老年人上消化道出血临床特征分析

目的 分析老年人上消化道出血临床特征,为临床及时合理的治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析确诊的上消化道出血病例201例,其中老年组患者100例,非老年组患者101例的临床资料.结果 老年组以消化性溃疡为首要病因(39.00%),但胃溃疡出血发生率(24.00%)高于十二指肠溃疡发生率(15.00%);而非老年组以十二指肠溃疡为主.老年组合并疾病多(70.00%),显著高于非老年组(24.75%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(x2=41.27,P<0.01).老年组临床表现以呕血多见(28.00%),相比非老年组(7.92%)差异有统计学意义(x2=13.78,P<0.01).老年组多接受非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)或抗凝剂治疗合并疾病.结论 老年人上消化道出血的首要病因是消化性溃疡并出血,其中胃溃疡出血发生率较高,多有呕血表现,且合并疾病明显增多.老年人宜选择应用质子泵抑制剂.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical features of upper gastro-intestinal hemorrhage in aged patients and provide information for timely and reasonable treatment for these patients. Methods The clinical data of 100 aged patients with upper gastro-intestinal hemorrhage (group A) were analyzed retrospectively. As control, 101 cases of non-aged patients with the same condition were selected for comparison ( Group B). Results The main cause of upper gastro-intestinal hemorrhage in aged patients was peptic ulcer(39% ) ,but the rate of hemorrhagein gastric ulcer(24. 00% ) was higher than that of duodenal ulcer(15. 00% ). However, in the non-aged patients,duodenal ulcer caused higher chance of upper gastro-intestinal hemorrhage than gastric ulcer. Aged group has higher complications ( 70.00% ) , which was significantly higher than that in non-aged group ( 24.75% ) ( x2 = 41. 27, P < 0. 01). Haematemesis occurred more frequently in aged group ( 28.00% ) thanthat of 7.92% in the non-aged group(x2 = 13.78 ,P <0.01). Most patients in aged group received NSAIDs and anticoagulant to treat complications. Conclusion The primary cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in aged patients was peptic ulcer,with relatively high incidence in gastric ulcer patients,and frequent incidence of haematemesis and complications. Aged patients were recommended to receive PPI therapy.     

大黄治疗急性上消化道出血

上消化道出血系指 Treitz韧带以上的消化道 ,包括食管、胃、十二指肠或胰胆等病变引起出血。以呕血、黑便以及由于大出血导致的一系列全身症状 ,以表情淡漠、头昏、心悸、血压下降、尿量减少为主要临床表现。我们用大黄 (片 )治疗急性上消化道出血 137例取得满意疗效。1　资料与方法1.1　研究对象　 137例均为急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血住院患者 ,因呕血和 (或 )黑便入院。均经胃镜检查诊断。其中男 81例 ,女 5 6例 ;年龄 18～ 79岁。病因 :胃溃疡 2 9例、十二指肠溃疡 83例、急性胃黏膜损害 17例、贲门黏膜撕裂综合征 1例、胃癌 4例、…     

老年人上消化道出血的病因分析

本文对我院十年来180例老年人上消化道出血与420例中青年上消化道出血病人进行对比分析，结果发现老年人上消化道出血常见病因以胃癌居首位，消化性溃疡居次，急性胃粘膜病变居第三，老年人消化性溃疡中以胃溃疡多见。     

上消化道出血临床分析

统计我院消化内科自2001年、2002年2月收治的上消化道出血病例共计229例。通过分析消化性溃疡及胃炎195例，占上消化道出血病例85.2％；食道胃底静脉破裂24例，占10．5％；Peutz-jeghef综合征2例，占0．8％；胃癌4例，占1．7％；恒径动脉破裂症3例，占1．3％；肝癌1例，占0.4％。男性180例，占上消化道出血病例78．6％；女性49例，占21．4％；最小年龄为15岁，最大年龄为86岁。     

成人肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的介入治疗疗效分析

目的探讨肝移植(LT)术后肝动脉并发症血管内介入治疗的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月~2015年2月我院12例肝移植术后经影像学证实的肝动脉并发症的临床资料。包括肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)5例,肝动脉狭窄(HAS)3例,HAS合并HAT 2例,肝动脉假性动脉瘤(HAP)合并HAS 2例,对肝动脉血栓形成、肝动脉狭窄程度超过50%及肝动脉假性动脉瘤形成者行介入治疗。结果成功治疗10例,技术包括导管内溶栓(CDT),经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)及支架植入术(stent placement),技术成功率83%(10/12)。1例在PTA过程中破裂,成功植入覆膜支架,1例在溶栓过程中出现少量出血,经保守治疗后好转。术后两周血清丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)及直接胆红素(DBil)明显降低(P0.01)。随访2~24个月,2例因术后再狭窄和急性血栓形成再次介入治疗,余患者未出现介入相关并发症。结论血管内介入治疗可作为肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的一线治疗方法。     

急性上消化道出血病人的内科护理

总结70例急性上消化道出血病人的内科护理措施,强调应加强一般护理、饮食护理、预防和治疗休克、物理止血护理、病情观察、心理护理等。     

上消化道出血与幽门螺杆菌的关系

幽门螺杆菌( HP)已被证实为慢性活动性胃炎和消化性溃疡的主要病因 [1～ 3].但有关与上消化道出血关系的报道并不多见.作者旨在探讨上消化道出血与 HP的关系.     

