同期颈动脉内膜切除术与冠状动脉搭桥术治疗颈动脉合并冠状动脉狭窄15例临床经验

目的评价同期联合行颈动脉内膜切除术（carotid endarterectomy,CEA）与冠状动脉搭桥术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病的早期临床疗效。方法2000年1月至2006年8月对15例颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存患者实施了同期CEA与CABG手术。男性12例,女性3例,年龄63～80岁,平均（70±6）岁。所有患者术前均行冠状动脉造影与颈动脉造影术明确诊断,其中冠状动脉左主干病变3例,2支血管病变2例,3支血管病变10例。手术先行CEA再行CABG 14例,1例患者先行CABG后行CEA,有5例患者在体外循环（CPB）下完成CABG,其余10例在非体外循环下行CABG;在行CEA时,所有患者均使用颈动脉转流管,所有患者均采用人工血管补片加宽颈动脉切口。结果本组无手术死亡,围手术期无心脑血管并发症发生,1例患者手术后1个月因右下肢动脉硬化闭塞症而行右下肢股-腘动脉人工血管搭桥术。术后随访3～24个月,患者无心绞痛,短暂性缺血性脑发作（TIA）或脑中风发生。结论同期行颈动脉内膜切除术与冠状动脉搭桥术治疗颈动脉与冠状动脉狭窄并存疾病方法可行,早期效果满意。     

465例非体外循环下冠脉搭桥术的麻醉体会

由于手术辅助器械的应用和手术技术、方式及麻醉方法的改进 ,近年来我国也开创了非体外循环下冠脉搭桥术[1] ,即不用体外循环 ,在跳动的心脏上用特制的血管固定器将心脏表面冠状动脉的吻合部位相对固定 ,利用血管腔内分流管来保留其原有血流 ,保证手术野清晰可见 ,从而完成满意的冠状动脉血管吻合。我院自 1998年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 4月共进行冠状动脉搭桥术 5 5 3例 ,除 88例伴有室壁瘤或心脏瓣膜病 ,需同时切除室壁瘤或置换瓣膜 ,必须在体外循环下行搭桥外 ,共实施非体外循环下搭桥 46 5例 ,包括主动脉内球囊反搏 (IABP)下非体外循环搭桥…     

胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术

目的 评价胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术的临床疗效。方法 采用左胸部小切口取左乳内动脉,左心脏跳动下行冠状动脉搭桥术141例。其中前降支单支病变83例,多支病变58例。合并高危因素者58例,经行皮冠状动脉腔内成型术（PTCA）术后45例,冠状动脉搭桥术后10例。结果 全组均完成手术,其中左乳内动脉搭至前降支139例,第一对角支2例。无围手术期死亡。术后行2次冠状动脉搭桥术1例,PTCA21例。冠状动脉造影显示血管桥通畅率98．5％。结论 胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术主要适用于前降支的再血管化。该手术安全可靠,疗效优良,在合并高危因素或常规搭桥手术效果不满意者中应用更佳。     

非体外循环冠脉搭桥术55例治疗体会

目的 报告55例非体外循环下的冠状动脉搭桥术(冠脉搭桥术)。方法 手术在常温全麻下进行，取胸骨正中切口，备体外循环，在心脏不停跳下行冠脉搭桥术。术中使用固定器及冠状动脉塞子，连续缝合搭桥1～4支。结果 本组病例中术后死亡1例，急性心包填塞2例，急性肺水肿3例。结论非体外循环心脏不停跳冠脉搭桥术安全性好，减少了体外循环的并发症。     

微创冠状动脉搭桥术(附23例报告)

目的　探索冠状动脉搭桥术的微创治疗方法。　方法 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 8月 ,用Octo pus方法给 2 3位冠状动脉狭窄的患者行冠状动脉搭桥术。搭桥数 1根 1例 ,2根 3例 ,3根以 19例。移植部位 :前降支 2 3例 ,对角支 8例 ,回旋 15例 ,右冠 14例 ,后降支 8例。移植血管 :左乳内动脉 2 0根 ,大隐静脉 4 8根。　结果　无手术死亡 ,无中转体外循环 ,术后心绞痛消失 ,MRI提示桥血管通畅。　结论　非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术适用于多支血管病变 ,包括回旋支和后降支。桥血管通畅率与常规冠状动脉搭桥术相同。并发症少 ,费用低 ,是一种安全、经济的微创手术方法。     

