肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻的介入治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝静脉流出道梗阻(HVO)的介入治疗方法及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析5例肝移植术后(劈离式肝移植2例,活体肝移植3例)发生HVO,实施支架植入(4例)和经皮腔内血管成形术(1例)患者的临床资料和介入技术要点.结果介入治疗3例采取经皮肝穿刺肝静脉人路,2例采取右颈内静脉入路.肝静脉造影显示HVO发生在肝左或肝右静脉与下腔静脉吻合口3例,在肝总静脉与肝右静脉吻合口2例.5例介入治疗均成功,介入术后肝静脉与右心房间压力梯度从(15.4±5.6)mmHg下降到(1.9±1.2)mmHg.术后随访9～482 d,无一例发生再狭窄.术后1例因多器官功能衰竭死亡,4例术前明显升高的血清转氨酶和(或)胆红素术后均恢复正常.术前伴有大茸腹水、消化道出血的2例术后腹水均缓解,消化道出血停止.结论 HVO是肝移植术后少见并发症,危害严重,介入治疗是其安全,有效的治疗方法.     

Treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback liver transplantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the endovascular management of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed with the approval and under the guidelines of the institutional review board and complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Informed consent from patients was not required by the institutional review board for this retrospective study. From 1995 to 2003, 13 patients (eight male, five female), including 12 adults and one adolescent (age range, 14-67 years; median age, 52 years), underwent endovascular treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation. Patients gave informed consent for all procedures. Eleven patients received whole livers, and two received living-related donor right liver lobes. Four underwent repeat piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation prior to intervention. Primary stent placement was performed in 12 patients. One patient refused primary stent placement and chose venoplasty alone, but required a stent 5 months later. Short balloon-expandable stents (mean diameter, 14.6 mm +/- 1.1 [standard deviation]) were used to minimize jailing of branch vessels and to resist recoil. Pre- and post-procedural pressure gradients were measured. Follow-up included venography, cross-sectional imaging, and laboratory tests. The Wilcoxon signed rank test or the sign test was performed to compare pre- and post-procedural pressure gradients, body weights, and laboratory values. RESULTS: Technical success (pressure gradient < or = 3 mm Hg) was achieved in 13 of 13 patients, and clinical success, in 12 of 13. Mean pre- and post-procedural pressure gradients were 13.0 mm Hg +/- 1.4 and 0.8 mm Hg +/- 0.3. Mean interval from transplantation to intervention was 348 days +/- 159. Mean follow-up was 678 days (range, 16-2880 days). Technical success did not result in clinical improvement in one patient. Biopsy demonstrated severe hepatic necrosis, likely from prolonged venous congestion, and the patient required repeat transplantation. Only one patient required reintervention for stent migration, and no other complications occurred. No significant restenosis was encountered after stent placement. CONCLUSION: Hepatic venous outflow obstruction is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation. Endovascular treatment with balloon-expandable stents is effective, safe, and apparently durable.     

小儿肝移植术后流出道梗阻的血管内治疗

目的 评价小儿肝移植术后流出道梗阻(HVOO)血管内治疗的效果.方法 搜集2008年1月至2013年1月肝移植术后小儿流出道梗阻患儿10例,均经下腔静脉及肝静脉造影证实,并行经皮血管成形术(PTA)和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗.肝静脉流出道梗阻发生时间为术后10～ 455 d,根据梗阻发生时间分为早发型(肝移植术后1个月内)和迟发型(肝移植术后1个月以上),分析10例患儿血管内治疗的效果.结果 10例共进行21次血管内治疗,1次治疗无效,技术成功率为95.2％(20/21),首次治疗临床成功率为70.0％(7/10).早发型3例,1例扩张无效行手术治疗成功,1例反复流出道梗阻复发,最后植入支架,1例发生急性排斥反应死亡.迟发型7例,经球囊扩张或内支架治疗成功.结论 PTA和支架成形术治疗小儿肝移植术后HVOO,结果是安全有效的.早发型或肝静脉合并下腔静脉流出道梗阻应尽早植入支架,迟发型流出道梗阻和单纯肝静脉狭窄球囊扩张可获得较好结果.     