上消化道出血的诊断与治疗

1引言 上消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,UGH)系指十二指肠悬肌(屈氏韧带)以上的消化道(食管、胃、十二指肠)或胰、胆等病变引起的出血,胃、空肠吻合术后的空肠病变所致的出血亦属于这一范畴.     

肝移植术后消化道出血的诊断与治疗

回顾性总结了5例肝移植术后消化道出血的临床资料,分析了其诊断及治疗效果。结果2例为消化性溃疡出血,2例为食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,1例原因不明,经内科保守治疗和介入治疗,死亡2例。     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a problem that confronts all physicians involved in primary patient care. It continues as one of the most common acute medical management problems, leads to substantial morbidity and mortality, and presents both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the physician. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and to discuss initial assessment, diagnosis, management, and, where possible, prevention.     

原位肝移植后的严重腹腔感染

背景：肝移植后严重腹腔感染是肝移植受者围手术期严重并发症,是导致患者死亡或者移植肝失功能的重要原因之一。目的：探讨原位肝移植后严重腹腔感染的发病原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析2004年3月至2011年11月作者参与实施的186例原位肝移植患者发生严重腹腔感染的临床资料。结果与结论：186例患者中发生严重腹腔感染16例,其中5例胆管吻合口漏致肝下间隙大量积液并感染;10例肝移植手术创面广泛渗血致肝周大量积血并感染,1例移植后食道下段瘘致左侧膈下大量积液并感染。诊断明确3 d内再次手术12例,均无死亡;诊断明确3 d后再次手术4例,其中1例于肝移植后21 d、再次术后5d因多器官功能衰竭死亡。结果可见肝移植后严重腹腔感染是肝移植受者围手术期严重并发症之一,采取积极复苏、多脏器功能支持、控制性手术清除感染病灶以及充分引流等综合治疗措施是治疗肝移植后腹腔严重感染的关键。     

原位肝移植术后早期肝功能分析

目的探讨原位肝移植术后早期肝功能变化规律及其原因。方法观察20例原位肝移植患者术后肝功能动态变化值。结果原位肝移植患者肝功能术后第1d天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶（AST）,丙氨酸氨基转氨酶（ALT）均明显升高,后逐渐下降,到第5d接近正常,而总胆红素（TBI）,直接胆红素（DBI）变化不大。结论肝移植术后早期肝功能变化存在一定规律,AST和ALT是肝功能良好的监测指标。     

成人原位肝移植术后早期感染相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨成人原位肝移植术后早期（术后30d内）感染相关危险因素。方法 采用回顾性对照研究方法，对400例成人原位肝移植术后患者进行感染相关危险因素的分析。结果成人原位肝移植术后早期感染的发生率为30．3％（121／400例），常见细菌感染，占62．0％（75／121例）；其次为真菌感染，占20．6％（25／121例），病毒感染，占12．4oA（15／121例）；其他占5．0oA（6／121例）。常见感染部位依次为肺感染（63例，占52．1%）、胆道感染（23例，占19．0%）、腹腔感染（22例，占18．2％）、导管相关性脓毒症（13例，占10．7％）。Logistic回归分析发现，急性肾功能衰竭、早期移植肝功能恢复延迟、急性肺损伤、腹腔出血、肺水肿、既往糖尿病或术后新发生糖尿病、Child-Pugh评分〉10分、年龄〉60岁8项应视为成人原位肝移植术后早期感染的高危因素。结论感染是成人原位肝移植术后早期临床常见的严重并发症，临床上可以通过积极的监测、合理应用抗生素和免疫抑制剂，认真处理急性肾功能衰竭及改善移植肝功能等手段减少感染的发生率。     

Aprotinin efficacy on intraoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Bleeding complications frequently occur during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity in plasma was seen to play a key role in the development of the hemostatic disorder and of hemorrhages. Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, has been used in the prevention and/or treatment of hyperfibrinolytic states. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In the present study, the effect of aprotinin on bleeding complications and transfusion requirements was investigated in OLT patients with liver cirrhosis. Seven consecutive cirrhotic patients undergoing OLT were infused with aprotinin following an original protocol (1,000,000-KIU intravenous loading dose plus 500,000 kallikrein-inhibitory units per hour until skin closure). Seven previous cirrhotic OLT patients not receiving aprotinin were used as controls. RESULTS: In the treated group, a significant decrease in the number of transfused units of packed red cells (48.7%, p < 0.01), fresh- frozen plasma (24.4%, p < 0.05), platelets (35.9%, p < 0.01), and autologous blood (55.2%, p < 0.01) was observed as compared with the control group. Moreover, the mean length of operation was significantly shorter in the aprotinin-infused patients than in untreated patients (8.3 +/− 1.2 vs. 10.1 +/− 1.8 hours, respectively; p < 0.01)). In the aprotinin-treated group, the antifibrinolytic efficacy was confirmed by the lack of increase in D-dimer levels and decrease of fibrinogen in plasma; on the contrary, these changes were always seen in the group not receiving aprotinin. CONCLUSION: Infusion of aprotinin during OLT in cirrhotic patients can be recommended for the prevention of hyperfibrinolysis-triggered bleeding, thus reducing transfusion requirements. A possible protective effect on the primary nonfunction of the grafted liver is suggested.     

