护理人员对经口气管插管口腔护理认知状况的研究

经口气管插管是救治严重呼吸衰竭患者的重要措施,为临床医生针对呼吸衰竭的各种病因治疗争取时间并创造条件,但是插管又容易引发重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)重要的医院感染问题———机械通气性肺炎(ventilated associated pneu-monia,VAP)的发生。VAP是指机械通气4     

Impact of staffing levels and resources of intensive care units on compliance to standard mechanical ventilator guidelines: A city-wide study in times of COVID-19 pandemic

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions and resulted in a considerable strain on healthcare systems around the world. Intensive care units (ICUs) are reported to be affected the most because significant percentage of ICU patients requires respiratory support through mechanical ventilation (MV).

Aim

This study aims to examine the staffing levels and compliance with a ventilator care bundle in a single city in Pakistan.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of 14 ICUs including medical and surgical ICUs was conducted through a self-structured questionnaire including a standardized ventilator care bundle. We assessed the compliance of ICU staff to ventilator care bundle and calculated the correlation between staffing patterns with compliance to this bundle.

Results

The unit response rate was 64% (7/11 hospitals). Across these seven hospitals, there were 14 functional ICUs (7 surgical and 7 medical). The Mean (SD) numbers of beds and ventilators were 8.14 (3.39) and 5.78 (3.68) while the average patient-to-nurse and patient-to-doctor ratio was 3: 1 and 5:1 respectively. The median ventilator care bundle compliance score was 26 (IQR = 21–28) out of 30, while in medical and surgical ICUs, median scores were 24 (IQR = 19–26) and 28 (IQR = 23–30) respectively. The perceived least compliant component was head elevation in ventilated patients. Correlation analysis revealed that 24 h a day, 7 days a week onsite cover of Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support certified staff was positively correlated with the ventilator care bundle score (r_s = 0.654, p value = .011). Similarly, 24-h cover of senior ICU nurses was significantly correlated with the application of chlorhexidine oral care (r_s = 0.676, p value = .008) while routine subglottic aspiration was correlated with the number of doctors (r_s = 0.636, p value = .014).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that ICUs in Peshawar are not well staffed in comparison with international standards and the compliance of ICUs with the ventilator care bundle is suboptimal. We found only a few aspects of ventilator care bundle compliance were related to nursing and medical staffing levels.

Relevance to clinical practice

Critical care staffs at most of the medical ICUs in Peshawar are not compliant with the standard guidelines for patients on mechanical ventilation. Moreover, the staffing levels at these ICUs are not in accordance with international standards. However, this study suggests that staffing levels may not be the only cause of non-compliance with standard mechanical ventilator guidelines. There is an urgent need to design and implement a program that can enhance and monitor the quality of nursing care provided to mechanically ventilated patients. Lastly, nurse staffing of ICUs in Pakistan must be increased to enable high quality care and more doctors should be trained in critical care.     

护理人员对插管患者口腔护理知识掌握状况的调查分析

目的:了解重症监护病房护士对经口气管插管口腔护理相关知识的掌握情况。方法:应用自设问卷,采用方便抽样方法向北京市6家三级甲等医院重症监护病房护士发放问卷105份。结果:口腔护理基本知识掌握较好,但对于新知识,如牙菌斑,机械通气性肺炎的发生机制等的了解较差;职称为护师的护理人员的知识掌握情况好于主管护师(P<0.05)。结论:应该针对不同层次护理人员开展口腔护理新知识的培训和宣传工作,并为拓宽护士的知识领域提供多元化的教育途径。     