Endovascular treatment of acute arterial complications after living-donor liver transplantation

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endovascular treatment for acute arterial complications following living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 79 LDLT patients, 17 (mean age 48+/-8 years, range 33-66 years) who had acute arterial complications and underwent endovascular treatment were evaluated. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed to control peritoneal bleeding. Catheter-directed thrombolysis using urokinase was performed in hepatic artery thromboses. The locations of complications and materials used were evaluated. The technical and clinical success rates were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-three acute arterial complications, including four hepatic artery thromboses and 19 cases of peritoneal haemorrhages were identified in 22 angiographic sessions in 17 patients. The mean duration between LDLT and first angiography was 3.2+/-3.5 days (range 1-13 days). Hepatic artery recanalization with catheter-directed thrombolysis using urokinase was achieved in two patients. Transcatheter arterial embolization for peritoneal bleeding was successfully performed in 16 cases. The most common bleeding focus was the right inferior phrenic artery. Additional surgical management was needed in five patients to control bleeding or hepatic artery recanalization. Technical and clinical success rates of transcatheter arterial embolization were 84.2 and 63.1%, respectively. Overall technical success was achieved in 18 of 23 arterial complications (78.2%), and clinical success was achieved in 14 of 23 arterial complications (60.8%). CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment for the acute arterial complications of haemorrhage or thrombosis in LDLT patients is safe and effective. Therefore, it should be considered as the first line of treatment in selective cases.     

Outcome of percutaneous transhepatic venoplasty for hepatic venous outflow obstruction after living donor liver transplantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the outcome of percutaneous transhepatic venoplasty of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional Human Subjects Research Review Board approved the interventional protocol and the retrospective study, for which informed consent was not required. Before treatment, informed consent was obtained from the patient or the patient's parents in all cases. Of 26 consecutive patients (nine male, 17 female; median age, 9 years) suspected of having hepatic venous outflow obstruction after LDLT, 20 patients confirmed to have anastomotic outflow stenosis at percutaneous hepatic venography and manometry underwent venoplasty. Pressure gradients before and after venoplasty were evaluated by using a paired t test. Patients in whom obstruction recurred during follow-up were re-treated with venoplasty with or without expandable metallic stents. Patency was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: The initial balloon venoplasty was technically successful in all 20 patients, all of whom had improved clinical findings. The pressure gradient +/- standard deviation was reduced from 14.6 mg Hg +/- 8.6 to 2.2 mg Hg +/- 2.4 (P < .001). Eleven patients had recurrent obstruction and were treated with balloon venoplasty; one of them underwent stent placement, as well as venoplasty. The primary (event-free) patency and 95% confidence interval (CI) at 3, 12, and 60 months after venoplasty were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.98), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.81), and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.81), respectively. The primary assisted patency, maintained with repeated venoplasty and expandable metallic stents, was 1.00 at 60 months. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous venoplasty is an effective treatment for hepatic venous outflow obstruction after LDLT.     

Percutaneous transluminal venoplasty after venous pressure measurement in patients with hepatic venous outflow obstruction after living donor liver transplantation

Purpose  

The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the outcome of percutaneous transluminal venoplasty (PTV) after venous pressure measurement in patients with hepatic venous outflow obstruction following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).     

Management of venous outflow complications after liver transplantation

Liver transplantation can be complicated by stenosis of the hepatic venous or inferior vena cava outflow. Venous outflow stenosis occurs at rates of 1 to 6% depending on the type of anastomosis. Stenoses can develop acutely as a result of technical problems or can present much later after the transplant due to intimal hyperplasia or perianastomotic fibrosis. Common clinical presentations include hepatic dysfunction, liver engorgement, ascites, abdominal pain, and occasionally variceal bleeding. Treatment can generally be accomplished via a transjugular approach, but percutaneous transhepatic access may be needed when the anastomosis cannot be catheterized from the jugular access. Angioplasty can achieve technical success in restoring anastomotic patency in close to 100% of cases, but restenosis is frequent. Repeat angioplasties may be needed. In adults and pediatric patients with adult sized hepatic veins, stenting may be a better option. Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms is seen in 73 to 100% of cases. Major complications are uncommon, with stent migration being one of the more difficult complications to manage.     

