昆明地区部分人群代谢综合征现状调查

目的了解昆明地区人群代谢综合征(MS)的患病情况,探讨MS的相关危险因素。方法采用整群抽样方法随机对2008～2009年间本院体检的昆明地区人群在职职工1138名体检人员(年龄在14～94岁,其中男575例,女563例)进行问卷调查,测量身高、体质量、腰围、血压(BP)并测定空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂及尿酸(UA)。MS的诊断采用国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)2005年对MS的工作定义。按照年龄段将调查对象分为4组并计算各组MS及相关疾病的患病率。结果MS的总患病率为9.75%,MS相关组分的检出率:体质量超重与肥胖、高三酰甘油(TG)血症、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)血症、高血压、糖代谢异常分别为31.9%、37.87%、4.22%、16.70%和6.90%。结论在昆明地区人群成年人MS的患病率较高,高脂血症、糖代谢异常较为普遍;年龄增加、体质量超重、高血压等是MS的危险因素。     

Ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Caucasian and South Asian individuals with the metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of atherothrombotic risk factors that are commonly associated with insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate ethnic differences in insulin resistance and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in relation to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition of the metabolic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 245 healthy South Asians and 245 age- and sex-matched Caucasians were studied. C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C3, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) were measured and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels. RESULTS: Fifty Caucasian (20%) and 95 (39%) South Asian subjects had the metabolic syndrome as defined by the IDF. In South Asian subjects, HOMA-IR, CRP, C3, PAI-1 and t-PA were significantly higher in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. In contrast, in Caucasian individuals there was no difference in HOMA-IR or C3 levels and only CRP, PAI-1 and t-PA were higher in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. In a logistic regression model, plasma levels of CRP and PAI-1 were independent predictors of the metabolic syndrome in Caucasians, whereas plasma levels of C3 and t-PA as well as HOMA-IR were independent predictors of the metabolic syndrome in South Asian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In the cohort of individuals studied, the IDF definition of the metabolic syndrome was associated with insulin resistance in the South Asian but not the Caucasian population. This work also showed ethnic differences in non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in the presence of the metabolic syndrome.     

The metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular mortality in Taiwanese elderly

Background   The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is high among the elderly. However, evidence that mortality increases with MetS is rare. In this study, we investigated the relationship between MetS, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all cause mortality in the elderly.
Materials and methods   A total 10 547 participants, aged 65 years and older, of baseline cohort were recruited from four nationwide Health Screening Centres in Taiwan from 1998 to 1999. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the America Heart Association/National Heart Lung Blood Institute definition. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of CVD and all cause mortality for those with MetS for up to 8 years of follow-up.
Results   The baseline prevalence of MetS was 50·1% (45·6% in men and 54·4% in women, respectively). A total of 1312 participants died; of these, 300 participants died from CVD. Adjusted for age, gender, smoking, total cholesterol and estimated glomerular filtration rate, the RRs for CVD and all cause mortality among participants with MetS were 1·48 (95% confidence interval = 1·16–1·90) and 1·16 (1.03–1.30), respectively, for participants compared to those without MetS. The mean RRs for CVD, however, ranged from 1·21 to 5·31 among different combinations of MetS components.
Conclusion   The elderly with MetS, compared to those without MetS, had a higher CVD and all cause mortality in Taiwan. Furthermore, different combinations of MetS components posed different risks to the mortality, which deserves further research in the future.     

