骨髓涂片、骨髓活检对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤临床分期的价值

目的:探讨骨髓涂片、骨髓活检对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)临床分期的价值.方法:对44例累及骨髓的病例回顾性分析骨髓涂片及骨髓活检切片,分别比较细胞学形态、组织形态、增生程度、纤维组织增生程度、检出率和敏感性.结果:骨髓涂片中可见中到大型的异型细胞骨髓,切片中瘤细胞以灶型最常见.按Manoharm改良法评估,骨髓切片中网状纤维含量有不同程度增多.骨髓涂片与骨髓切片增生程度的比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),切片组增生程度高于涂片组.骨髓涂片与骨髓切片检出率的比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),切片组检出率高于涂片组.骨髓涂片与骨髓切片敏感性的比较,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),切片组敏感性明显高于涂片组.结论:骨髓涂片简单易行,骨髓切片在骨髓组织状况、优势增生细胞等方面有优势,同时开展涂片和切片的检测,提高检出率,可以修正临床分期,如能同时进行流式细胞免疫表型分析,则更能提高检出率.     

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤侵犯骨髓的病理学观察

 目的　探讨弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）侵犯骨髓的病理学特点、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法　对24例DLBCL侵犯骨髓的骨髓活检HE染色切片进行形态学观察,20例免疫组化（IHC）法进行免疫表型分析。将其中10例髓外部位原发的NHL患者的骨髓与髓外部位瘤细胞的形态学进行对比观察。结果　DLBCL侵犯骨髓的方式依次为：弥漫型14 例,间质型 6例,混合型2例,结节型1 例,窦内型1例。侵犯程度为重度15例,中度4例,轻度5例。瘤细胞形态学类型为中心母细胞型21 例,免疫母细胞型3例。瘤细胞表达CD20、CD45RA、Pax5等一种或多种B细胞的标记。不表达CD3、CD45RO、CD5、CD10、TdT、CyclinD1、CD38、CD68、MPO。10例髓外原发淋巴瘤患者的骨髓与其髓外部位瘤细胞形态一致。结论　DLBCL侵犯骨髓多具有特殊的骨髓病理学特点。少数轻度、间质型浸润以及混有较多小淋巴细胞者, 免疫组化有助于鉴别诊断。骨髓活检对于DLBCL侵犯骨髓的诊断具有重要意义。     

The value of bone marrow biopsy for staging of patients with primary CNS lymphoma

BackgroundIn patients with presumed primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), a systemic manifestation is found only in a small minority. Although bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is recommended for staging, its diagnostic value is unclear.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 392 patients with presumed PCNSL from 3 university hospitals and 33 patients with secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL) and initial CNS involvement from a multicenter Germany-wide prospective registry was performed.ResultsA BMB was performed and documented in 320/392 patients with presumed PCNSL; 23 had pathologic results. One harbored the same lymphoma in the brain and bone marrow (BM), 22 showed findings in BM discordant to the histology of brain lymphoma; n = 12 harbored a low-grade lymphoma in the BM, the other showed B-cell proliferation but no proof of lymphoma (n = 5), monoclonal B cells (n = 3), or abnormalities not B-cell-associated (n = 2). In the group of SCNSL with initial CNS manifestation, 32/33 patients underwent BMB; 7 were documented with bone marrow involvement (BMI); 1 had concordant results in the brain and BM with no other systemic manifestation. Six had additional systemic lymphoma manifestations apart from the brain and BM.ConclusionsIn only 2 out of 352 (0.6%) patients with CNS lymphoma (320 presumed PCNSL and 32 SCNSL), BMB had an impact on diagnosis and treatment. While collected in a selected cohort, these findings challenge the value of BMB as part of routine staging in presumed PCNSL.     

Histologic, immunophenotypic and genotypic analyses of bone marrow trephines from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Marrow involvement in 20 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were studied by histology, immunophenotypic and genotypic methods. Eighteen of these trephines were histologically involved with recognizable lymphomatous infiltrates and five of these were the primary disease site. In the remaining two cases (with histologically involved lymph nodes) the trephines were uninvolved with tumour. Three B-cell cases expressing surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and/or CD37 and one case not analysed phenotypically showed Ig gene rearrangements. The two remaining cases with B NHL showed no gene rearrangements, however, in one of these the trephine was histologically uninvolved with tumour. Twelve out of 14 T-cell cases were characterized by variable or absent expression of one or more T-cell antigens from the tumour population, one case was negative for all T-cell antigens and the remaining case was not histologically involved with tumour. All three lymphoblastic lymphomas and only 4/11 peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) cases revealed T-cell receptor (TcR) gene rearrangements. One of the latter cases also exhibited Ig J_H gene rearrangements. This study demonstrates the usefulness of bone marrow trephines (BMT) in histologic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses. However, although genotypic data confirm clonality in B NHL and the lymphoblastic lymphomas there was genotypic heterogeneity within the PTCL group.     

