肯尼迪病一例患者的临床表现、肌肉病理、基因检测及其家系遗传学分析

目的探讨肯尼迪病(KD)患者的临床表现、肌肉病理、基因检测及其家系遗传学特点。方法分析1例KD患者的临床资料,肌肉病理活检,并用PCR扩增及测序的方法 ,检测其家系的X染色体q11-12的雄激素受体(AR)基因第1号外显子CAG序列的重复数。结果本例患者以双上肢不自主震颤伴四肢无力为主要症状,肌电图(EMG)显示广泛神经源性损害,肌肉病理示神经源性损害合并肌源性损害,该家系为母系遗传,先证者AR基因的CAG重复数为:56,其母及其女为携带者,CAG重复数分别为:55,57。结论 KD的确诊除依据其临床表现及肌肉病理外,还需检测AR基因的CAG的重复序列次数,对KD的患者及其家系成员进行基因分析,可较早明确病因及携带者,为遗传咨询提供信息。     

Kennedy病一家系的临床特点及雄激素受体基因突变分析

目的探讨Kennedy病(KD)的临床表现及基因突变特点。方法对一KD家系进行详细的临床检查,总结所有患者的临床表现,并对雄激素受体(AR)基因1号外显子CAG序列重复数进行检测。结果该家系中有3例患者,均为男性。2例以下肢无力起病,1例以乳房发育为首发症状。3例患者均存在脊髓及延髓肌群肌无力萎缩、乳房女性化及性功能减退,血清肌酸激酶及雌二醇水平增高。肌电图均显示慢性神经源性损害,运动合并感觉神经受累。AR基因1号外显子中CAG重复次数分别为49、50及48次。结论 KD的临床表型具有多态性,致病基因具有遗传不稳定性。     

基因确诊的肯尼迪病1家系报告

目的研究肯尼迪病(KD)的遗传学和临床特点,并讨论基因检测对该病确诊及预防的意义。方法对1名疑诊为KD的患者的临床资料进行收集和分析,完善血常规、电解质、肝功能、肌酶谱、性激素、肌电图等检查。收集患者及3位亲属的外周血,检测雄激素受体(AR)基因第一外显子中CAG的重复次数。结果患者有躯干、四肢及延髓肌肉的无力、萎缩、震颤,伴有乳腺发育;血清肌酸激酶升高;血清孕酮水平升高,睾酮及其他指标正常;肌电图示神经源性损害。先证者CAG重复数为48次,其二哥为49次,先证者的女儿为48/22次,为携带者。先证者的儿子无该突变。结论 KD是一种X-连锁隐性遗传病,主要临床特点为缓慢进展的脊髓、延髓肌肉的萎缩和无力。基因检测不但能帮助患者及其家庭确诊、筛查及预防该病,而且为遗传病的探索提供了支持。     

肯尼迪病临床、病理及遗传学特点

目的探讨肯尼迪病(KD)临床、病理及遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析1家系2例KD患者的临床资料。结果 2例患者均为青年发病,进展缓慢。临床表现为双侧对称的下运动神经元瘫痪,以双下肢近端肌力减退最重,尚无延髓受累表现。血清性激素水平正常,无男性乳腺发育,但有不育。血清肌酸激酶升高。肌电图呈神经源性损害,神经传导检查提示双侧腓总神经诱发电位波幅降低。肌肉活检病理显示肌纤维呈重度萎缩,萎缩纤维呈束状分布,间质脂肪增多,未见炎细胞浸润;NADH染色显示Ⅰ型肌纤维成组化现象。雄激素受体(AR)基因CAG重复数为41和43。结论 KD均为男性发病,主要表现为缓慢进展的、双侧对称的脊髓和/或延髓下运动神经元损害。肌肉病理主要为神经源性肌损,表现为肌纤维萎缩、同型肌纤维群组化现象。KD的最终确诊依赖于基因检测。AR基因的CAG重复数达到或超过35次可诊断KD。     

Kennedy病的临床、病理及AR基因分析一例

目的探讨Kennedy病(KD)的临床、病理及基因特点。方法对1例KD患者进行临床、电生理和病理检查。抽取该患者及4位家族成员外周静脉血并抽提其基因组DNA,采用PCR-DNA直接测序的方法进行AR基因分析。结果该患者临床表现为缓慢进行性四肢无力,伴有延髓麻痹、肌肉萎缩、肌束跳动、感觉障碍和男性乳房发育;血脂、肌酶升高;肌电图提示前角细胞损害,周围神经感觉及运动传导速度减慢;肌肉病理可见萎缩的肌纤维及肥大固缩的细胞核;AR基因分析发现患者第一外显子CAG重复突变,重复次数为43次,4位家族成员为19～23次。结论该例为散发性KD患者;KD临床表现不典型,肌电图和病理检查提示神经源性损害,确诊需行AR基因分析。     

