术失败后再次尿道成形效果良好，是适用于各型尿道下裂治疗的较好方法。     

改良Snodgrass手术治疗小儿尿道下裂

目的 总结Snodgrass手术及其改良手术在治疗小儿尿道下裂中的经验与体会。方法 对120例采用Snodgrass手术及其改良手术行尿道成形的尿道下裂进行回顾分析。手术方法：施行Snodgrass手术时进行两方面的改进，即矫正阴茎下曲时行阴茎背侧折叠手术，同时游离近端尿道，以及仅在狭窄尿道板处正中纵向切开。结果 105例在阴茎皮肤脱套后仍有轻一中度阴茎下曲；其中24例采用阴茎背侧中线阴茎折叠术矫正阴茎下曲，75例在行阴茎折叠术同时游离近端尿道使阴茎下曲得到完全矫正，6例游离近端尿道阴茎下曲得到完全纠正。34例尿道板正中全程切开，86例仅行尿道板远段正中切开。术后随访6～15个月，96例获得满意效果。尿瘘18例（发生率为15％），6例尿道外口狭窄且经尿扩得到明显改善。结论 改良Snodgrass手术能Ⅰ期矫正冠状沟型、阴茎体型及部分阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂，对轻一中度阴茎下曲通过尿道外口近端尿道游离和阴茎背侧白膜折叠能得到矫正。     

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术在失败的尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的 探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术（Snodgrass法）在失败的尿道下裂病例治疗中的应用。方法 2001～2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗失败的尿道下裂病例84例。年龄2～16岁，平均3．7岁。并与在同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤充裕的失败尿道下裂76例作比较。结果 应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％）；尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Duplay手术76例，成功61例（80．3％），尿道瘘11例，尿道狭窄5例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术用于阴茎腹侧皮肤少的失败尿道下裂病例修复，可取得满意效果。     

改良尿道板纵切卷管尿道成型术治疗儿童尿道下裂62例

目的总结改良的分层覆盖缝合尿道板纵切卷管尿道成型术（TIP,Tubularized Incised Plate）在儿童尿道下裂手术中的应用经验。方法2010年1月至2012年1月作者应用TIP法治疗尿道下裂患儿62例,年龄6个月至7岁,其中5例为再次手术患儿。尿道板纵切卷管尿道成型后改良方法：采用阴茎背侧皮肤下带蒂血管筋膜转移至腹侧人工尿道上覆盖后,再用全层包皮两翼向腹侧包绕的分层缝合覆盖的方法。结果62例患儿中,57例术后阴茎伸直,外形美观,排尿正常。术后出现尿瘘2例,经二次手术修补尿瘘及尿道成型失败后再手术3例,一次手术成功率为91．9％。结论1rIP分层覆盖缝合后人工尿管血运改善,成功率高。手术时应使尿道板纵切卷管无张力缝合成型,分层解剖时避免损伤各层供应血管,是改良TIP的关键。     

镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术在复杂尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的探讨复杂尿道下裂的治疗以及术后尿道狭窄的预防。方法从2005年5月至2005年10月，我们在Snodgrass尿道成形术基础上，通过将游离的自体唇黏膜瓣镶嵌于劈开的“尿道板”再卷管形成新尿道的方法对23例经过至少1次手术的复杂尿道下裂病例进行再次手术治疗并评价其效果。结果所有病例术后均无明显的尿道狭窄，尿瘘发生率17．4％（4／23）。无尿道憩室形成和尿道口黏膜增生外翻。结论镶嵌式唇黏膜尿道成形术兼有Snodgrass尿道成形术和游离移植物代尿道成形术的优点，是治疗尿道下裂合并尿道狭窄的有效方法；对于尿道板发育不良或经阴茎伸直术后的重度尿道下裂病例，镶嵌唇黏膜具有预防尿道狭窄的作用。     

Snodgrass手术在治疗失败尿道下裂中的应用

目的探讨尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass法)对治疗失败尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析广州军区总医院泌尿外科2002年3月-2011年4月接受Snodgrass法治疗的81例阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂患者的临床资料,并与36例同期应用Duplay尿道成形术修复的阴茎皮肤相对充裕的治疗失败尿道下裂患者进行比较。2种治疗方法均留置尿道U形支架管,U形支架管两端分别从会阴部尿道及尿道外口引出,均采用肉膜瓣覆盖成形尿道。结果随访6个月～2 a,应用Snodgrass手术治疗81例,成功65例(80.2%),术后并尿道瘘11例,尿道狭窄5例。Duplay尿道成形术治疗36例,成功29例(80.6%),术后并尿道瘘5例,尿道狭窄2例。2组手术成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Snodgrass手术用于儿童阴茎皮肤少的治疗失败尿道下裂的修复,可取得满意效果。     

