不同抗精神病药物对精神分裂症血清催乳素和体重的影响

目的研究利培酮、奥氮平、氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素（PRL）、体重的影响。方法 68例精神分裂症患者随机分成利培酮组（23例）、奥氮平组（22例）、氟哌啶醇组（23例）,分别在治疗前、治疗8周末测血清催乳素、体重、身高,计算体重指数,并同时做阳性与阴性症状量表评分（PANSS）,观察治疗前后各测量指标的变化及不同药物组的差异。研究期间由医院提供相同饮食。结果 （1）3组治疗后较治疗前PANSS评分均明显下降（P〈0.01）,但3组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。（2）治疗前患者血清催乳素水平与PANSS总分、各因子分无明显相关性。（3）与治疗前比较,利培酮组、氟哌啶醇组血清PRL明显增高（P〈0.01）,而奥氮平组治疗后与治疗前比较,PRL差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。血清催乳素的升高为利培酮〉氟哌啶醇〉奥氮平。（4）治疗前后3组体重变化,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。3组BMI治疗后与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义[利培酮组（P〈0.01）,奥氮平组（P〈0.01）,氟哌啶醇组（P〈0.05）],3组间两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对体重的影响作用奥氮平〉利培酮〉氟哌啶醇。（5）体重的增加和阴性症状评分相关。结论利培酮有明显升高PRL的作用,而奥氮平对体重影响明显。     

三种抗精神病药治疗女性首发精神分裂症对糖脂代谢及催乳素的影响

目的评价奥氮平、利培酮及阿立哌唑对女性首发精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢及催乳素水平的影响。方法随机选择女性首发精神分裂症患者97例,分别使用奥氮平、利培酮及阿立哌唑治疗8周。治疗前及治疗期间每周记录体重变化,治疗前及治疗第2、4、8周末检验空腹血糖、甘油三脂、总胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、催乳素水平。结果在研究结束时,三组患者体重改变,血脂及催乳素水平变化均有显著性差异,空腹血糖变化无显著性差异。结论对于首发女性分裂症患者,奥氮平及利培酮对体重增加,脂代谢及催乳素水平有明显影响,而阿立哌唑则影响轻微。短期使用三种药物不影响患者空腹血糖水平。     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的临床效果比较

目的 比较奥氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者的临床效果。方法 研究选取时间：2019年1月—2020年5月,样本对象：江苏省连云港市第四人民医院收治的精神分裂症患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为奥氮平组和利培酮组,各40例。利培酮组予利培酮片治疗,奥氮平组予奥氮平片治疗,2组均治疗6个月。比较2组治疗效果、治疗前后阳性和阴性精神症状评定量表(PANSS)评分、生活质量评分及不良反应。结果 奥氮平组患者治疗总有效率高于利培酮组(95.00%vs. 77.50%,χ²=5.165,P=0.023);治疗6个月后,2组阳性症状、阴性症状、一般病理评分与总分均较治疗前下降,且奥氮平组低于利培酮组(P<0.05或P<0.01);2组各项生活质量评分较治疗前均升高,且奥氮平组评分明显高于利培酮组(P均<0.01);奥氮平组不良反应总发生率低于利培酮组(5.00%vs. 20.00%,χ²=4.114,P=0.043)。结论 奥氮平相较于利培酮用于精神分裂症患者的临床治疗效果更为突出,患者PANSS评分改善为显著,提高其生活质量,且不良反应发...     

氯氮平与利培酮对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素的影响

目的 :探讨氯氮平与利培酮对血清催乳素的影响及催乳素与药物疗效、体重、胰岛素抵抗之间的相互关系。方法 :64例停药 1月以上的精神分裂症患者分别服用氯氮平 (n =3 3 )与利培酮 (n =3 1) ,治疗前及治疗后 8周分别测定其空腹血清催乳素、瘦素、胰岛素、血糖水平 ,测身高与体重 ,以体重BMI(BMI =体重 身高2 (kg m2 ) )评定体脂情况 ,以胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA -InsulinResistance,HOMA -IR =空腹胰岛素×空腹血糖 )评定胰岛素抵抗 ,以BPRS减分率评定药物疗效。结果 :治疗 8周后利培酮组血清催乳素明显增加 (治疗前vs治疗后 :(651 2 8± 42 9 0 4)mIU Lvs(163 7 60± 10 60 3 5)mIU L ,P =0 0 0 0 ) ,而氯氮平组催乳素浓度无明显改变 (治疗前vs治疗后 :(43 0 57± 43 1 52 )mIU Lvs (3 72 11± 194 57)mIU L ,P =0 687)。多因素逐步回归显示催乳素与性别及不同药物有关。结论 :利培酮能增加血清催乳素水平 ,氯氮平对催乳素基本无影响 ,催乳素与药物疗效、体重、瘦素及胰岛素抵抗等无直接联系     

齐拉西酮与奥氮平对首发女性精神分裂症患者疗效及体重、血糖、血脂的影响

目的 探讨齐拉西酮与奥氮平对首发女性精神分裂症患者的疗效、体重、血糖、血脂的影响.方法 将60例首发女性精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组与奥氮平组,每组30例,随访8周.于治疗前、治疗第4、8周末分别测定阳性与阴线症状量表(PANSS)、体重、血糖、血脂.结果 2组治疗前后PANSS评分差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),4周末齐拉西酮组阳性症状分及总分显著高于奥氮平组(P＜0.05),但8周末2组间疗效的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);齐拉西酮对体重、血糖、血脂影响显著小于奥氮平,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 2组的总体疗效相当;齐拉西酮组与对女性首发精神分裂症患者的体重、血糖、血脂无明显影响,而奥氮平对体重、血糖、血脂有明显影响.     