The correlation between waist circumference and ESC cardiovascular risk score: data from the German metabolic and cardiovascular risk project (GEMCAS)

Background  Identification of patients with high cardiovascular risk, an immanent task of primary care physicians, is laborious, cost intensive and thus difficult to perform. Waist circumference (WC), given its association with multiple risk factors, is an easy to use tool for initial assessment of cardiovascular risk, but its predictive validity in primary care has not been assessed. Patients and methods  In 2005 a nationwide sample of 35,869 unselected patients visiting a primary care physician was screened. The global cardiovascular risk using the SCORE Score of the European Society of Cardiology was assessed in 10,323 men (aged 35–65) and 18,852 women (45–65). Logistic regressions and Spearman correlations were used to evaluate the interdependence of WC and cardiovascular risk factors as well as the estimated cardiovascular risk. Results  Of these unselected patients 21.9% had an increased WC (women >80–88, men >94–102 cm) and further 36.5% had a high WC (women >88, men >102 cm). The proportion of patients with a low HDL-cholesterol was higher in high WC compared to normal WC (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 1.88 [95%CI 1.74–2.02] in men and 2.97 [2.75–3.21] in women). The same applied to elevated triglycerides (PRR 1.72 [1.62–1.84] and 2.57 [2.36–2.80], respectively), impaired fasting glucose (PRR 2.30 [2.13–2.49] and 3.66 [3.29–4.06]), and elevated blood pressure (PRR 1.27 [1.23–1.30] and 1.57 [1.52–1.62]), respectively. The estimated risk to die from cardiovascular events within 10 years based on the SCORE scoring scheme increased with increasing WC (age adjusted ρ 0.18 in women and 0.19 in men). A SCORE score of more than 5% was observed in 24.12% of men (age adjusted PRR 1.27, 95%CI 1.12; 1.44) and 3.19% of women (age adjusted PRR 1.77, 95%CI 1.26;2.49) with a high WC as compared to 10.88% of men and 0.95% of women with a normal WC. Particularly, in the age groups 50–59 years (men, 11.1%) and 60–65 years (women, 10.2%) a high WC identified more frequently patients with a SCORE result necessitating action (>5% risk) than in lean men (3.52%, P < 0.0001) and women (4.32%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions  Routine measurement of waist circumference in primary care attendees is a suitable screening tool to identify patients with high cardiovascular risk in which a further diagnostic workup is necessary. Current cut-off values reflect a higher risk threshold in men than in women. Future research should identify new thresholds based on cardiovascular risk burden.     

Metabolic syndrome,cardiovascular risk and screening for subclinical atherosclerosis

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors known to promote or increase the risk of diabetes development and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Screening for subclinical atherosclerosis using new imaging technologies or novel biomarkers could help to further risk-stratify patients with metabolic syndrome. In particular, noninvasive imaging of carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium scoring seem to have promising prognostic value in identifying patients at high risk. Early identification could lead to improved patient or physician adherence to risk-reducing behaviors or interventions and improve clinical outcomes.     

Arterial elasticity and oxidized LDL among men with metabolic syndrome and different 10-year cardiovascular risk estimated by FINRISK and SCORE models

Abstract

Background. SCORE and FINRISK models are designed to estimate patient's risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Increased circulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and impaired arterial elasticity, on their part, are considered as markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are thought to be at high risk for CVD because of metabolic abnormalities.

Aim. To study among men with MetS whether subjects with three, four, or five MetS variables or different estimated 10-year CVD risk differ in oxLDL and arterial elasticity.

Methods. OxLDL was assessed by a capture ELISA and arterial elasticity by a radial artery tonometer among 120 men with MetS. Ten-year CVD risk was calculated for those without CVD or statin medication by FINRISK and SCORE at the actual age and at the extrapolated age of 60.

Results. High-risk subjects by FINRISK and SCORE had impaired arterial elasticity. In addition, high-risk subjects by FINRISK at the extrapolated age had elevated oxLDL levels. The number of MetS variables did not associate with arterial elasticity or oxLDL.

Conclusion. Among men with MetS, estimation of 10-year CVD risk, especially when extrapolated to age 60, seems to differentiate subjects with respect to markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01119404.     