A survey of the oral care practices of intensive care nurses.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients have complex oral care needs. Inadequate oral care may predispose ICU patients to nosocomial infections. Recent initiatives have sought to improve the quality and evidence base of ICU oral care provision. OBJECTIVES: To describe the current priority given to oral care, the knowledge and practice of oral needs assessment and oral care methods, and adherence to the local ICU oral care protocol of ICU nurses working in one hospital. METHOD: Self-administered questionnaire survey of all nurses working in adult ICU ( n = 160 ). RESULTS: Replies were received from 103 (response rate 64.5%). On average, oral care was given a similar priority to other aspects of personal care. 13.5% nurses rated oral care as a low priority. Whilst 98% nurses routinely performed an oral needs assessment, only 26% used a written assessment tool. Toothbrushes were used at least once a day by 85.5% nurses and chlorhexidine products were routinely used by 50.5% nurses. The oral care practices of most nurses matched the local ICU protocol. 23.5% nurses had received no training in oral care and 58% nurses requested initial/further training. CONCLUSIONS: Most oral care methods were appropriate, based on the available evidence. A small minority of nurses gave oral care a low priority and were not using evidence-based oral care methods recommended in the local ICU protocol. Encouraging the general use of oral needs assessment tools is a priority, and further oral care training is required.     

ICU护士长对气管插管患者口腔护理管理体验的质性研究*

目的深入了解重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)护士长对气管插管患者口腔护理的管理体验。方法采用质性研究中的现象学研究法,对上海市7所三级甲等医院10个不同ICU的10名护士长进行半结构式深入访谈。结果目前气管插管患者口腔护理现状较混乱,操作规范不具针对性,且与临床实践脱节,尚无系统的口腔护理评估、评价及培训体系,护理工具实用性欠缺,一线ICU护理人员配备不足且工作负荷大;但护理管理层及临床护士对口腔护理的认知及重视程度已有所提升。结论亟需构建基于循证的气管插管患者口腔护理临床实践指南,改进口腔护理用具,完善ICU口腔护理管理体系,以提升临床护理实践质量。     

全国30个省市三级医院重症监护病房医护人员呼吸治疗工作现状的问卷调查

目的 调查我国三级医院重症监护病房(ICU)呼吸治疗的仪器装备、工作内容和完成人等,为规范和发展呼吸治疗工作提供依据.方法 在2006年8月国内召开的三次大规模会议上发放问卷,调查30个省264家三级医院320个ICU的491名医护人员.结果 有创、无创呼吸机数与床位数之比分别为0.52: 1(2 189/4 185)和0.16:1(672/4 185).320个ICU中,超声、喷射式以及定量雾化吸入器的配用率分别为55.9%(179/320)、33.8%(108/320)和12.1%(39/320);机械通气中呼吸机设置、撤机、拔管主要由医师完成的ICU占92.1%、93.1%、83.5%,更换管路、吸痰、雾化、湿化主要由护士完成的ICU占83.7%、93.9%、91.6%、90.2%.491名回答者中撤机前行自主呼吸试验者占40.9%,不知道或从来不做者占26.2%;有创通气时未监测气道开口端温度者占27.1%;对撤机未拔管患者应用气管内持续滴入/泵入盐水湿化者占34.4%;55.6%的人员使用前检测呼吸机;管路更换频率依次为每周1次占48.1%,1～3 d和3～5 d更换1次者为25.0%、14.7%.结论 目前国内三级医院ICU的呼吸机数量较前已大幅增加,但对其他实用装置的应用尚不足;呼吸治疗工作主要由医生和护理人员共同承担,尚缺少专业的呼吸治疗师;机械通气、气道管理和呼吸机管理等呼吸治疗工作差异较大,缺乏统一的规范.     

Role expansion in intensive care: survey of nurses' views.

The study described here is an investigation of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' perceptions of how their role is expanding. Six specific skills were selected for consideration. A questionnaire was distributed to nurses working in ICUs in three different hospitals. Questions were based around issues such as education and assessment policies, the transfer of work between nurses and other groups of workers and the effects of ICU nurses accumulating additional skills. Completed questionnaires were received from 33 participants (68.75% response rate). The results showed that most of the nurses were carrying out the skills suggested. The training provided to underpin skill development was a balance of teaching and supervision. However, assessment practices varied. The majority of nurses felt that the existing training programmes were adequate. Data revealed that a range of duties could be released from their role and taken over by other workers, such as technicians and health care assistants. Participants suggested that the crucial element of the nursing role was the incorporation of many activities into the provision of continuous one-to-one total patient care. This was the aspect of work that was reported as being the most satisfying. It was perceived that patients benefited from nurses extending their role in the areas discussed.     