39例非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术的经验

目的总结我院4年来非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术的临床结果与经验。方法2000年7月_2004年7月,在我科收治2例严重冠心病中,成功的施行非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术39例,其中青年例术前使用主动脉球囊反搏（IABP）,术中均采用Octopus稳定器。另外3例患者因术中血流动力学不稳定的转体外循环下完成手术。结果全组无1例围手术期死亡,术后心绞痛症状均消失,心功能得到不同程度改善。结论非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术是一种安全可行,是治疗冠心病的良好方法。     

弥漫性冠状动脉病变的外科治疗

目的总结非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（off—pump CABG）治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的早期临床结果和经验，以提高手术疗效。方法2003年5月～2006年11月，对83例弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者在非体外循环下做冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG，其中男61例，女22例；年龄55-80岁（65±7岁）；加拿大心脏病协会（CCS）心绞痛分级：Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级20例，Ⅳ级56例。有心肌梗死史36例（43．4％）。冠状动脉造影显示：双支血管病变5例，3支病变78例，其中合并左主干病变16例。左心室射血分数25％～65％（51％±16％）。83例共行110支冠状动脉内膜剥脱，其中左前降支系统67支，回旋支、钝缘支9支，右冠状动脉系统34支。20例内膜剥脱后先用大隐静脉片行左前降支成形，再在补片上用乳内动脉行旁路血管移植；应用左乳内动脉83支，桡动脉2支，余均为大隐静脉，每例移植血管3．9±1．2支。结果无手术死亡。术中移植血管血流满意101支（92％），血流量为22±16ml／min。术后发生心肌梗死4例，梗死面积小，无血流动力学改变，未给予特殊治疗。83例患者皆痊愈出院。随访75例（90．4％），8例失访，随访时间8～50个月，无心绞痛发作。8例患者在手术后3～29个月复查冠状动脉造影显示：冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG的移植血管均通畅。结论非体外循环下冠状动脉内膜剥脱后行off—pump CABG，安全可行，再血管化程度高，是治疗弥漫性冠状动脉病变的有效方法。     

全动脉化冠状动脉搭桥的临床应用

目的 介绍全动脉移植物行冠状动脉搭桥的早期效果和临床经验。方法 采用全动脉移植物87例冠心病患者实施冠状动脉搭桥。其中男性患者82例,女性5例;单支冠状动脉病变14例,2支病变19例,3支病变54例。62例患者术前有心肌梗死,7例合并室壁瘤,1例合并主动脉瓣关闭不全。71例患者在体外循环下行冠状动脉搭桥术,16例在非体外循环下行冠状动脉搭桥术。同时行室壁瘤切除术7例,行主动脉瓣替换1例,行冠状动脉内膜剥脱2例。应用左乳内动脉84例次,右乳内动脉46例次,胃 网膜右动脉37例次,左桡动脉51例次。单个远端吻合14例,2个19例,3个50例,4个4例。结果 围手术期死亡2例（病死率2．3％）,1例为围手术期心肌梗死低心排,1例为顽固性心律失常。3例术后发生胸骨裂开切口感染,再次清创处理后痊愈。本组患者随访1．0－30．0个月（平均13．2个月）,1例患者因突发脑血管意外在术后40d死亡,其余患者术后均恢复良好,无心绞痛症状再发。B超检查乳内动脉移植血管均通畅。结论 全动脉化冠状动脉搭桥具有良好的临床应用效果,尤其适合于年轻的冠心病患者。     