活体肝移植中改良移植肝右叶的肝中静脉属支闭塞:对比增强超声检查的诊断

目的研究对比剂增强超声检查对于活体肝移植术后改良移植肝右叶肝中静脉属支闭塞的诊断能力。材料与方法研究获单位伦理委员会批准,无需知情同意书。研究包括2009年2月—5月间进行活体肝移植改良肝右叶移植术的65例病人(男48例,女17例,年龄33～69岁,平均52.8岁)。所有病人均于术后1天进行对比增强超声检查和多普勒超声检查,并于超声检查后7天内进行CT检查。对比增强超声检查中,评估动脉期和门静脉期的肝中静脉属支范围的肝实质的强化方式。采用肝中静脉属支闭塞常见的强化方式为标准,比较对比增强超声与多普勒超声检查对于肝中静脉属支闭塞的诊断效能,以CT检查作为参照。利用常用的估算公式对数据进行归类分析。结果在65例病人的148支肝中静脉属支中,CT检查中发现31例病人的36支(24.3%)闭塞。以动脉期高回声或门静脉期低回声作为诊断标准时,对比增强超声敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为91%(33/36)、97%(109/112)和95%(142/148);而多普勒超声分别为83%(30/36)、86%(97/112)和85%(127/148)。对比增强超声检查对于肝中静脉属支的闭塞较多普勒超声检查有更高的特异度和准确度(P=0.024和0.01)。动脉期高回声仅出现在肝静脉闭塞组。结论对比增强超声检查有助于准确评价活体肝移植改良肝右叶肝中静脉属支的闭塞情况。对比增强超声较多普勒超声更具特异性,肝静脉闭塞时表现为受累区域的动脉期强化。     

Hepatic venous congestion after right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation: the added value of delayed-phase imaging on CT

PURPOSE: To describe and determine the additional value of delayed-phase imaging of hepatic venous congestion after living-donor liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients who had surgical ligation of the middle hepatic vein (HV) in living-donor liver transplantation underwent 3-phase computed tomography scans. Two radiologists analyzed in consensus the presence and pattern of the hepatic attenuation difference and the opacification of the HV in the congested areas of the liver during each phase of the initial and follow-up computed tomography scanning. The imaging findings were correlated with the serum bilirubin level. RESULTS: Opacification of the HV was observed more frequently in 22 (92%) of 24 hyperattenuating areas on delayed-phase (DP) scans than in 2 (50%) of 4 hypoattenuating areas in the congested areas of the liver. Patients with persistent hypoattenuatation in the congested areas on all phases (14%) showed significantly persistent hyperbilirubinemia after postoperative 4 weeks and showed a higher mortality rate (50%) than did the other patients with hyperattenuation on DP scans. CONCLUSIONS: A hypoattenuating area of the liver during DP scans indicates severe hepatic congestion and is correlated with hyperbilirubinemia and a high mortality rate.     

Endovascular treatment of dural fistulas with the venous outflow of laterocavernous sinus

Objective

To report our findings concerning the laterocavernous sinus (LCS) drainage of dural fistulas, focusing our attention on the important implications in treatment of the LCS, which is one of the principal drainage pathways of the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV).

Methods

Consecutive 32 patients with dural fistulas treated endovascularly between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed. Seven patients had angiographic features such as dural fistulas draining with SMCV via LCS. Clinical records for these 7 patients were focused to determine their presenting symptoms, angiographic features, endovascular treatments, and clinical outcomes.

Results

Over 3 years, 7 patients had 7 dural fistulas drained with SMCV via LCS were treated. Six-vessel angiography confirmed the presence of the dural fistulas. All fistulas were Cognard Type III featured by leptomeningeal veins drainage. One fistula involving the lesser sphenoid wing and 6 fistulas involving CS were supplied by external carotid artery branches with or without dural branches of the internal carotid artery. LCS was identified as a contiguous to SMCV drainage in these cases. One patient was treated with transvenous coil embolization alone, two with transvenous a combination of Onyx and coil embolization, and 4 with transarterial embolization. An angiographic obliteration and clinical cure was achieved in all patients. Complication was local hair loss due to X-ray radiation in one patient.

