认知治疗对精神分裂症患者自知力的影响

目的：探讨认知疗法对精神分裂症患者自知力的影响。方法：将精神分裂症１００例随机分成药物治疗（药物组）５１例，药物加认知治疗（联全组）４９例，分别于入院时和出院时进行简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）和自知力与治疗态度问卷表（ＩＴＡＱ）测定。结果：ＢＰＲＳ在两之间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。ＩＴＡＱ在入院时两组无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），但出院时联合组得分药物组，有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论认     

影响精神分裂症患者自知力恢复的相关因素

目的　探讨影响精神分裂症患者自知力恢复的相关因素。方法　对８０ 例精神分裂症患者的自知力及其影响因素进行定量及半定量评估,并作多元逐步回归分析。结果　在α＝ ０－０５ 的水平上,进入回归方程的因子为阴性症状、药物剂量、服药依从性,标准化回归系数依次为１－３７８ ３,－１－０１０ ４,０－７８９ ７;治疗后各亚型自知力恢复程度不同（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,青春型与单纯型的自知力与治疗态度问卷增分值分别为（１４－８３ ±６－４２）分和（３－７３ ±１－２９）分,差异有非常显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１）。结论　影响精神分裂症自知力恢复的首要因子是阴性症状,其次为服药剂量与服药依从性;治疗后以青春型恢复最好,单纯型恢复最差     

精神分裂症的自知力及其相关因素研究

为探讨精神分裂症的自知力的临床价值及其相关因素，对１１８例精神分裂症患者进行了自知力与简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ）、临床疗效总评量表中的疗效总评项目（ＣＧＩ－ＧＩ）、治疗依从性的评定及其相关分析。结果显示，自知力完整者占１１．０％；自知力评分越高，ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＣＧＩ－ＧＩ和治疗依从性评分越高；自知力与ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、ＳＡＰＳ中的某些症状因子评分，以及受教育年限也有显著相关性，而与年龄、病程、住院次数及住院总时间无显著相关性。提示自知力与其它精神症状的严重程度及其变化、疗效、治疗依从性均有密切的关系，自知力的评定对精神分裂症具有重要的临床价值。     

自知力教育配合治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨自知力教育在精神分裂症治疗中的作用。方法：对８２例精神分裂症患者随机分组,应用自知力教育配合氟哌啶醇（４０例）及单用氟哌啶醇（４２例）进行对照治疗,疗程１２周。采用简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）、阴性症状评定量表（ＳＡＮＳ）、阳性症状评定量表（ＳＡＰＳ）、及自知力与治疗态度问卷表（ＩＴＡＱ）进行测定。结果：自知力教育配合氟哌啶醇组疗效显著较好。结论：自知力教育配合治疗是治疗精神分裂症的有效方法,能较早、较好地出现治疗效果。     

氯氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

为进一步验证氯氮平在治疗精神分裂症中的地位。方法对病程＜５年的１２２例首次住院的精神分裂症患者，采用分层随机法分为两组，分别首选氯氮平和氯丙嗪进行８周治疗。以ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评定疗效，以ＴＥＳＳ评定副反应。结果治疗前后比较，两组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ分均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＡＮＳ分氯氮平组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），氯丙嗪组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；疗后氯氮平组的ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ总分均明显低于氯丙嗪组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＴＥＳＳ总分氯氮平组亦低于氯丙嗪组，且无锥体外系副反应。结论氯氮平确是一种十分有效且药物副反应并不多见的抗精神病药。在严密监测血象的情况下，氯氮平实际上可作为一个可供选择的治疗精神分裂症的第一线药使用。     

集体心理治疗对慢性精神分裂症患者自知力的影响观察

目的 探讨集体心理干预时慢性精神分裂症自知力的影响,寻找提高患者对治疗依从性好方法.方法 将80例住院慢性精神病患者随机分成两组,干预组给予集体心理治疗和药物治疗,对照组只进行药物治疗.采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)和自制的依从性评估表,于入组前、结束时分别对每位患者各评定1次,共12周.结果 治疗结束时,干预组成员在自知力和依从性均优于对照组,精神症状改善比对照组明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 集体心理治疗可提高慢性精神分裂症患者自知力,改善服药依从性,值得推广.     