肯尼迪病的临床特点及基因检测

总结并分析2例肯尼迪病(KD)患者的临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗。2例患者主要临床表现为进行性肢体无力、舌肌萎缩伴震颤;实验室检查示肌酸激酶(CK)明显增高;肌电图示上下肢周围神经损害且累及感觉纤维;雄激素受体(AR)基因检测CAG重复次数均>38。KD是一类以下运动神经元病变为主的疾病,基因检测是其诊断的金标准,还需与肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(ALS)、糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)、慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病(CIDP)相鉴别。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(5): 36-40]     

肯尼迪病的临床特征与基因突变四例

目的探讨肯尼迪病(KD)的临床特征与基因突变。方法分析4例经基因确诊的KD患者的临床资料。结果 4例患者均为男性,发病年龄分别为35、47、48、36岁,例2有家族史,例4既往双手静止性震颤10余年,4例均以肢体无力起病并以肢体无力为主要症状,例2、例3、例4伴有舌肌萎缩及纤颤,例4伴明显的面部及腹部肌肉跳动。例1初诊未确诊,例2误诊为肌炎,例3误诊为运动神经元病。4例血清肌酸激酶均升高;肌电图(EMG)4例均呈广泛慢性神经源性损害;例1、例2、例3肌肉病理示神经源性损害伴肌源性损害;4例患者雄激素受体基因外显子中CAG重复序列次数均40(分别为53、51、49、52)。结论 KD的临床特点为缓慢进展的延髓和四肢近端肌肉萎缩无力,可伴有内分泌或代谢异常;肌肉病理以神经源性损害为主,多伴肌源性损害。KD临床表现常不典型,需与多种疾病鉴别,基因检测可确诊。     

2例不同遗传方式中央轴空病的临床、病理、影像及基因分析

目的分析2例不同遗传方式中央轴空病患者的临床、肌肉影像学、病理学及基因突变特点,比较其临床表型和分子遗传学的异同点。方法详细收集2例患者的临床资料、肌肉MRI及病理学,靶向捕获二代测序进行基因检测,Sanger测序验证及家系共分离分析。结果 2例分别为常染色体隐性(autosomal recessive,AR)和显性(autosomal dominant,AD)患者,表现儿童早期起病,四肢近端无力伴萎缩,面肌受累;双下肢肌肉MRI见广泛肌肉萎缩及脂肪浸润,股直肌回避;病理氧化酶染色见肌纤维典型的轴空结构,AR型存在偏心轴空;发现斯里兰卡肉桂碱受体1(Ryanodine receptor 1,RYR1)基因的3个错义突变,其中一个未报道。结论本研究的2例经典型患者存在不同遗传方式,在临床表型、受累肌群分布及病理存在诸多异同,可能与RYR1基因的不同突变形式相关,靶向二代测序可以提高确诊率。     

脊髓延髓肌肉萎缩症的临床特点

目的探讨脊髓延髓肌肉萎缩症(SBMA)的临床特点。方法对8例基因确诊的SBMA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者均为中青年男性。首发症状为双下肢无力3例,四肢无力1例,乳房增大2例,双上肢姿位性震颤2例。主要临床表现为进行性肢体无力、肌肉萎缩,下肢重,病情进展缓慢。患者均出现束颤,出现双上肢姿位性震颤3例,舌肌萎缩和震颤5例,乳房增大4例,性功能减退2例。血清肌酸激酶均增高,血脂异常5例,性激素水平异常7例。肌电图均呈广泛神经源性损害。雄激素受体(AR)基因CAG重复序列数均>40次。结论 SBMA主要表现为缓慢进展的脊髓和延髓下运动神经元性瘫痪,确诊有赖于AR基因CAG重复序列的检测。     

脊髓小脑性共济失调一家系的基因诊断

目的 对1个常染色体显性遗传的脊髓小脑性共济失调(SCA)家系进行基因诊断.方法 采用PCR技术,对一汉族SCA家系(包括3例患者及3位无症状成员)及50名正常对照者的SCA1 ～3基因进行检测,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和产物直接测序法计数等位基因内CAG三核苷酸重复次数.结果 该家系中所有成员SCA1、SCA2基因CAG三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围;3例患者SCA3 CAG重复次数分别为67、68和66次,1位无症状成员为71次.结论 该家系为SCA3,基因检测诊断出1例症状前患者.     

