高血压合并冠心病患者的冠脉病变特点

目的 探讨高血压合并冠心病患者的血压及冠脉病变特点.方法 对358例高血压合并冠心病患者和144例单纯冠心病患者进行24h动态血压监测,分析动态血压参数.两组患者都行冠脉造影术,冠脉病变程度以病变的血管支数表示.结果 高血压合并冠心病组患者血管狭窄程度重,弥漫性血管病变多见,且明显高于单纯冠心病组患者(x2＝6.03,P＝0.019);其中复杂病变患者24h动态收缩压、日间动态收缩压、夜间动态收缩压、24h 动态脉压、日间动态脉压、夜间动态脉压都高于简单病变组(t值分别为2.580、2.045、2.675、2.037、2.601、1.995;P 值分别为0.015、0.037、0.009、0.041、0.017、0.047).结论 与单纯冠心病患者相比,高血压合并冠心病患者的冠状动脉的病变程度更重,故应对血压进行良好的控制以减轻高血压合并冠心病患者冠脉病变的程度.     

动态脉压对原发性高血压患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度及左室肥厚的影响

目的：通过监测原发性高血压患者24h动态血压,探讨其对颈动脉内膜中层厚度及左室肥厚的影响及相互关系.方法：选择2003-10/2004-12在泸州医学院附属医院心血管内科就诊且初诊为原发性高血压患者193例.行24 h动态血压监测获取相应血流动力学参数（包括脉压）,利用超声技术检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度及左室舒张末期内径、室间隔厚度及左室后壁厚度,根据相关公式求取左室重量指数;根据24 h脉压的不同分为三组：24 h脉压＜40mmHg组;40mmHg≤24h脉压＜60mmHg组;24h脉压≥60mmHg组.比较3组左室重量及左室重量指数;根据左室重量指数分为左室肥厚组和非左室肥厚组,比较两组间血压参数及内膜中层厚度的差异;并就内膜中层厚度、左室重量指数和脉压的各项参数作相关性分析.结果：纳入193例患者均进入结果分析.[1]原发性高血压患者年龄越大,脉压越高,尤以60岁以后明显.[2]左室内膜中层厚度比较：24 h脉压≥60 mm Hg组明显高于40 mm Hg≤24 h脉压＜60 mm Hg组[（1.06&;#177;0.02、0.94&;#177;0.07）mm,（P＜0.001）];左室肥厚组明显高于非左室肥厚组[（0.97&;#177;0.08）,（0.86&;#177;0.05）mm,（P=0.000）].[3]左室重量指数比较：24 h脉压≥60mm Hg组明显高于24 h脉压＜40 mm Hg组[（138.54&;#177;29.46、109.75&;#177;15.8）g/m^2,（P＜0.001）].[4]夜间脉压下降率比较：左室肥厚组明显低于非左室肥厚组[（3.42%,11.44%）,P=0.002].[5]相关性分析显示：全天脉压、白昼脉压、夜间脉压与内膜中层厚度及左室重量指数间均有较好的相关性,尤其以夜间脉压与二者的相关性最好.结论：原发性高血压患者动态脉压随年龄增长而增大,其血管的损害与心脏损害在早期是同步的,在由动态血压监测所获得的所有血流动力学参数中,以脉压（尤其是夜间脉压）及其昼夜节律改变对早期动脉硬化及早期心室重构的影响最为重要.     

动态血压参数与冠状动脉病变的相关性

目的探讨不同动态血压参数与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性。方法可疑冠心病患者212例,行冠状动脉造影同时进行24h动态血压监测,根据造影结果分为非冠状动脉病变组（43例）和冠状动脉病变组（169例）,冠状动脉病变组患者根据病变范围再分为单支血管病变组（56例）、双支血管病变组（38例）与3支血管病变组（75例）,分析比较各组动态血压参数。结果冠状动脉病变组24h平均收缩压、24h平均脉压、白天平均收缩压、白天平均脉压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均脉压、最高收缩压、最低收缩压均明显高于非冠状动脉病变组（P〈0.05）,且随着狭窄支数增加而逐渐增高,以3支血管病变组明显（P〈0.05）;冠状动脉病变组白天平均舒张压、夜间平均舒张压、24h平均舒张压、最高舒张压均明显低于非冠状动脉病变组（P〈0.05）,且随狭窄支数增加有逐渐下降趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;与杓型血压模式比较,非杓型、反杓型、超杓型血压模式患者双支和3支血管病变发生率率明显增高（P〈0.05）;多因素回归分析结果显示,夜间平均收缩压对冠心病有独立的预测价值（P〈0.05）。结论夜间平均脉压、最高收缩压与冠状动脉病变严重程度密切相关,夜间平均收缩压是预测冠状动脉病变的最佳参数;血压模式的改变是造成冠状动脉病变的重要因素。     