精神分裂症患者氯丙嗪治疗前后血小板聚集功能观察

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者血小板聚集功能及氯丙嗪治疗对血小板聚集功能的影响。方法 对３３例首次住院的男性精神分裂症患者氯丙嗪治疗前后进行ＢＰＲＳ评定及肾上腺素致聚下的血小板聚集功能检测，并与５５名正常对照相比较。结果 精神分裂症患者血小板１分钟聚集率（ＰＡＲ１）、５分钟聚集率（ＰＡＲ５）显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５，Ｐ〈０．０１）；用氯丙嗪治疗１个月后，患者临床症状缓解，ＢＰＲＳ评定分值下降（Ｐ〈０．０１），血小板聚集功能ＰＡＲ１无显著性改变（Ｐ〉０．０５），ＰＡＲ５明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 精神分裂症患者血小板聚集功能增强；氯丙嗪治疗可导致血小板的激活状态。     

精神分裂症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和异常淋巴细胞的检测

为探讨精神分裂症的发病机理，应用抗人Ｔ淋巴细胞单克隆抗体ＯＫＴ系统，间接葡萄球菌Ａ蛋白花环法，检测４７例精神分裂症外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群；应用姬姆萨染色法，检测８７例精神分裂症外周血涂片异常淋巴细胞；并与２６名正常人对比。结果显示，精神分裂症患者的ＯＫＴ＋３（Ｐ＜０．０１）、ＯＫＴ＋４（Ｐ＜０．０５）、ＯＫＴ＋４／ＯＫＴ＋８（Ｐ＜０．０１）均较正常人显著减少，异常淋巴细胞显著增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）。５７例服用与３０例未服用抗精神病药物的患者的异常淋巴细胞差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示精神分裂症确有免疫功能异常，异常淋巴细胞的改变与应用抗精神病药无明显相关。     

氯氮平及其联合舒必利治疗精神分裂症的双盲对照研究

目的 比较氯氮平及其联合舒必利治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法 ４１例精神分裂症患者,采用随机双盲法进行６周治疗观察,用ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ、临床疗效、ＴＥＳＳ评定疗效和副反应。结果 氯氮平组和氯氮平联合舒必利组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评分在治疗末均显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）,联合组于疗后３周ＳＡＮＳ７总分即有显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）;疗末联合组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评分与氯氮平组相比具有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０     

精神分裂症患者血清肌酸磷酸激酶活性的研究

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者血清肌酸磷酸激酶（ＣＰＲ）活性及二者之间关系。方法 对８０例精神分裂症患者进行血清ＣＰＫ测定，与３０例正常人进行对照。结果 精神分裂症偏执型兴奋组、表春型组发病期血清ＣＰＫ活性比正常组显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０１，０．００１），经治疗痊愈后显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５，０．０１）。而偏执型非兴奋组、单纯型组发病期血清ＣＰＫ活性与正常组比较无显著性差异，痊愈后也无明显改变（Ｐ〉０．０５）     

Correlates of insight and insight change in schizophrenia

Various theories have been proposed to account for poor insight in schizophrenia. This study examined the relationships between insight, mood, schizophrenic symptoms and cognitive functioning. The relationship between longitudinal changes in insight and changes in symptoms and mood was also investigated. One-hundred patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia, recently recovered from a relapse of their illness, were rated on the Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire (ITAQ), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test and tests of current and premorbid IQ. A random sample of 53 were then given an educational package (video and booklets) designed to improve their insight. Follow-up ratings on the ITAQ, PANSS and MADRS were subsequently obtained. At baseline, better insight was significantly correlated with lower mood and fewer positive symptoms. It was not related to cognitive functioning. Improvement in insight at follow up was related to worsening of mood, but not to change in positive symptoms. The results are consistent with the concept that poor insight, at least in part, results from the psychotic disease process itself. In addition, they suggest that poor insight may protect against depression in the early stages of recovery from schizophrenia.     

The 'object' of insight assessment: relationship to insight 'structure'.