尿道板双侧旁正中纵切卷管尿道成形术

目的 总结尿道板双侧旁正中纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的经验.方法 2008年6月至2009年5月应用尿道板双侧旁正中纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂31例,其中阴茎体型28例,阴茎阴囊型3例.本组平均年龄2.7岁(1.6～5.2岁),平均手术时间91.6 min(80～105 min).结果 本组病例均在术后随访超过3个月,外观满意,多数病例形似包皮环切术后阴茎外观.尿道外口位于龟头尿道沟正位,裂隙状.术后尿道瘘3例,发生率为9.7%;尿道口狭窄2例,发生率为6.5%,均在尿道扩张后缓解;没有发生尿道狭窄.结论 尿道板双侧旁正中纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂效果满意,术后并发症发生率较低.且容易开展.     

尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术在尿道下裂中的应用CSCD

目的 总结尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的经验。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月至2015年11月收治的21例行尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术的尿道下裂患儿的临床资料。本组年龄1岁6个月～4岁11个月,平均2.8岁。阴茎体型17例,阴茎阴囊型4例。所有病例均为首次手术病例。手术方法：保留尿道板,将阴茎皮肤脱套至阴茎根部,充分伸直阴茎。于尿道板正中纵切增宽尿道板,于阴茎弯曲最明显处斜切延长尿道板,留置导尿管,卷管成形尿道。结果 本组手术时间65～100 min,平均78 min。术后近期发生尿道瘘3例（14.3%）,尿道狭窄4例（19.0%）,均在1～3次尿道扩张后缓解。术后3个月发生尿道瘘2例,无尿道狭窄、尿道憩室患儿,3个月并发症发生率为9.5%。阴茎伸直效果满意。结论 尿道板斜切延长纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂近期效果满意,术后并发症发生率较低,且容易在基层医院开展。     

Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂276例

目的总结Snodgrass手术治疗小儿尿道下裂的经验。方法对276例采用SnodgTass手术进行尿道成形的尿道下裂患儿进行回顾性分析。术中对阴茎下曲者行阴茎背侧折叠术,游离阴茎背侧皮下筋膜覆盖成形尿道。结果术后随访6～18个月,260例获得满意疗效。16例并发尿瘘,发生率为5．8％;35例并发尿道外15狭窄,经尿道扩张及留置导尿管获改善。结论Snodgrass手术能I期矫正冠状沟型、阴茎体型及部分阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂,对轻一中度阴茎下曲通过阴茎背侧白膜折叠能获得矫正。     

带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣在尿道下裂再次手术中的应用

目的 总结带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣在尿道下裂再次手术中应用的适应证、手术技巧及其并发症.方法　2005年9月-2009年12月本院应用带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣再次手术治疗尿道下裂再次手术患儿35例,年龄3～15岁.其中22例为第2次手术,9例为第3次手术,4例为第4次手术,所有病例尿道局部瘢痕增生明显或尿道板已被破坏.手术方式分为2种:应用加盖岛状皮瓣法(Onlay术式)24例,应用岛状皮瓣管状尿道成形法(Duckett术式)11例.带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣长度为1～4 cm,新尿道采用F8或F10号的硅胶气囊尿管作为支架管,术后10～14 d拔除.结果　35例中27例(77.1%)一次手术成功,阴茎伸直良好,外形美观,排尿正常,成功率为77.1%.术后并发症:尿瘘6例,5例已行尿瘘修补,痊愈,1例等待修补;尿道狭窄2例,1例先行尿道狭窄处尿道造瘘,然后再次行尿瘘修补,痊愈,另1例已行尿道造瘘等待修补.结论　带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣可应用于尿道下裂再次手术,术后阴茎外形美观,但需注意根据手术适应证选择,而且手术操作较复杂,有一定的并发症.     