原发高血压患者动态脉压与大动脉弹性及血管内皮功能的关系

背景:动态血压监测能较敏感、客观的反映实际血压水平, 与靶器官损害及预后的关系密切.高血压靶器官损害中以血管内皮损害最常见.动态血压与大动脉弹性及血管内皮功能变化是否有一定相关性?目的:应用自动脉搏波速度测定仪和超声技术评价原发高血压患者大动脉弹性和内皮功能的变化,分析患者动态脉压与大动脉弹性、内皮功能的关系.设计:非随机化同期对照临床观察.单位:解放军第三○五医院冠心病诊疗中心.对象:选择2005-06/2007-04在解放军第三○五医院冠心病诊疗中心门诊和住院156例新近诊断原发性高血压患者,男114例,女42例,年龄40～75岁,平均(56±4)岁.纳入标准:①符合2004年中国高血压防治指南诊断标准.②近1月内在门诊或住院诊断原发高血压.③未服任何降压、降脂以及硝酸酯类药物治疗.患者均对检测知情同意,实验经过医院伦理委员会批准.方法:①实验分组:根据24 h平均脉压水平将患者分为3组: 24 h脉压＜ 40 mm Hg组(n=92), 40 mm Hg≤24 h脉压＜ 60 mm Hg组(n=39)及24 h脉压≥60 mm Hg组 (n=25).②项目检测:采用美国Meditech公司ABPM-04无创性携带式动态血压监护仪检测各组患者白昼及夜间脉压及24 h平均脉压;应用自动脉搏波速度测定仪测定颈-股动脉脉搏波速度和颈-桡动脉脉搏波速度评价大动脉扩张性;应用高分辨率血管外超声分别通过对肱动脉进行血流介导的血管扩张和硝酸甘油依赖性的血管扩张测定来评价内皮功能.主要观察指标:患者动态脉压与大动脉扩张性及动脉内皮功能的相关性.结果:纳入患者156例均进入结果分析.①动态脉压与大动脉扩张性的相关分析:颈-桡动脉脉搏波速度与白昼脉压、夜间脉压及24 h平均脉压均呈显著正相关,偏相关系数分别为0.310、0.281和0.303 (P均＜ 0.01), 颈-桡动脉脉搏波速度与白昼脉压、夜间脉压及24 h平均脉压均无显著相关(P ＞ 0.05).②动态脉压与动脉内皮功能的相关分析:动态脉压与血流介导的血管扩张两变量在数值上呈直线关系.以动态脉压为自变量,以内皮依赖性血管扩张为因变量进行直线相关分析显示, 血流介导的血管扩张与白昼脉压、夜间脉压及平均脉压呈显著性负相关(r=-0.684,-0.597,-0.668,P ＜ 0.01).动态脉压与非内皮性依赖性血管扩张无相关性.结论:动态脉压升高与原发高血压患者大动脉弹性降低和内皮功能受损密切相关.     

70岁以上老年高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死患者动态血压特征

目的 探讨70岁以上老年高血压合并腔隙性脑梗死患者的动态血压特征.方法 所有患者均行头颅磁共振成像(MRI)检查;采用无创性携带式动态血压监测仪,对30例高血压伴有腔隙性脑梗死的患者及28例不伴有腔隙性脑梗死的高血压患者(对照组)进行动态血压监测.结果 腔隙性脑梗死组24小时收缩压、夜间收缩压、24小时脉压、日间脉压及夜间脉压显著高于对照组,分别为(124.2±10.1)mm Hg vs(117.3±10.9)mm Hg,(125.2±11.5)mm Hg vs(114.4±15.4)mm Hg,(50.2±7.0)mm Hg vs(44.9±7.7)mm Hg,(50.2±7.2)mm Hg vs(46.0±7.1)mm Hg,(51.4±7.9)mm Hg vs(43.8±9.6)mm Hg(均P＜0.05);腔隙性脑梗死组非勺型血压的发生率(93.3%)高于对照组(64.3%),差异有统计学意义.结论 收缩压尤其是夜间收缩压升高,脉压差增大,有可能是老年高血压患者发生腔隙性脑梗死的重要危险因素;合并腔隙性脑梗死的老年原发性高血压患者出现更高比例的血压调节机制紊乱.     

高血压患者心律失常与24小时动态脉压的相关性研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者心律失常与24 h动态脉压(PP)的相关性.方法 随机选择原发性高血压患者106例,同时行动态血压与动态心电图检查,以PP＜60 mm Hg(A组,52例),PP≥60 mm Hg(B组,54例)分为2组,对其进行分析.结果 脉压增加主要因收缩压增加所致;随脉压增加,收缩压负荷增加,复杂性、恶性心律失常的发生率也明显增加.结论 原发性高血压患者心律失常与脉压有关,临床治疗中要注意缩小脉压,并将脉压作为评价高血压危险度和降压效果的重要指标.     