Insight is a relational or 'intentional' concept, i.e., it is only understood in terms of its relation to something; and that 'something' is the 'object' of insight. In clinical practice, the 'object' of insight thus generally refers to a particular mental or physical state (e.g., mental illness, neuropsychological deficit) in relation to which insight is being assessed. It is argued in this paper that the 'object' of insight plays a crucial role in shaping or determining the sort of insight that is elicited in clinical practice (i.e., the phenomenon of insight). Three ways in which the 'object' of insight can shape the clinical phenomenon of insight are discussed. One concerns the conceptual background in which the 'object' is embedded and which is likely to impose a similar structure onto the phenomenon of insight. Another is the semantic category to which the 'object' of insight belongs and which will imprint its particular structure on the phenomenon of insight. Yet another concerns the specific nature of the 'object' which itself will shape the insight phenomenon elicited. This carries implications for research on insight, since insight tends to be explored in relation to a variety of 'objects'. Phenomena of insight in relation to different 'objects' are likely to vary in structure, and this, in turn, has consequences for mechanisms underlying insight in each case. Understanding more about the nature and contribution of the 'object' of insight in the insight-'object' relationship will help to delineate separate insight phenomena and achieve consistency in empirical studies on insight.     

The role of insight to alcohol use disorders in insight to schizophrenia

The aims of this study were to examine the difference in the level of insight into schizophrenia between patients with schizophrenia with and without comorbid alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and to examine the association between insight into schizophrenia and insight into AUDs in patients with comorbid schizophrenia and AUDs. A total of 51 schizophrenic subjects with comorbid AUDs and 67 schizophrenic subjects without AUDs were recruited into this study. The Schedule of Assessment of Insight-Expanded Version and the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale were used to measure subjects' insight into schizophrenia and AUDs, respectively. Multiple regression analysis models were used to examine the association between insight into schizophrenia and comorbid AUDs in all subjects, as well as the association between insight into schizophrenia and insight into AUDs in the subjects with comorbid schizophrenia and AUDs. The results indicated that schizophrenic subjects with comorbid AUDs had a lower level of insight into schizophrenia than those without AUDs. Meanwhile, among subjects with comorbid schizophrenia and AUDs, those who had a higher level of insight into AUDs had a higher level of insight into schizophrenia. Based on the results of this study, we suggest that evaluating comorbid AUDs and the level of insight into AUDs is important when evaluating the level of insight into schizophrenia among patients with comorbid schizophrenia and AUDs.     

Recovery and insight in schizophrenia

A study sample of 50 patients suffering from schizophrenia was examined at readmission and thereafter every second week until each patient had been interviewed five times i.e. eight weeks in total. Three types of recovery are identified, one with full and two with partial recovery of delusional beliefs. In patients with full recovery, the delusional dimensions (conviction, extension and pressure) decrease in a parallel manner. In patients with partial recovery, decreases in pressure precede decreases in other dimensions. Two-thirds (64%) of the patients have high insight from the very start of admission, and for two-thirds (68%) the degree of insight does not change during recovery. The average degree of insight increases during recovery, irrespective of the type of recovery. It is concluded that insight operates to some degree independently of positive psychotic symptoms and may be perceived as a distinct component of recovery.     

Obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight

Although a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be made with the specification "poor insight" (PI), this subtype remains understudied. To investigate the subtype, 78 OCD patients were characterized by degree of insight, reevaluated after treatment, and compared with 20 schizophrenics with OCD (OCD+S). At the pretreatment assessments in OCD patients, 28 subjects with poor or delusional insight (PI; 36%) were distinguished from 50 subjects with fair or good insight (GI; 64%) using the insight question of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Compared to the OCD+S group, OCD patients were less likely to have PI, whereas OCD PI patients showed a similar degree of functional impairment as that observed in the OCD+S. After a 6-month combination of clomipramine with cognitive-behavioral treatment, 14 of 25 OCD PI patients no longer fell in the PI category, which was associated with reduced OCD severity and depressive status. Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) was more common in patients whose insight remained poor even after the treatment. OCD patients demonstrate a range of insight with PI accompanied by significant dysfunction. Comorbid SPD in PI patients may be associated with worse prognosis.