Characterizing critical care physician staffing in rural America: A description of Iowa intensive care unit staffing

Purpose

This study aimed to characterize intensive care unit (ICU) physician staffing patterns in a predominantly rural state.

Materials and Methods

A prospective telephone survey of ICU nurse managers in all Iowa hospitals with an ICU was conducted.

Results

Of 122 Iowa hospitals, 64 ICUs in 58 (48%) hospitals were identified, and 46 (72%) responded to the survey. Most ICUs (96%) used an open admission model and cared for undifferentiated medical and surgical patients (88%), and only 27% of open ICUs required critical care or pulmonary consultation for admitted patients. Most (59%) Iowa ICUs had a critical care physician or pulmonologist available, and high-intensity staffing was practiced in 30% of ICUs. Most physicians identified as practicing critical care (63%) were not board certified in critical care. Critical care physicians were available in a minority of hospitals routinely for inpatient intubation and cardiac arrest management (29% and 10%, respectively), and emergency physicians and other practitioners commonly responded to emergencies throughout the hospital.

Conclusions

Many Iowa hospitals have ICUs, and staffing patterns in Iowa ICUs mirror closely national staffing practices. Most ICUs are multispecialty, open ICUs in community hospitals. These factors should inform training and resource allocation for intensivists in rural states.     

我国17省市儿科ICU调查

目的 分析近10年我国儿科重症监护病房(ICU)状况、存在问题并提出建议。方法 向全国近40所儿科床位100张以上的医院发出调查表。结果 分布于17省市的27所医院回复，内科ICU共44个：儿童重症监护(PICU)18个、新生儿重症监护(NICU)20个、P及NICU6个。ICU平均床位12(6-40)张，每张床位有0．43(0．43-1．25)台呼吸机，0．56(0．2—1．4)台多功能监护仪。床位和医师及护士比分别为1：0．75和1：1．37。51．9％的医院开展转运。2000年共收治病人15805人，病死率4．6％(0．9％—10．4％)，体重轻于1000g和1000-1500g的早产儿存活率分别为42.2％、75．1％，心肺复苏存活率71．4％。结论 我国三级医院儿科ICU正稳步发展，与92年比较，人员、设备有所改善。转运工作未广泛开展，一些ICU床位被非危重病人占据。建议ICU建立分级管理制度，积极开展转运，开展前瞻性危重评分预测死亡，以对ICU治疗效果作出更科学的评估。     

ICU nursing orientation and postorientation practices: a national survey

A survey was conducted to obtain information regarding adult intensive care unit (ICU) orientation and postorientation practices throughout the nation. This article presents the results of a random sampling of ICUs throughout the nation regarding orientation practices of newly licensed registered nurses (RNs), experienced RNs new to the ICU setting, and experienced ICU RNs. Twenty-four hospitals from 7 geographic regions within the United States were surveyed. Classroom training remains the predominant method of instruction outside the ICU. Most hospitals offer a formalized training for new preceptors. When provided, preceptor incentives include both monetary recognition and professional growth/recognition. Postorientation support for new ICU nurses varied. Geographic regional differences in orientation practices were not found. The major limitation of this study was the small sample size. Results from this survey are the beginning steps in understanding a national perspective of comprehensive orientation practices for new ICU nurses.     

Staff knowledge,attitudes and practices regarding glycaemic management in adult intensive care units: A national survey

Background

Hyperglycaemia is common in critically ill adult patients. Many studies have identified the content, methods, and effects of glycaemic control but have not explored the effects of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on glycaemic control in critically ill adults. Various factors also influence the KAP of intensive care unit (ICU) staff.

Aims

To assess KAP regarding glucose management for critically ill adults among nurses and medical professionals and identify the factors that influence their KAP in ICUs.

Methods

A multicentre cross-sectional survey.