代谢综合征及其组分和数量对踝臂指数的影响

目的 观察代谢综合征(MS)、MS各自组分及组分数量对踝臂指数(ABI)的影响及与外周动脉性疾病(PAD)的相关性.方法 对心内科、内分泌科和老年科773例住院患者进行横断面调查,测量血压、ABI、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂和高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP),采用中华医学会糖尿病学分会关于MS的建议诊断MS,根据MS组分数量将患者分为5组.结果 ①与非MS组比较,MS组患者ABI值降低,分别为1.03±0.15和0.99±0.17(P＜0.01);PAD患病率增加,分别为15.6%和23.5%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②ABI水平随MS组分数量的增多逐渐下降,依次为1.044±0.145、1.013±0.176、1.007±0.159、0.994±0.165、0.966±0.176;PAD患病率随MS组分数量的增多而增加,依次为13.2%、8.6%、20.6%、22.0%、29.5%.③logsitic回归分析显示,调整年龄、性别和吸烟因素后,MS与PAD相关,危险比(OR)(95%CI)为2.208(1.493～3.266);MS组分中高血糖与PAD相关,OR(95%CI)为2.205(1.477～3.359);与有0或1个MS组分的患者相比,有3、4、5个MS组分患者PAD的OR(95%CI)分别为2.281(1.253～4.151)、2.714(1.422～5.179)和4.429(2.022～9.702).结论 MS患者ABI明显降低,PAD患病率高;MS对PAD的影响主要是高血糖的作用,MS组分数量增加使用PAD发生的风险增加.     

Abdominal obesity is essential for the risk of venous thromboembolism in the metabolic syndrome: the Tromsø study

Summary.  Background:  The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and all cause mortality. Objectives:  The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the metabolic syndrome, and its individual components, on the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a prospective population-based study. Methods:  Individual components of the metabolic syndrome were registered in 6170 subjects aged 25–84 years in the Tromsø Study in 1994–1995, and first ever VTE events were registered until 1 September 2007. Results:  The metabolic syndrome was present in 21.9% (1350 subjects) of the population. There were 194 validated first VTE events (2.92 per 1000 person-years) during a mean of 10.8 years of follow-up. Presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with increased risk of VTE (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.22–2.23) in age- and gender-adjusted analysis. The risk of VTE increased with the number of components in the metabolic syndrome ( P  < 0.001). Abdominal obesity was the only component significantly associated with VTE in multivariable analysis including age, gender, and the individual components of the syndrome (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.49–2.75). When abdominal obesity was omitted as a diagnostic criterion, none of the other components, alone or in cluster, was associated with increased risk of VTE. Conclusions:  Our study provides evidence for the metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for TE. Abdominal obesity appeared to be the pivotal risk factor among the individual components of the syndrome.     

老年男性代谢综合征与血前列腺特异性抗原相关性研究

目的 探讨老年男性代谢综合征相关指标与血清前列腺特异性抗原( prostate-specific antigen,PSA)水平的关系.方法 选择2005年4月至2009年1月在我科就诊的375例老年男性,测量身高、体质量,24小时动态血压监测,计算体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),平均动脉压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP),检测血PSA、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、尿酸(UA),分析血PSA与代谢综合征各项指标的相关性.结果 血PSA与BMI呈负相关(rs=-0.113,P＜0.05),PSA与年龄(rs=0.109,P＜0.05)、甘油三酯(rs=0.111,P＜0.05)、空腹血糖(rs=0.166,P＜0.01)、C反应蛋白(rs =0.115,P＜0.05)呈正相关.结论 老年男性血PSA水平与BMI、年龄、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、C反应蛋白存在相关性,代谢综合征的相关指标可影响血PSA水平,从而影响前列腺疾病的发生.     