Conclusion

It is very important to diagnose the presence of LCS in dural fistulas during the diagnostic angiography. It is believed that the knowledge of LCS might be relevant for the understanding and treatment of dural fistulas involving the LCS.     

肝移植术后急性肝动脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的评价用血管内介入放射学技术治疗原位肝移植后急性肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)的安全性和疗效。方法对10例肝移植后早期发生急性HAT患者进行了介入治疗。10例均表现为术后转氨酶、胆红素进行性增高。HAT发生于移植术后16h～10d(平均4.5d),Doppler超声波检查提示HAT,经血管造影证实。血管内介入技术有肝动脉内留置导管持续低剂量溶栓和肝动脉内支架置入术,同时经静脉给予低剂量肝素。肝动脉内溶栓期间间隔6～12h复查超声波。结果10例均表现为肝固有动脉完全阻塞。溶栓治疗成功8例。复查血管造影显示肝固有动脉有血流通过,肝内动脉分支显影,肝功能明显改善。肝动脉内留置导管时间为12h～9d(平均4.8d)。8例溶栓成功的患者均存在肝固有动脉吻合口处狭窄,其中7例狭窄程度>90%,进行肝动脉血管内支架置入术。溶栓治疗失败2例,1例于溶栓开始后12h发生腹腔内出血,行急诊开腹探查,发现肝动脉吻合口出血,随即再次吻合;1例留置导管溶栓7d后未能开通肝动脉阻塞,但向肝脏供血的侧支建立、肝功能有所改善,未作进一步治疗。8例治疗成功者术后随访4～20个月(中位值12个月),一般情况良好,复查超声波显示肝动脉血流通畅。结论血管内介入放射学技术是治疗肝移植后早期急性HAT的有效方法,有较高的安全性。     

Endovascular treatment of AVF after hair transplantation

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of the scalp is a very rare complication of hair transplantation. Only 9 cases have been reported in nearly half a century. The diagnosis is clinical but angiography is necessary for defining the angioarchitecture of the lesion. Due to technical developments, endovascular embolization has become the primary treatment for AVF of the scalp.     

Peripheral anatomic evaluation using 3D CT hepatic venography in donors: significance of peripheral venous visualization in living-donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine clinical roles for 3D CT hepatic venography in the evaluation of peripheral hepatic venous anatomy during living-donor liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects comprised 54 donors (age range, 20-60 years) who had undergone surgery to donate a liver for transplantation. Visualization of each hepatic venous branch and total visualization using 3D CT hepatic venography were evaluated. Maximum venous branch order visualized was graded as nil, first branch, second branch, or third branch or more. The distance between the hepatic surface and the tip of each hepatic venous branch was classified as 0-5 mm, 6-10 mm, 11-15 mm, 16-20 mm, or 21-25 mm. Quality of total 3D CT hepatic venography was evaluated subjectively as poor, good, fair, or excellent. Dominance of large hepatic veins in the right lobe, peripheral branching pattern of the middle hepatic vein, and branching pattern of the vein draining segment IVb were also assessed. RESULTS: Most hepatic venous branches (96.2% [275/286]) were visualized up to at least the second-order branches, and 93.7% (268/286) of branches were within 10 mm of the hepatic surface. As for total visualization, 98% (53/54) of cases were regarded as excellent. The dominant vein in the right lobe was the right hepatic vein in 27 cases, inferior hepatic vein in 25, and middle hepatic vein in one. The branching pattern of the middle hepatic vein was type 1 in 36 cases, type 2 in nine, and type 3 in eight. Segment IVb vein branched from the middle hepatic vein in 20 patients, and from the left hepatic vein in 34. CONCLUSION: Because 3D CT hepatic venography visualizes peripheral hepatic venous branches in detail, the technique is useful for determining operative indications in living-donor liver transplantation.     