Results

In total, 403/459 (response rate: 87.8%) participants from ICUs in nine tertiary hospitals in China participated in this study, 82.4% of whom were female and 93.4% of whom were nurses. The mean work experience was 8.88 years, and the mean critical care experience was 6.59 years. The scoring rate for the three dimensions of knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 82.35%, 87.69%, and 76%, respectively. We did not find any other factors affecting the KAP scores except for the level of knowledge awareness (p < 0.001), awareness of the importance (p < 0.001), and training for glucose control (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

ICU staff KAP regarding glycaemic control in critically ill adults among ICU professionals were acceptable in China. However, ICU professionals' current knowledge regarding nutrition, glucose variability, and skills related to glucose management could be improved.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

ICU educators should provide more skills-related training for healthcare professionals in the glycaemic management of critically ill adults. Moreover, the process of managing blood glucose in adult ICU patients is a collaborative, multidisciplinary team effort, with monitoring and feedback required during implementation.     

ICU护士对镇静镇痛集束化护理知信行的现状调查

目的 了解ICU护士镇静镇痛集束化护理知信行现状,分析影响在临床中开展镇静镇痛集束化护理策略的因素。方法 2018年3月—6月,采用自编问卷对北京市5所三级甲等医院的ICU护士进行横断面调查,问卷内容包括ICU护士镇静镇痛集束化护理的知识、态度和行为（42个条目）,满分42分,以及获得知识的来源及影响因素（2个条目）,问卷总内容效度为0.906。结果 共回收调查问卷282份。知识、态度、行为的得分分别为（6.01±2.06）分、（6.78±2.60）分和（11.40±3.64）分,总分为（24.18±5.72）分。不同职称护士知识得分差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;不同ICU类型护士态度得分差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;不同年龄、职称、受教育程度、护理工作年限、ICU类型及ICU工作年限的护士行为得分差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多元线性回归分析显示,护理工作年限和护士所在ICU类型是ICU护士镇静镇痛集束化护理知信行总分的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 ICU护士镇静镇痛集束化护理知识水平偏低,对镇静镇痛集束化护理的态度较积极,镇静镇痛集束化护理行为尚欠缺,神经重症ICU护士和护理工作年年限少于5年的ICU护士镇静镇痛集束化护理知信行总体水平高于其他护士,护理管理者应建立和完善镇静镇痛集束化护理培训体系,强化ICU护士的知识和行为,通过培训提高其镇静镇痛集束化护理的知信行水平。     

Oral care practices of intensive care nurses: A descriptive study

The aim of this study was to investigate intensive care unit (ICU) nurses’ views and practices on oral care and to define the factors related to oral care measures. A study was carried out in eight ICUs of a teaching hospital in 2008. One hundred one nurses constituted the study sample. The data were collected using ‘Oral Care Practices Survey’ which included demographic characteristics (5 items) and current oral care practices (13 items). Oral care was given the highest priority by nearly 60% of the nurses. The most commonly used solution was sodium bicarbonate (79.2%), and the most frequently used equipment was foam swab (82.2%). Oral care was carried out less than every 4 h per day by 44.5% of the nurses. The oral care products and solutions were reported to be different in almost every unit. The relationship between the use of toothpaste and the place of employment was statistically significant (x² = 24.566, d.f. = 6, P = 0.000). There was a statistical significance between the clinics and frequency of oral care (x² = 81.486, d.f. = 42, P = 0.000). This study suggests that there is a wide variety of type and frequency of oral care measures among ICU nurses. Optimal oral care supported by evidence is an effective prevention method for eliminating oral complications.     

Respecting the wishes of patients in intensive care units

This study examined why intensive care unit (ICU) nurses experience difficulties in respecting the wishes of patients in end-of-life care in Japan. A questionnaire survey was conducted with ICU nurses working in Japanese university hospitals. The content of their narratives was analyzed concerning the reasons why the nurses believed that patients' wishes were not respected. The most commonly stated reason was that patients' wishes were impossible to realize, followed by the fact that decision making was performed by others, regardless of whether the patients' wishes were known, if the death was sudden, and time constraints. Many nurses wanted to respect the wishes of dying patients, but they questioned how patients die in ICUs and were therefore faced with ethical dilemmas. However, at the same time, many of the nurses realized that respecting patients' wishes about end-of-life care in an ICU would be difficult and that being unable to respect these wishes would often be unavoidable. The results thus suggest that there has been insufficient discussion about respecting the wishes of patients undergoing intensive care.     