非体外循环双侧乳内动脉完全心肌血运重建

目的 评估非体外循环双侧乳内动脉完全心肌血运重建治疗的效果。方法 2000年10月至2004年8月，共行双侧乳内动脉“Y”形吻合冠状动脉旁路移植（冠脉搭桥）52例，年龄33～78岁，平均56岁。3支病变者42例（80．8％），左主干病变者10例（19．2％）。心功能分级Ⅱ级46例，Ⅲ级4例。脑CT检查示陈旧性脑梗者11例（21．2％），颈动脉病变者21例（40．4％）。制备双侧乳内动脉，将游离的右侧乳内动脉吻合于左侧乳内动脉成“Y”形。均在心脏不停跳下进行冠脉搭桥，左侧乳内动脉序贯吻合对角支、左前降支，右侧乳内动脉序贯吻合于中间支、回旋支（钝缘支、左室后支）、后降支。并应用Tranortie H1311流量计进行桥血管的流量测定。结果 全组52例共行冠脉搭桥171支，平均3．3支/人。全组病人无死亡。围术期心梗2例，应用IABP 1例，开胸止血1例。全组无脑部并发症，无胸骨纵隔感染。结论 非体外循环下双侧乳内动脉“Y”形冠状动脉搭桥是安全、有效的手术方式，可以实现全动脉化的完全心肌血运重建，手术近期效果满意，远期效果有待进一步的随访观察。     

胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术66例报告

目的：探讨胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术的临床效果。方法2002年1月～2013年1月采用胸部小切口取左乳内动脉（ left internal mammary artery,LIMA）心脏不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术66例。胸骨下段小切口59例,采用全麻、单腔气管插管,平卧位,倒“L”胸骨下段切口;胸骨旁小切口5例,采用全麻、双腔气管插管,平卧位左胸抬高30＆#176;,左前外侧第4或第5肋切口,用特制牵开器（法国圣骑士公司）牵开肋骨,游离乳内动脉,使用冠脉固定器下行冠脉吻合;2例胸腔镜辅助下完成乳内动脉与左前降支的吻合。结果66例均完成左乳内动脉至前降支的吻合,2例追加大隐静脉降主动脉至第一对角支的吻合。无围术期死亡。60例随访0．5～8年,（5．5±2．5）年,心绞痛症状消失42例,明显减轻24例。术后冠状动脉CT检查16例,冠脉造影12例,LIMA与左前降支（ left anterior descending, LAD）吻合口满意率100％,支架内再狭窄1例,大隐静脉桥血管闭塞1例。结论胸部小切口冠状动脉搭桥术主要适用于心脏前壁冠状动脉尤其是前降支的的再血管化,安全可靠,中期疗效好,在合并高危因素或常规冠状动脉搭桥术和经皮冠状动脉介入术效果不满意者中应用更佳。     

Routine preoperative insertion of IABP in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

The beneficial effects of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass have been reported. However, whether preoperative insertion of IABP in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has any beneficial effects remains to be established. We report our experience of preoperative insertion of IABP in OPCAB.     

The effect and role of the intraaortic balloon pumping in off-pump coronary artery bypass

Eighty consecutive patients who underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) were studied. They were divided into group I (n = 10) which received preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and group II (n = 70) which did not receive IABP. The indications for preoperative IABP were severe left main coronary artery disease in 7 patients, severe 3 vessel disease in 3 patients, unstable angina in 5 patients, acute myocardial infarction in 3 patients. There was no operative mortality in both groups. The average number of distal anastomosis 2.7/patients in group I and 3.3/patients in group II. There was no differences in ventilator support time, length of stay in the intensive care unit and morbidity between 2 groups. The average postoperative IABP support time was 5.4 hours. There was no IABP-related complication in group I. IABP was very effective to perform OPCAB surgery safety. Preoperative IABP may be effective modality to support OPCAB surgery not only in emergent case but also in elective case.     

Evaluation of preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping for high risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We evaluated the effect of preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) support in high risk patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Between November 1999 and December 2010, 65 high-risk patients underwent OPCAB with the support of IABP inserted preoperatively. High risks were considered as (1) left main coronary artery stem stenosis > or = 75%, (2) unstable angina requiring intravenous nitrates and heparin, (3) preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction < or = 30%, (4) bilateral carotid artery stenosis > or = 75%. There were no hospital deaths or cerebrovascular complications. During operations, hemodynamics was stable with the support of low dose catecholamines, and no patient needed conversion to on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients were able to be weaned from IABP within 3 days (mean 5.7 hours) after the operation and were extubated within 4 days (mean 11.5 hours) after the operation. One patient had a peripheral embolism which might be related to insertion of IABP (1.5%). Preoperative IABP in high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB was considered to be useful and safe.     

Intraaortic balloon pump therapy facilitates posterior vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients

Background. Displacement of the heart to expose posterior vessels during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump CABG, or OPCAB) may impair cardiac function. We used the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) preoperatively to reduce operative risk and to facilitate posterior vessel OPCAB in high-risk patients with left main coronary artery disease (> 75% stenosis), intractable resting angina, postinfarction angina, left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < 35%), or unstable angina.