Effects of a community‐based intervention on cardio‐metabolic risk and self‐care behaviour in older adults with metabolic syndrome

This pilot study was performed to investigate the effects of a community‐based intervention (CBI) on cardio‐metabolic risk and self‐care behaviour in 92 older adults with metabolic syndrome at public health centres in Suwon, Korea. A prospective, pretest and posttest, controlled, quasi‐experimental design was used. The older adults in the intervention group participated in an 8‐week intensive lifestyle counselling, whereas those in the control group received usual care. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 71.4 (4.43) years ranging from 60 to 84, and 75.0% of the participants were female. The intervention group at 8 weeks showed significant reduction in waist circumference by ?1.35 cm (P < 0.001) and improved self‐care behaviour (+ 5.17 score, P < 0.05) and self‐efficacy (+ 4.84 score, P < 0.001) when compared with the control group. The percentages of those who successfully completed the targeted behavioural modification were 71.7% for exercise and 52.2% for dietary control in the intervention group at 8 weeks. This pilot study provided evidence of the beneficial impact of the CBI for Korean older adults with metabolic syndrome.     

Epidemiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome

Recent definitions of the metabolic syndrome from the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) have given us a clearer picture of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and the risks it poses for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Solid epidemiological and trial evidence support lifestyle changes as the main modifiable risk factors, including abdominal obesity, sedentary lifestyle and a diet rich in saturated fat and low in fiber content, in the treatment of individual components of the metabolic syndrome. Physical activity may prevent the metabolic syndrome as defined by the WHO and NCEP, but the evidence for lifestyle changes using these definitions is still sparse. No trials on the treatment of the metabolic syndrome to prevent diabetes have been published. However, both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and the Diabetes Prevention Program found that moderate lifestyle interventions in persons with impaired glucose tolerance, a condition related to the metabolic syndrome, decreased the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%. Some drugs may also prevent diabetes. Further research on lifestyle modifications in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, and on how best to promote lifestyle changes, is needed. In the meantime, efforts to curb obesity and overweight, increase physical activity and improve compliance with current dietary recommendations should continue.     

Gender differences in the metabolic syndrome and their role for cardiovascular disease

Summary Women live longer than men and develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) at an older age. The metabolic syndrome represents a major risk factor for the development of CVD, and gender¹ differences in this syndrome may contribute to gender differences in CVD. In recent years, the metabolic syndrome has been more prevalent in men than in women. Prevalence is increasing and this increase has been steeper in women, particularly in young women, during the last decade. The contributions of the different components of the metabolic syndrome differ between genders and in different countries. In a recent survey in Germany, 40% of the adult population had been diagnosed with disturbed glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Undiagnosed diabetes was more frequent in men than in women, and risk factors for undiagnosed diabetes differed between the sexes. Worldwide, in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose was observed more frequently in men, whereas impaired glucose tolerance occurred relatively more often in women. Lipid accumulation patterns differ between women and men. Premenopausal women more frequently develop peripheral obesity with subcutaneous fat accumulation, whereas men and postmenopausal women are more prone to central or android obesity. In particular, android obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and the development of type 2 diabetes. Visceral adipocytes differ from peripheral adipocytes in their lipolytic activity and their response to insulin, adrenergic and angiotensin stimulation and sex hormones. Visceral fat is a major source of circulating free fatty acids and cytokines, which are directly delivered via the portal vein to the liver inducing insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipid profile. Inflammation increases cardiovascular risk particularly in women. A relatively greater increase in cardiovascular risk by the appearance of diabetes in women has been reported in many studies. Thus, the presently available data suggest that the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome and its contribution to the relative risk of cardiovascular events and heart failure show gender differences, which might be of potential relevance for prevention, diagnostics, and therapy of the syndrome. ¹ "Gender" is used to include biological sex as well as gender in its strict sense Supported by the DFG (grants to V. Regitz–Zagrosek) and the BMBF (Competence Network Heart Failure) An erratum to this article can be found at     