肯尼迪病患者的临床表型与基因型分析

目的探讨肯尼迪病(Kennedy’s disease,KD)患者的临床特征和基因特点,以加强对KD的认识,减少误诊漏诊率。方法纳入2013年1月~2017年4月广州军区广州总医院神经内科收治的8例经基因确诊的KD患者,分析其临床特征、实验室检查、肌电图、神经电图和基因特点,使用肌萎缩侧索硬化症评分量表(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis rating scale,ALSFRS)作为运动功能量表进行病情评估,分析临床特征及其与CAG重复序列数目的关系。结果所有患者均为成人发病,平均年龄为(36.63±4.14)岁,确诊病程平均为(12.13±3.44)y,均表现为四肢无力和肌肉萎缩,6例出现舌肌萎缩和构音障碍、肢体震颤、口周面肌束颤,4例性功能下降,6例乳腺发育。实验室检查结果 7例肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)增高,8例甘油三酯增高,6例尿酸增高,2例睾酮增高。肌电图提示所有患者均表现为广泛神经源性损害,运动神经和感觉神经动作电位波幅降低,部分神经传导速度下降。AR基因CAG重复序列的重复次数为44~58次,CAG拷贝数与发病年龄呈负相关(r=-0.753,P=0.031),与ALSFRS评分呈负相关(r=-0.733,P=0.039),与CK水平无关(r=0.250,P=0.550)。结论 KD的临床特点为缓慢进展的延髓和脊髓肌肉萎缩无力,伴有肢体震颤、面肌束颤,部分可有内分泌功能及代谢紊乱。CAG拷贝数越多,则发病年龄越早,运动功能评分越低。CAG拷贝数可作为KD病情的预测指标。     

Nonprogressive juvenile-onset spinal muscular atrophy: A clinico-radiological and CAG repeat study of androgen receptor gene

BACKGROUND: Occurrence of nonprogressive juvenile-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) predominantly in males suggests a possibility of X-linked disorder but there is no such report addressing this problem. AIMS: To evaluate CAG repeat expansion of androgen receptor (AR) gene in patients with nonprogressive juvenile-onset SMA. SETTING: Tertiary medical teaching institute. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of nonprogressive juvenile-onset SMA were included. Detailed clinical evaluation and pedigree charting were done in all. Nerve conduction study, electromyography and cervical spinal MRI were carried out. From peripheral venous blood, DNA was separated and AR gene CAG repeat exon polymorphism was assayed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in conjugation with genotyping and Gene scan soft ware. Number of CAG repeats was compared with normal controls. RESULTS: 25 patients with nonprogressive juvenile-onset SMA from 24 families were included and their mean age was 22.2 years. Age at the time of disease onset ranged between 15 and 30 years with a mean duration of illness 2.6 years. None of the patients had testicular atrophy or gynecomastia. C7-T1 myotomal wasting and weakness although was unilateral to begin with but became bilateral in 16 and 4 more patients had evidences of subclinical involvement of the other side as revealed by EMG. Spinal MRI revealed cord atrophy at C6-8 vertebral level in 16 patients. CAG repeat study of AR gene was carried out in 16 patients. The number of CAG repeats in patients ranged between 15 and 39 (median 21) which were within the normal range. CONCLUSION: Abnormal CAG repeat expansion of AR gene is not found in patients with nonprogressive juvenile-onset SMA.     