Methods. One hundred and forty-two consecutive patients who underwent multivessel OPCAB including posterior vessel revascularization were studied prospectively. The patients were divided into group I (n = 57), which received preoperative or intraoperative IABP, and group II (n = 85), which did not receive IABP. In group I, there were 34 patients with left main coronary artery disease, 24 patients with intractable resting angina, 8 patients with left ventricular dysfunction, 5 patients with postinfarction angina, and 40 patients with unstable angina. Seven patients received intraoperative IABP support owing to hemodynamic instability during OPCAB.

Results. There was no operative mortality in group I and 1 death in group II. The average number of distal anastomoses was not different between group I and group II (3.4 ± 0.9 versus 3.5 ± 0.9, p = not significant). There were no significant differences in the number of posterior vessel anastomoses per patient. There were no differences in ventilator support time, length of stay in the intensive care unit, hospital stay, and morbidity between the two groups. There was one IABP-related complication in group I.

Conclusions. IABP therapy facilitates posterior vessel OPCAB in high-risk patients, and surgical results are comparable with those in lower-risk patients.     

Evaluation of preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump in coronary patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction undergoing OPCAB surgery: early and mid-term outcomes

Background  

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety and the cost-effectiveness of using preoperative IABP as support compared with postoperative IABP treatment in coronary patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (SLVD) who is undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB), including early outcomes, hospital mortality and morbidity, and mid-term follow-up outcomes.     

Elective intraaortic balloon counterpulsation for high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass operations

BACKGROUND: Dislocations of the heart required for exposure and construction of distal anastomoses often produce hemodynamic instability when performing coronary artery revascularization without using cardiopulmonary perfusion (OPCAB). We report our early experience with elective intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) to enable and facilitate selected high-risk patients to undergo OPCAB. METHODS: Sixteen high-risk patients undergoing multivessel OPCAB using elective IABP are reported. The patients were believed to be at increased risk because of the presence of severe proximal multivessel coronary artery obstruction, ventricular dysfunction, recent acute myocardial infarction, cardiomegaly-cardiomyopathy, and documented cerebral vascular disease. The presence of significant comorbid disease also made the avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass desirable, if at all possible, in all patients. RESULTS: The IABP appeared to facilitate the intraoperative management of our series of patients. This was evidenced by improved hemodynamic stability and virtual elimination of the need for inotropic support during the dislocations of the heart needed for exposure and construction of distal anastomoses. There were no complications related to use of IABP. There was one death. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this strategy to use IABP selectively can allow surgeons to safely extend the benefits of OPCAB procedures to high-risk patients and avoid dangerous hemodynamic instability that otherwise, often occurs.     

Elective intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

The beneficial effects of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been reported. However, the benefits of insertion of IABP electively in high-risk off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) have not been established. Six hundred and twenty-five patients who underwent OPCAB form the study group. High-risk patients fulfilling two or more of the following: left main stem stenosis >70%, unstable angina, and poor left ventricular function, who had elective insertion of IABP preoperatively by the open technique (group I; n = 20) were compared with a similar high-risk group that did not (group II; n = 25). There were no significant differences in risk factors between the two groups (Euroscore 5.68). The mean number of grafts was similar. Postoperatively, there were no significant differences in the need for inotropes, duration of ventilation, arrhythmias, cerebrovascular, gastrointestinal, and infective complications (p = NS). There were no IABP-related complications. Acute renal failure requiring hemofiltration was higher in group II (n = 5; p < 0.05). Four patients (16%) in group II required postoperative IABP. Although intensive care stay was longer in group I (27.6 +/- 15.3 vs. 18.6 +/- 9.1 hours; p < 0.05), patients in group I were discharged earlier from hospital. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups (n = 1 in each group). In high-risk patients undergoing OPCAB, routine preoperative insertion of IABP electively reduces the incidence of acute renal failure. In addition it avoids the need for emergency insertion postoperatively and may result in earlier discharge.     