妊娠期代谢综合征诊断标准的评价及危险因素分析

目的 探讨妊娠期代谢综合征（GMS ）的诊断标准,并分析引起GM S的危险因素。方法 选取该院定期进行产科检查并住院分娩的154例单胎妊娠且子痫前期者为子痫前期组,310例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇为妊娠期糖尿病组,同时选取500例健康孕妇作为健康对照组。记录各组孕妇年龄、怀孕周数、血压、孕前体质量、孕前体质量指数,检测各组孕妇空腹血糖、胰岛素以及总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和游离脂肪酸的含量,并对检测结果 进行比较分析。结果 （1）子痫前期组及妊娠糖尿病组孕妇的年龄、怀孕周数、血压、孕前体质量指数分别与健康对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。（2）子痫前期组和妊娠期糖尿病组孕妇各项检测指标分别与健康对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。（3）子痫前期组和妊娠期糖尿病组孕妇发生GMS的风险显著升高（P＜0．05）。结论 孕前体质量指数和总胆固醇是子痫前期和妊1娠期糖尿病发生的危险因素,而两组均显示高密度脂蛋与代谢综合征的发生无显著相关。     

Treating the metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MS), a cluster of metabolic abnormalities with insulin resistance as its central component, is increasing in prevalence and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current evidence supports an aggressive intervention approach that comprises lifestyle modification in conjunction with drug treatment of the MS components. Healthier eating and regular exercise greatly reduce waistline and body mass index, lower blood pressure and improve lipid profile. Lifestyle modification has been proven to prevent T2DM development. Nevertheless, appropriate treatment of MS components often requires pharmacologic intervention with insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, while statins and fibrates, or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are the first-line lipid-modifying or antihypertensive drugs. Only severely obese patients require specific drug treatments. Very often, drug combinations will be necessary to manage multiple risk factors. As we progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the MS, new targets for therapies will probably be identified and new treatments will prove to be even more efficacious than those currently available for the management of this life-threatening condition.     

太原市居民代谢综合征流行特征及危险因素分析

目的 了解太原市成年居民代谢综合征(MS)的患病率及流行特征,探索出相关危险因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法 ,对太原市3869名年龄20岁居民进行横断面调查.计算代谢综合征及各组分的患病率,采用多元回归分析代谢综合征的相关危险因素.结果 按照国际糖尿病联盟标准,太原市成年居民代谢综合征的标化患病率为17.8%(男性15.2%,女性20.4%,P0.001),按照美国国家胆固醇教育项目成人治疗组标准,标化患病率为12.2%(男性9.9%,女性14.6%,P0.001),按照中华医学会糖尿病学分会标准,标化患病率为17.5%(男性20.1%,女性14.8%,P0.001).年龄和体质指数增高为男性和女性代谢综合征的危险因素,职业为脑力工作者为男性的危险因素,无业、经常吃腌制食品为女性的危险因素,适量运动(4～5天/周,每天30 min以上)为男性保护因素,适量饮酒(酒精含量30 g/d)为女性的保护因素.结论 代谢综合征已成为影响太原市居民生命和健康的重大公共卫生问题,亟需制定包括控制体重、确保适量的体力活动的综合性防治策略.     

2型糖尿病高尿酸血症与代谢综合征相关性的研究

目的对672例2型糖尿病患者进行多因素调查,探讨糖尿病患者高尿酸血症与代谢综合征及其组分的相关性,以利于对心血管病的防治。方法选安贞及崔各庄社区已确诊的糖尿病672例患者,测量身高、体质量、颈围、腰围、血压,并测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血尿酸、血脂谱,以高尿酸及正常尿酸分2组,用SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果本研究人群高尿酸血症总患病率为8.04%,明显低于沿海山东人群。高尿酸血症组体质量指数、颈围、腰围、腰臀比、舒张压、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、尿素氮、血尿酸均明显高于正常尿酸组。代谢综合征及肥胖或超重的患病率在高尿酸血症组为75.93%、77.78%,正常尿酸组是58.9%、56.8%,P=0.014、0.003。高尿酸血症组具有3个及4个代谢综合征组分数目的患者多于正常尿酸组,75.93%vs.58.90%(P0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响高尿酸血症的因素有体质量指数、糖化血红蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、尿素氮。结论北京糖尿病患者高尿酸血症患病率低于沿海人群,但其合并代谢综合征及心血管危险因素很多且重,值得社区医生重视综合干预。