老年高血压患者脉压与冠状动脉病变程度及左心室舒张功能的关系

目的探讨老年高血压患者24h动态脉压与左心室舒张功能及冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法选择为明确有无冠心病行冠状动脉造影的老年高血压患者145例,均为男性,年龄60～79岁。所有入选病例进行了24h动态血压监测,计算24h平均脉压(APP)。按APP≤40mmHg、41～60mmHg、61～79mmHg、≥80mmHg分成4组。测量舒张期早期血流峰值速度(E峰),心房收缩期(舒张晚期)血流峰值速度(A峰),左心室舒张等容时间(LV-IVRT),并计算E/A比值。以一支或以上冠状动脉狭窄≥50%作为冠心病的诊断标准,对所有患者进行冠状动脉病变的评定。结果 145例中85例经冠状动脉造影证实为高血压合并冠心病。老年高血压合并冠心病患者随着年龄的增长,收缩压与APP明显增加(P<0.05)。随着APP的增高,左心舒张功能逐渐减退,虽然E峰差异不明显,但A峰、LV-IVRT逐渐增大,E/A比值逐渐减低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同时,随着APP的增加,病变冠状动脉记分及冠状动脉病变记分明显增加(P<0.05)。结论老年高血压病患者随着年龄的增长,脉压呈加速上升趋势,脉压高易导致左心舒张功能的减退和冠心病的发生,且与冠状动脉病变严重程度密切相关。     

原发性高血压患者脉压、血压负荷与心电图相关性的研究

目的 研究脉压、血压负荷与心电图异常的关系。方法 随机对610例原发性高血压（EH）患者进行测压和心电图检查。据平均血压（MBP）＜110mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.1333kPa)和≥110mm Hg分为二组。再据脉压（PP）≤40mm Hg、41-60mm Hg、≥ 60mm Hg分为3个亚组。同时分心电图（ECG）正常和异常两组。采用无创性动态血压随机监测其中61例患者,总测量数不少于55次。结果 ①心电图异常检出率在各脉压组之间均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,而且随着脉压增加,心电图异常检出率也增加。②在心电图正常和异常二组中,收缩压和舒张压的24小时血压总负荷、白昼负荷和夜间负荷的差异均有显著性（P＜0.01）。结论 原发性高血压患者脉压和血压负荷增加与心电图异常密切相关。     

血压变异性及动态动脉硬化指数与冠状动脉病变的相关性

目的探讨血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)、动态动脉硬化指数(ambulatory arterial stiffness index,AASI)与冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法可疑冠心病患者258例,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠状动脉病变组187例与冠状动脉正常组71例,术后1周内监测24h动态血压,分析观察动态血压及动态AASI与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性。结果冠状动脉双支及3支病变组动态AASI数、24h收缩压变异、白昼收缩压变异、夜间收缩压变异、夜间舒张压变异明显高于冠状动脉正常组(P<0.05),BPV及动态AASI数随冠状动脉血管病变支数的增加而逐渐增大;动态AASI与24h收缩压变异、白昼收缩压变异呈正相关;年龄、合并高血压病、合并糖尿病、24h收缩压变异、白昼收缩压变异、夜间收缩压变异、夜间舒张压变异及动态AASI与冠心病的发生呈正相关;多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示24h收缩压变异、夜间收缩压变异及动态AASI是冠心病独立危险因素。结论收缩压变异性和动态AASI对冠状动脉病变程度有较好的预测价值。     

原发性高血压合并醒后脑卒中与血压昼夜节律的相关性研究

目的通过对原发性高血压患者醒后脑卒中(WUS)与非醒后脑卒中(non-WUS)血压昼夜节律、24 h动态血压特点对比分析,探讨WUS与血压的关系。方法回顾性分析2017年9月至2019年9月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的原发性高血压合并急性脑梗死患者108例,按照卒中发病时间将患者分为两组:WUS组43例和nonWUS组65例。比较两组的24 h动态血压、血压昼夜节律,探讨WUS与血压昼夜节律的关系。结果①WUS组夜间收缩压(160. 88±16. 85 mm Hg)、夜间舒张压(92. 63±8. 00 mm Hg)均明显高于non-WUS组(153. 91±16. 77 mm Hg,89. 00±9. 46 mm Hg),差异均有显著性(P 0. 05); WUS组日间平均脉压(72. 00±12. 25 mmHg)、夜间平均脉压(68. 25±10. 24 mm Hg)和24 h平均脉压(70. 00±11. 13 mm Hg)明显高于non-WUS组(67. 86±8. 65 mm Hg,63. 78±10. 79 mmHg,65. 19±8. 56 mm Hg),差异均有显著性(P 0. 05);②WUS组血压昼夜节律异常者占88. 37%,以反杓型和非杓型为主; non-WUS组血压昼夜节律异常者占69. 23%,以非杓型为主(P 0. 01)。结论 WUS与昼夜节律相关,以反杓型和非杓型为主,同时WUS日间、夜间和24小时平均脉压大、夜间收缩压和舒张压较高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.