Workforce profile, organisation structure and role responsibility for ventilation and weaning practices in Australia and New Zealand intensive care units

Aims and objectives. To provide an analysis of the scope of nursing practice and inter‐professional role responsibility for ventilatory decision‐making in Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) intensive care units (ICU). Background. Currently, little empirical data describe nurses’ role in decision‐making for ventilation and its weaning. Delineation of roles and responsibilities for ventilatory practices vary according to unit structure, staffing and skill‐mix, patient case‐mix and unit leadership models. Methods. Self‐administered questionnaire sent to nurse managers of eligible ICUs within ANZ. Results. Survey responses were available from 54/180 ICUs. The majority (71%) of responding ICUs were located within metropolitan areas and categorised as a tertiary level ICU (50%). The mean number of nurses employed per ICU bed was 4·7 in Australia and 4·2 in NZ, with 69% (IQR: 47–80%) of nurses holding a postgraduate specialty qualification. All units reported a 1:1 nurse‐to‐patient ratio for ventilated patients with 71% reporting a 1:2 nurse‐to‐patient ratio for non‐ ventilated patients. Key ventilator decisions, including assessment of weaning and extubation readiness, were reported as predominantly made by nurses and doctors in collaboration. Overall, nurses described high levels of autonomy and influence in ventilator decision‐making. Decisions to change ventilator settings, including FiO₂ (91%, 95% CI: 80–97), ventilator rate (65%, 95% CI: 51–77) and pressure support adjustment (57%, 95% CI: 43–71), were made independently by nurses. Conclusions. The results of this survey suggest, within the ANZ context, nurses participate actively in ventilation and weaning decisions. In addition, the results support an association between the education profile and skill‐mix of nurses and the level of collaborative practice in ICU. Relevance to clinical practice. Mechanical ventilation may result in significant complications if not applied appropriately. Collaborative practice that encourages nursing input into decision‐making may improve patient outcomes and reduce complications.     

ICU危重患者实施眼部护理状况的调查分析

目的 了解与探讨ICU护士对危重患者眼部护理实施情况,进而有针对性制订培训方案与眼部护理指南,以提高护士对危重患者眼部护理的技能水平.方法 采用自行设计问卷,应用非随机取样法对本市2所综合医院92名ICU护士进行问卷调查,了解其对ICU危重患者实施眼部护理状况.结果 ICU护士对危重患者眼部护理实施情况不容乐观,缺乏统一标准.结论 应加强ICU护士专业理论知识培训学习,制订眼部护理指南,从而全面提高对危重患者的眼部护理水平.     

End-of-life care in intensive care units: family routines and environmental factors

The purpose of this study was to describe family care routines and to explore environmental factors when patients die in Swedish intensive care units (ICUs). The main research questions were: what are the physical environmental circumstances and facilities when caring for patients in end‐of‐life and are there any routines or guidelines when caring for dying patients and their families? A questionnaire was sent to 79 eligible Swedish ICUs in December 2003, addressed to the unit managers. The response rate was 94% (n = 74 units). The findings show that, despite recommendations highlighting the importance of privacy for dying ICU patients and their families, only 11% of the respondents stated that patients never died in shared rooms in their ICU. If a patient dies in a shared room, nurses strive to ensure a dignified good‐bye by moving the body to an empty room or to one specially designated for this purpose. The majority (76%) of the units had waiting rooms within the ICU. The study also revealed that there is a need for improvements in the follow‐up routines for bereaved families. Many units reported (51%) that they often or almost always offer a follow‐up visit, although in most cases the bereaved family had to initiate the follow‐up by contacting the ICU. Guidelines in the area of end‐of‐life care were used by 25% of the ICUs. Further research is necessary to acquire a deeper knowledge of the circumstances under which patients die in ICUs and what impact the ICU environment has on bereaved families.