Snodgrass hypospadias repair with onlay overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap without urethrocutaneous fistula: Experience of 156 cases

ObjectiveTo evaluate the neourethra covering created by a vascularized overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap for preventing urethrocutaneous fistula in the Snodgrass hypospadias repair (tubularized incised plate).Patients and methodsBetween March 2003 and January 2008, 156 boys (mean age, 4.5 years) were enrolled for hypospadias repair. Preoperative position of the urethral meatus was subcoronal in 37, at the distal shaft in 61 and mid-shaft in 58 boys. All patients underwent the Snodgrass hypospadias repair. The neourethra was then covered with an overlapping double-layered dorsal dartos flap before glans and skin closure.ResultsAll 156 patients underwent successful reconstruction. With a mean follow up of 23 months (range 6–42), all boys had a satisfactory subjective cosmetic and functional result with a vertically oriented, slit-like meatus at the tip of the glans. No urethrocutaneous fistula or urethral stenosis occurred.ConclusionAs the neouretha covering is an integral part of the Snodgrass hypospadias repair, a dorsal well vascularized double-layered dartos flap is a good choice for preventing urethrocutaneous fistula formation.     

Outcome analysis of tubularized incised urethral plate using dorsal dartos flap for proximal penile hypospadias repair

PurposeTo assess the outcome of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in conjunction with a dorsal dartos flap for primary proximal penile hypospadias.Materials and methodsForty-nine patients with proximal penile hypospadias underwent a one-stage TIP urethroplasty with single-layer closure using polyglactin suture. A dorsal dartos (subcutaneous) flap, harvested from the dorsal penile shaft was used to cover the neourethra ventrally. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. All patients had a well preserved urethral plate after straightening of the penis. Complications and cosmetic appearance were documented during follow-up.ResultsMean patient age at surgery was 23 months (16–72 months). Mean operative time was 180 min (154–240 min). At the mean follow-up of 36 months, the overall complication rate was 12% (4 fistulae, 1 meatal stenosis). Glandular dehiscence occurred in one patient, and 38 patients (78%) required dorsal Nesbit plication. No patient had residual chordee, neourethral stricture or a urethral diverticulum, and the neomeatus with a slit-like appearance was positioned at the glans tip.ConclusionsTIP urethroplasty with dorsal dartos layer covering the neourethra is an effective treatment for primary proximal penile hypospadias with a preserved urethral plate and without severe curvature. There is a good cosmetic outcome with low risk of complications.     

Lessons learnt from Snodgrass tip urethroplasty: a study of 75 cases

Introduction and objectives Snodgrass tubularized incised plate urethroplasty and 2 modifications were evaluated in 75 hypospadiacs (distal and midpenile).Patients and methods The initial 25 patients (group A), underwent Snodgrass tubularized incised plate urethroplasty. In the next 25 patients (group B), the urethral plate defining incision and Snodgrass urethrotomy were not extended distally to the glans tip and the neourethra was reconstructed (distal to proximal) over a spacer. In the last 25 patients (group C), dorsal free skin grafting of the raw area (following Snodgrass urethrotomy) was done.Results In group A, all patients developed meatal stenosis and required intermittent dilatation for 3 months. In groups B and C meatal stenosis did not occur.Conclusions Restriction or elimination of the raw area in the region of the neomeatus as in groups B and C effectively prevents meatal stenosis following Snodgrass repair.     

The midterm success rates of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias

To review the midterm results of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (Snodgrass method) in reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias. The results of TIP urethroplasty in 37 patients who had previously failed hypospadias repair were reviewed. Of the patients, 21 (56.8%) had coronal, 11 (29.7%) had subcoronal, and 5 (13.5%) had midpenile hypospadias. The mean age was 4.1 (2–16) years. Twenty-three patients had one operation and 14 patients had two operations previously. Of all the patients, 14 did not have a foreskin because of circumcision. The urethral plate had been disturbed in 6 patients, but there was not apparent scarring of the plate. Postoperative follow-up was 2.3 years with a range of 1.1–3.9 years. Genital examination, urethral calibration, and uroflowmetry were performed in control. Satisfaction of the families about the function and appearance of penis was also evaluated. Successful functional and cosmetic results were achieved in 29 patients (78.4%). All the families were happy with penile aesthetic appearance. The urethral plate seemed healthy at the operation in nine patients who had undergone TIP urethroplasty before and the outcomes were successful in eight of them. The operation was successful in 19/23 (82.6%) patients who had undergone one operation before and in 10/14 (71.4%) patients with two operations as well (P<0.05). In addition, sufficient outcomes were obtained in also 11 of the 14 patients with circumcision. The success rate was higher in patients <5 years (P<0.05). The rate was also higher during the recent period (2001–2003) since the experience we had increased (P<0.05). TIP urethroplasty was unsatisfied in four of the six patients who had had disturbed urethral plate before and in five of eight patients who did not have sufficient amount of dartos tissue for flap to cover neourethra. Complication was observed in eight patients (21.6%): four had a pinpoint fistula, two had wound dehiscence, one had meatal stenosis, and one had mild meatal regression and a short neourethral stricture. All of these complications were repaired successfully at a later date. The mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. TIP urethroplasty provides good functional and cosmetic midterm outcomes in most of the reoperative patients with distal or midpenile hypospadias unless contraindicated by previous resection or gross scarring of the urethral plate. This procedure seems not to disturb the urethral plate and, therefore, it can be applied on reoperative patients who had undergone TIP urethroplasty before. It can also be used in a circumcised patient when there is a lack of foreskin.     