Feasibility and mid- to long-term results of endovascular treatment for portal vein thrombosis after living-donor liver transplantation

PURPOSEWe aimed to evaluate mid- to long-term results of endovascular treatment for portal vein thrombosis (PVT) after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT).METHODSThirty cases (14 males, 16 females; age range, 0.67–65 years) who underwent endovascular treatment including thrombolysis, angioplasty, stent placement, and/or collateral embolization for PVT after LDLT from 2001 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and procedural data were collected and analyzed regarding the patency of the PVT site at the last follow-up date (PVT-free persistency) using Log-rank test. Results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.RESULTSMedian follow-up was 120 months. The technical success rate was 80% (n=24). Patency rates at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 12, 36, and 60 months were 73%, 59%, 55%, 51%, 51%, 51%, and 51% for primary patency and 80%, 70%, 66%, 66%, 66%, 61%, and 61% for assisted patency after secondary endovascular treatment. PVT-free persistency rates regarding the subgroups were as follows: children under 12 years vs. adults, 50% vs. 68% (p = 0.42); acute vs. nonacute, 76% vs. 46% (p = 0.10); localized vs. extensive, 90% vs. 50% (p = 0.035); transileocolic approach vs. percutaneous-transhepatic approach, 71% vs. 54% (p = 0.39); and thrombolysis-based treatment vs. non-thrombolysis-based treatment, 71% vs. 44% (p = 0.12), respectively. Among technically successful cases, PVT-free persistency rate was 94% for those with hepatopetal flow in the peripheral portal vein vs. 17% for those without hepatopetal flow (p < 0.001). The only major complication occurring was pleural hemorrhage (n=1). Minor complications (i.e., fever) occurred in 18 patients (60%).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, mid- to long-term portal patency following endovascular treatment was approximately 50%–60% in PVT patients after LDLT. PVT site patency over three months after the first endovascular treatment, localized PVT, and hepatopetal flow in the peripheral portal vein were identified as key prognostic factors for mid- to long-term portal patency.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a vascular complication of living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), with an estimated incidence of up to 4% (1, 2). The risk of vascular complications, including PVT, is higher in LDLT compared with conventional deceased-donor liver transplantation, because of the smaller vessels, insufficient vessel length for reconstruction, neointimal proliferation, and higher risk of twisting and kinking of the vascular pedicle (3) due to smaller graft size than in deceased-donor liver transplantation. PVT after LDLT can lead to graft failure and the need for retransplantation or death (2), making immediate treatment crucial.Endovascular-based treatment is one option for treating PVT. The utility of target-focused thrombolysis, balloon angioplasty, and stent placement to restore portal flow has been reported previously (4–10). However, the efficacy of endovascular treatment after LDLT has only been presented in some case reports (11, 12) and the mid- to long-term outcomes remain unclear.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical success, feasibility, and mid- to long-term results of endovascular treatment for PVT after LDLT in our institution.     

Yamanouchi magnetic compression anastomosis for bilioenteric anastomotic stricture after living-donor liver transplantation

Yamanouchi magnetic compression anastomosis (YMCA) is a novel interventional method that creates an anastomosis between the bile duct and small intestine. The method uses two magnets to compress the stricture transmurally, causing gradual ischemic necrosis of the stricture. This ischemic necrosis creates an anastomosis between the two magnets. The present report describes two cases in which YMCA was successfully applied to treat bilioenteric anastomotic stricture after living-donor liver transplantation. These two patients exhibited good long-term clinical courses.     

多层螺旋CT对活体肝移植术后肝静脉淤血的评价

随着肝移植适应证的拓宽,供肝短缺的问题越来越严重,活体肝移植(living donor liver transplantation,LDLT)的出现为解决供肝匮乏提供了新的途径.LDLT最初应用于儿童患者,以左外叶供肝为主;现在更多的是以右半肝为主的成人活体肝移植.建立通畅的肝静脉流出道是LDLT手术成功的关键,没有充足的静脉引流,移植物易于出现肝静脉淤血(hepatic venous congestion,HVC),导致移植物丧失功能和手术失败.     

Endovascular treatment of splenomesenteric-portal vein thromboses during orthotopic liver transplantation

Extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) continues to have a substantial impact on surgical complexity and perioperative morbidity and mortality rates. This report presents an experience in eight patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis treated by means of splanchnic vessel recanalization, primary stent placement, and closure of spontaneous competitive shunts during OLT. In all cases, portal perfusion in the allograft was adequate, portal hypertension was solved, and no complications were observed. None of the patients died during surgery or follow-up. The results reported here need to be confirmed in future studies.