常规与非体外循环下冠状动脉3支病变旁路移植血管通畅性对比分析

目的　评价非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CCABG)治疗冠状动脉三支病变术中旁路早期通畅性。方法　 6 0例 3支血管病变的病人分为OPCAB组和CCABG组 ,每组各 30例。行冠状动脉旁路移植术 ,OPCAB组胸骨正中切口 ,在非体外循环心脏不停跳下完成手术 ;CCABG组建立常规体外循环 ,心脏停跳下完成手术。术中应用即时血流测量技术对旁路血管进行流量测量。对比分析两组术前、术后的各项指标及各血管旁路流量、搏动指数和血流波形。结果　两组病人术前一般情况差异无统计学意义。OPCAB组与CCABG组移植旁路血管分别为 (3 6±0 6 )支与 (4 3± 0 9)支 (P <0 0 1) ;两组前降支及右冠状动脉旁路血流量、搏动指数差异无显著性。CCABG组回旋支序贯旁路和远端吻合口多 ,血流量较OPCAB组高。两组弥漫病变血管旁路血流量小。结论　OPCAB与CCABG治疗 3支病变 ,两组血管旁路早期通畅性差异无显著性。     

Predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation following aorta no-touch off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To identify parameters associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) (>48 h) after off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) in our patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From February 2001 to November 2005, we operated on 1359 patients for isolated coronary revascularization with the pi-circuit technique, consisting of: (1) beating heart, (2) OPCAB, (3) aorta no-touch, (4) use of composite grafts, and (5) arterial revascularization. RESULTS: From the total number of our patients, 1320 patients had been extubated within 48 h postoperatively (Group A) and 39 patients needed PMV (Group B). In our study we have found that PMV were associated with advanced age (64.74+/-9.85 Group A vs 68.43+/-10.03 Group B, p<0.02) as well as higher incidence with octogenarians (4.4% Group A vs 10.2% Group B, p=0.09). Patients with preoperative history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or stroke were more likely to belong to Group B (1.5% Group A vs 7.7% Group B, p<0.02; 2.8% Group A vs 10.3% Group B, p<0.02, respectively). Preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion was associated with PMV (1.6% Group A vs 15.4% Group B, p<0.0005). Unexpectedly, neither COPD nor obesity was associated with PMV (4.9% Group A vs 7.7% Group B, p=NS, 21.7% Group A vs 23.1% Group B, p=NS, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this study, PMV following aorta no-touch OPCAB was related to preoperative variables: age, octogenarians, preoperative IABP, TIA, and stroke. There was no relation between PMV and any of the operative data.     

The clinical outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly patients

Objective: There has been a body of evidence showing that off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) may reduce morbidity and mortality in the elderly patients. We reviewed our experience, retrospectively, on elderly patients aged 75 years and older who were operated on using the OPCAB technique. We compared their outcome to a similar group of elderly patients who were operated on using conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during the same period of time. Methods: Registry data and patients' notes and charts were reviewed for 56 consecutive elderly OPCAB patients (age 78.5±3.5 years) and 87 consecutive CPB patients (age 77.2±2.4 years, P=0.01). Both groups had similar risk factor profiles: Parsonnet score 17.4±4.4 (OPCAB) versus 16.6±5.2 (CPB), P=0.19. We studied in detail their preoperative and postoperative data in order to compare the outcomes of both techniques. Results: The length of stay in the intensive therapy unit (ITU) was 35.4±52.9 h for OPCAB patients and 77.6±144.9 h for CPB patients (P=0.0008). No patient died within 30 days in the OPCAB group, whilst ten (11%) CPB patients (P=0.0066) died within 30 days. The incidence of serious complications (including pulmonary oedema, septicaemia, permanent stroke and renal dysfunction requiring haemofiltration or haemodialysis) was one (2%) in the OPCAB group and 11 (13%) in the CPB group (P=0.028). CPB patients required a significantly higher number ten (12%) of intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) inserted compared to only one patient (2%) in the OPCAB group who required IABP insertion (P=0.05). Nine (11%) CPB patients were re-operated on for bleeding compared to no OPCAB patient (0%) needing re-operation, P=0.011. Conclusions: Although the mean age of the OPCAB group was significantly higher than the CPB group, the OPCAB group showed a significant reduction in postoperative serious morbidity, ITU stay and mortality. We believe that such a conclusion may have some effect on the decision-making and cost-effectiveness when performing coronary bypass surgery on the elderly population.