Kennedy病的临床、电生理及病理特征分析(附2例报道)

目的探讨Kennedy病的临床、神经电生理及病理特征。方法报道2例经基因确诊的Kennedy病患者,分析其临床症状、体征、肌电图和神经传导检查和神经病理等特点。结果两例患者均中年发病,进展缓慢。神经系统表现为以肢体近端无力和延髓受累为主的下运动神经元瘫痪。血清性激素水平正常,但有男性乳腺发育等雄激素功能低下表现。血清肌酸激酶轻度升高。肌电图呈广泛神经源性损害,神经传导检查提示感觉神经动作电位波幅减低,H反射异常,神经活检提示大的有髓纤维减少。雄激素受体基因编码区CAG重复数大于40。结论 Kennedy病有相对独特的临床、电生理及病理特征,确诊有赖于雄激素受体基因编码区CAG重复数的检测。     

13例神经肌炎的临床及肌电图研究

目的:探讨神经肌炎的临床特点以及肌电图(EMG)、神经传导速度(NCV)的诊断价值。方法:分析13例神经肌炎临床表现、EMG、NCV结果。结果:13例患者均以肌肉受累为主要临床表现;11例并发有神经病变的症状及体征。13例患者NCV均有异常。所检测的104根神经NCV异常率为57.7%。F波异常率为26.9%。11例针极EMG呈神经源性与肌源性混合损害,2例呈神经源性损害。结论:EMG、NCV是有价值的电生理诊断方法。确诊神经肌炎需结合临床表现和EMG结果。     

CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene is not associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background: Epidemiological and clinical studies show higher prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in males than in females and more severe lesions in androgen receptor (AR)-expressing tissues. The AR gene contains a polymorphic CAG trinucleotide repeat, whose expansion over a certain threshold is toxic to motor neurons, causing spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Purpose and methods: We tested the hypothesis that the AR CAG repeat linked to SBMA is a risk factor for ALS. We analyzed AR CAG expansions in 336 patients with ALS and 100 controls. Results: We found a negative association of AR CAG expansions with ALS susceptibility, clinical presentation, and survival. Conclusions: Our findings do not support a role of the AR CAG repeat length in ALS.     

Age-dependent differences in androgen binding affinity in a family with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

OBJECTIVES: To investigate androgen receptor (AR) function in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). METHODS: A kindred was identified with five individuals carrying the AR gene CAG repeat expansion that causes SBMA. Androgen binding was measured in cultured genital skin fibroblasts from three affected individuals. One newborn, pre-symptomatic, individual showed normal androgen binding, but two older, symptomatic individuals showed a decrease in androgen binding affinity. This difference was not related to AR CAG repeat size, as all affected individuals in this kindred had 49 repeats (normal range 6-35). Post-mortem analysis in one subject confirmed the signs of androgen insufficiency in the testis, with marked seminiferous tubule atrophy, and the absence of germinal cells. The characteristic neuronal depletion in the anterior horn gray matter was also observed. CONCLUSION: This report raises the possibility that age- or puberty-related changes in androgen binding could occur, which could potentially contribute to the progressive development of androgen resistance in affected men.     

DNA diagnosis of X-linked recessive bulbospinal muscular atrophy by androgen receptor gene mutations]

X-linked recessive bulbospinal muscular atrophy (BSMA) is an adult-onset form of motor neuron disease, of which androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations with increased size of a polymorphic tandem CAG repeat in the coding region was found by Fischbeck et al (1991). We investigated this AR gene abnormality by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 16 unrelated Japanese BSMA pedigrees, including 21 patients, 11 male siblings without any neurological signs and 9 female siblings. PCR products for AR-CAG repeat obtained from 21 affected individuals were enlarged in fragment size (about 100 bp longer than normal control size), whereas those from clinically unaffected brothers of the patients and their offsprings were all normal in size. Moreover, PCR products from 8 obligate heterozygous females (carriers) consisted of two different fragments with enlarged and normal size. Our results confirmed the findings reported by Fischbeck et al, and indicated that the detection of this AR gene mutations with increased size of a polymorphic tandem CAG repeat is beneficial for pre-onset diagnosis or carrier detection of this disease.     

肯尼迪病的临床分析和分子遗传学诊断

目的 分析3例肯尼迪病的临床表现、电生理及遗传学特征。方法 收集2018年11月-2019年7月本院收治的3例肯尼迪病患者的临床资料包括病史、体格检查、实验室检查、电生理等,检测患者及家族成员雄性激素受体(Androgen Receptor)基因的CAG重复数。结果 3例患者均中年男性,表现为四肢近端和延髓肌无力、肌束震颤萎缩、乳腺发育,缓慢发病,进行性加重。EMG均显示广泛神经源性损害, 感觉神经传导存在异常。基因检测CAG重复数分别为43、51和51。结论 肯尼迪病的临床特点为成年男性,肢体缓慢进行性无力,伴多肌肉萎缩、震颤,同时合并雄激素不敏感综合征, EMG呈运动神经源性损害的表现,CAG重复数显著增多。