氯氮平和利培酮对精神分裂症病人体重、瘦素及脂代谢的影响

目的 :观察氯氮平、利培酮对精神分裂症病人体重、瘦素及脂代谢的影响。方法 :6 4例 1mo内未服药的精神分裂症病人分入氯氮平 (n =33)或利培酮组 (n =31)治疗 8wk ,治疗前后测量其身高、体重、腰围、血脂水平及血清瘦素浓度 ,计算其体重指数 (BMI) ,同时评定简明精神症状评定量表(BPRS)。结果 :(1)治疗 8wk后 2组病人体重、腰围及BMI均明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;体重增加与治疗前体重、治疗前腰围及BPRS减分率无相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 ) 2组病人均有血三酰甘油 (TG)、总胆固醇 (TC)的升高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,TG与腰围相关。 (3) 2组病人血清瘦素浓度均升高 ,瘦素浓度与性别及腰围相关。结论 :氯氮平及利培酮均能引起病人体重增加 ,同时引起血清瘦素及血脂的改变。有必要对服用氯氮平或利培酮病人的体重及脂代谢指标进行监测。     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效及安全性

目的 评价奥氮平与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效及安全性.方法 96例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平组与利培酮组,分别治疗8周.采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及副反应.结果 奥氮平组与利培酮组的总有效率分别为81.67%和79.36%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2组不良反应发生率低、程度轻,奥氮平组体质量增加比例高于利培酮组;利培酮组锥体外系反应比例高于奥氮平组.结论 2种药物均为疗效好、安全性高的抗精神病药.     

利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症效果分析

目的 分析利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的效果.方法 选取本院2016年5月至2017年5月收治的首发精神分裂症患者100例,随机分为利培酮组和奥氮平组各50例,利培酮组给予利培酮治疗,奥氮平组给予奥氮平治疗,对比两组患者治疗后个人和社会功能改善情况.结果 经治疗,两组患者各疗效判定项目均较治疗前改善明显,治疗后两组阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理评价比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后,两组患者个人及社会功能评价项目均显著改善,其中利培酮组在社会活动、个人与社会关系方面显著优于奥氮平组,奥氮平组在自我照顾、攻击行为评价方面显著优于利培酮组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).利培酮组不良反应发生率为18.18％,奥氮平组不良反应发生率为22.73％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 利培酮、奥氮平在治疗首发精神分裂症方面均具有十分确切的临床疗效,均可显著改善患者临床症状及个人和社会功能,利培酮在社会活动、个人与社会关系改善方面具有显著优势,奥氮平在自我照顾、攻击行为改善方面具有显著优势,在临床使用中可根据患者实际情况选择性使用.     

舒必利与奥氮平治疗神经性厌食症患者的对照研究

目的:比较舒必利联合帕罗西汀与奥氮平联合帕罗西汀治疗神经性厌食症的疗效与副反应差别。方法:分析57例(其中使用舒必利组25例,奥氮平组32例)住院神经性厌食症患者治疗8周前后的体重,体重指数,汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA),汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及副反应量表(TESS)的结果。结果:两组治疗8周后体重,体重指数及汉密尔顿焦虑量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表总分均比入院时有明显改善。同时治疗8周后奥氮平组比舒必利组在改善体重及体重指数上要更加明显,两组间比较有统计学差异,而在HAMA、HAMD、TESS的比较上未见统计学差异。结论:舒必利联合帕罗西汀与奥氮平联合帕罗西汀均能有效改善神经性厌食症患者的临床症状,奥氮平联合帕罗西汀相对舒必利联合帕罗西汀而言改善体重及体重指数的效果更佳,两组在副反应上未见明显差异。     

喹硫平与利培酮对女性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素及体重指数的影响分析

目的 探讨喹硫平与利培酮对女性精神分裂症患者血清催乳素和体重指数BMI的影响.方法 选取未用药或停药1月的100例女性精神分裂症患者,随机分为喹硫平组和利培酮组治疗,分别给予喹硫平与利培酮单独治疗12周.在治疗前后分别测定血清催乳素水平和体重,计算体重指数BMI.结果 治疗12周后喹硫平组血清催乳素和体重指数BMI无明显增加,利培酮组则显著增加,体重指数BMI和催乳素水平变化呈正相关.结论 喹硫平对女性患者催乳素和体重BMI指数无明显影响,利培酮对女性患者催乳素和体重指数BMI影响明显.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.