Inhaled NO accelerates restoration of liver function in adults following orthotopic liver transplantation

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in transplanted livers contributes to organ dysfunction and failure and is characterized in part by loss of NO bioavailability. Inhalation of NO is nontoxic and at high concentrations (80 ppm) inhibits IR injury in extrapulmonary tissues. In this prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the hypothesis that administration of inhaled NO (iNO; 80 ppm) to patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation inhibits hepatic IR injury, resulting in improved liver function. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo or iNO (n = 10 per group) during the operative period only. When results were adjusted for cold ischemia time and sex, iNO significantly decreased hospital length of stay, and evaluation of serum transaminases (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase) and coagulation times (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time) indicated that iNO improved the rate at which liver function was restored after transplantation. iNO did not significantly affect changes in inflammatory markers in liver tissue 1 hour after reperfusion but significantly lowered hepatocyte apoptosis. Evaluation of circulating NO metabolites indicated that the most likely candidate transducer of extrapulmonary effects of iNO was nitrite. In summary, this study supports the clinical use of iNO as an extrapulmonary therapeutic to improve organ function following transplantation.     

肝移植术后胆管狭窄的超声表现

目的 了解肝移植术后胆管狭窄的超声表现.方法 采用超声观察41例肝移植术后胆管狭窄患者肝内外胆管有无扩张及其内径、胆管壁厚度及其回声,并与46例肝移植术后无胆管并发症者比较.结果 胆管狭窄组的肝内胆管内径、胆管壁厚度、肝内胆管扩张和胆管壁回声增强的发生率均大于无胆管并发症组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肝移植术后出现肝内胆管扩张、胆管壁增厚及回声增强、胆管腔变细等征象,对于胆管狭窄的诊断有重要价值.     

肝移植术后胆管并发症的内镜治疗

目的 对原位肝移植术后胆管并发症患者的类型进行了回顾性总结,评价经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)疗效及安全性.方法 原位肝移植术后出现胆管并发症的11例患者共行ERCP57次.治疗方法包括十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(EST)、胆管支架置入、气囊或探条扩张、及鼻胆管引流(ENBD)等.结果 肝移植术后胆管并发症主要包括胆漏、胆管狭窄、胆泥和结石形成等,分别通过十二指肠乳头肌切开取石术、胆管狭窄扩张术及鼻胆管引流术等进行治疗.11例患者均行了胆管造影,其中9例(82%)显示吻合口狭窄,5例(45%)有胆泥形成,4例(36%)兼有吻合口狭窄及胆泥形成,1例(9%)为肝内胆管广泛狭窄,1例(9%)为肝内胆管稀疏及广泛狭窄伴胆泥形成.5/9例(56%)胆总管吻合口狭窄的患者通过扩张及支架置入得到了有效的治疗.4/5例(80%)胆泥形成患者通过胆管扩张、支架置入及鼻胆管引流等得以治愈.ERCP术后没有严重的相关并发症发生.结论 肝移植术后胆管并发症主要为吻合口狭窄及胆泥形成.乳头切开取石及支架置入对于这些是有效且安全的治疗方法;而对于肝内胆管广泛狭窄及胆管稀疏的患者ERCP治疗效果不佳,再次肝移植可能是唯一选择.     

肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的护理

目的 总结肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的护理体会.方法 2000年1月至2010年12月共完成1173例次尸体肝移植,61例术后早期并发消化道瘘.回顾性分析61例患者的临床资料及其护理要点.结果 肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的发生率为5.20％.其中胆瘘发生率为3.90％,胃瘘为0.42％,十二指肠瘘为0.08％,空肠瘘为0.34％,回肠瘘为0.08％,横结肠瘘为0.34％.肝移植术后早期并发消化道瘘的时间为3～24 d,临床表现有:发热,腹痛,腹胀,肠蠕动减弱,甚至发生感染性休克.实验室检查可出现白细胞计数升高或下降、肝酶学及总胆红素升高等.经保守或手术治疗后,4例胆瘘患者死亡,7例肠瘘患者死亡.其余50例康复出院.结论 肝移植术后早期消化道瘘的发生率低,但死亡率高.密切观察患者的病情变化争取早期诊断,及时恰当处理,以有效提高肝移植并发消化道瘘的治疗效果.同时做好心理护理、基础护理、饮食护理等,提高患者的生存率和生活质量.