下唇黏膜代尿道在尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的 分析评估下唇黏膜代尿道在复杂性尿道下裂手术中的应用价值.方法 2006年3月至2009年10月共对24例复杂性尿道下裂患儿施行了下唇黏膜代尿道手术.年龄2岁3个月至14岁,平均7.2岁.其中以往手术失败14例,表现为阴茎周围残留大量不规则瘢痕,或膀胱黏膜代尿道后严重尿道狭窄和憩室.或严重阴茎海绵体弯曲残留,或尿道大段缺损伴膀胱造瘘术后等,尿道周围无其他组织如尿道板、皮肤等可用替代尿道.手术方法为先行阴茎整形,包括包皮和阴茎头,完全矫正海绵体弯曲,6个月后行下唇黏膜代尿道手术.会阴型尿道下裂10例,方法为先完全矫正阴茎弯曲和阴茎阴囊转位,同时利用原始尿道板将尿道外口从会阴延长至阴茎根部,6个月后行下唇黏膜代尿道.结果 所有病例均获满意效果,包括阴茎外观,即阴茎勃起时无明显弯曲、尿道开口位于阴茎头顶端、无包皮不规则瘢痕堆积、无排尿困难等.术后9例出现尿瘘,其中2例术后自愈,7例经一次修补后治愈.出现尿道狭窄6例,均经尿道扩张后痊愈.下唇取黏膜处均无术后出血.结论 下唇黏膜代尿道可作为尿道下裂治疗中最后选择的方法之一,具有黏膜切取方便,易存活,新尿道组织黏膜接近正常组织的优点,但并发症发生率仍较高.     

应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂

目的探讨Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗远端尿道下裂的体会。方法2001-2005年应用Snodgrass尿道成形术治疗146例尿道下裂。年龄1～16岁，平均3岁。其中治疗首诊病例62例；治疗已经过手术修复失败的病例84例。在同期，修复远端尿道下裂应用最多的是加盖岛状皮瓣法（onlay island flap法），共266例。结果首诊Snodgrass手术62例，成功57例（91．9％），2例尿道狭窄，3例尿道瘘。对失败的尿道下裂病例应用Snodgrass手术84例，成功64例（76．2％），尿道瘘14例，尿道狭窄6例。Onlay手术266例，成功256例（96．2％），尿道瘘10例。结论Snodgrass尿道成形术适合尿道板发育好的无阴茎下弯的远端尿道下裂病例，以及部分失败的尿道下裂修复、长段尿道瘘病例。尿道板发育差的病例适合Onlay手术。     

Use of an inner preputial free graft to extend the indications of Snodgrass hypospadias repair (Snodgraft)

Tubularized incised plate (tip) urethroplasty or Snodgrass repair has become the most commonly used procedure for distal hypospadias repair. However, where the urethral plate is narrow or shallow, the good results may be compromised. We present our experience of using a small inner preputial graft to deepen and widen the urethral plate (Snodgraft). This procedure has certainly reduced the number of two-stage hypospadias repairs in patients who lack a urethral groove or have a small glans. The cosmetic and functional results are excellent.     

阴囊纵隔带蒂皮管法Ⅰ期尿道成形术(附121例报告)

目的 介绍应用阴囊纵隔带蒂皮管法治疗儿童先天性尿道下裂的经验。方法 尿道下裂121例，手术矫正阴茎下弯后，于尿道口近端取宽1cm～1．5cm的带血管蒂皮瓣，包绕硅胶管用可吸收线连续缝合成新尿道。结果 手术121例，成功107例，成功率为(88．5％)。术后尿瘘14例，尿道狭窄5例，憩室3例，尿道内毛发2例，尿道内结石1例。结论 阴囊纵隔皮管法尿道成形术皮瓣血运好，易成活，成功率高，操作简单，容易掌握，适合于矫正阴茎下弯后尿道口位于阴茎根部或阴茎阴囊交界型尿道下裂。但术后阴茎外观不十分满意且有尿道长毛发和结石可能，故选用此法应综合多方面因素考虑。