Femoral marrow MRI is a non-invasive,non-irradiated and useful tool for detecting bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Femoral marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive, non-irradiated and useful modality for evaluating bone marrow (BM) conditions. Human adult femoral BM is almost uniformly fatty marrow and has the largest volume of a single bone. MRI has an extremely high resolution for fat and water, which allows high-contrast imaging of cellular infiltration into fat tissue. In hematological diseases, femoral BM MRI can clearly detect cell infiltration, which is symmetrically imaged from the proximal to the distal direction of abnormal signal areas. Thus, we investigated the significance of femoral MRI for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed the data of 69 NHL patients who received femoral MRI at diagnosis in this single-center retrospective cohort study. The median patient age was 73 years. MRI patterns were mainly classified as uniform patterns or nonuniform patterns. We also classified the range of cellular marrow as high-grade or low-grade based on whether it had spread to over half of the femur. Both overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were significantly influenced by abnormal femoral marrow MRI. In particular, the patients with cellular femoral marrow lesions had a worse OS and PFS based on log-rank tests. Multivariable analyses with the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that OS and PFS were significantly influenced by cellular marrow diagnosed by femoral MRI. We concluded that femoral marrow MRI is a useful tool for detecting BM involvement and an independent prognostic factor in NHL patients.     

Burkitt lymphoma versus diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: a practical approach

Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid tumours as an ‘aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma’, characterized by a high degree of proliferation of the malignant cells and deregulation of the c‐MYC gene. The main diagnostic challenge in BL is to distinguish it from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While in children BL and DLBCL types probably do not differ clinically, and the differential diagnosis between BL and DLBCL may theoretically appear clear‐cut, in adults daily practice shows the existence of cases that have morphological features, immunophenotypic and cytogenetics intermediate between DLBCL and BL, and cannot be classified with certainty in these categories. Distinguishing between BL and DLBCL is critical, as the two diseases require different management. This review summarizes the current practical approach, including the use of a large panel of antibodies, and cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic techniques, to distinguish between BL, DLBCL and the provisional category of ‘B‐cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma’, now listed in the updated WHO classification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large cell lymphoma with initial presentation in the bone marrow.

This report describes 14 cases of large cell lymphoma with initial presentation as marrow involvement in the absence of peripheral lymphadenopathy. The disease affected mainly the middle-aged and elderly, with male predominance. Most patients presented with swinging fever and peripheral blood cytopenia. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome was a common finding, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Peripheral lymphadenopathy was absent (by case selection), but involvement of the liver, spleen and paraaortic lymph nodes could be demonstrated in some cases. However, in some patients, the involvement was apparently restricted to the bone marrow. Involvement of the bone marrow was often subtle, and could be missed on causal examination. Immunohistochemical studies on eight cases showed that four exhibited a B-cell phenotype, three a T-cell phenotype and one a non-T non-B phenotype. The prognosis was poor, with survival being measured in days to weeks in most patients.     

Primary bone marrow T-cell anaplastic large cell lymphoma with triple m gradient

We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with primary bone marrow anaplastic large cell lymphoma. He was admitted to the hospital with the symptoms of anemia and fever. There was no evidence of lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly. Immunoelectrophoresis showed the presence of a triple M gradient (double IgM and an IgG), with the IgG and one of the IgM paraproteins functioning as a cryoglobulin. The patient had no hepatitis C virus infection. Bone marrow biopsy showed massive CD30-positive, ALK-negative large lymphoid cell infiltration of T-cell origin with anaplastic morphology. PCR analysis of lymphoid cells separated from the bone marrow demonstrated the presence of a B/T hybrid genotype disorder with no evidence of the t(2;5), nor t(1;2) translocations. The patient entered a period of remission following CHOP chemotherapy. The patient subsequently died of sepsis as a consequence of serious humoral immunodeficiency.     

Burkitt lymphoma versus diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: a practical approach

Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid tumours as an “aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma”, characterized by a high degree of proliferation of the malignant cells and deregulation of the c‐MYC gene. The main diagnostic challenge in BL is to distinguish it from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While in children BL and DLBCL types probably do not differ clinically, and the differential diagnosis between BL and DLBCL may theoretically appear clear‐cut, in adults daily practice shows the existence of cases that have morphological features, immunophenotypic and cytogenetics intermediate between DLBCL and BL, and cannot be classified with certainty in these categories. Distinguishing between BL and DLBCL is critical, as the two diseases require different management. This review summarizes the current practical approach, including the use of a large panel of antibodies, and cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic techniques, to distinguish between BL, DLBCL and the provisional category of “B‐cell lymphoma, unclassificable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma”, now listed in the updated WHO classification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of maintenance therapy in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Randomized trials of maintenance therapy (MT) in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are inconclusive regarding its effect on overall survival (OS) and disease control. We aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of MT in this meta‐analysis. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing MT with observation or placebo, in patients with DLBCL, who achieved complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) after first‐line chemotherapy with or without rituximab. Primary outcome was OS. Secondary outcomes included relapse rate, disease control (defined as progression‐free survival, event‐free survival, or disease‐free survival, as reported in the original trials), and safety. Our search yielded 14 trials including 5122 patients. Median age of patients was 49 to 70 years. Six trials included rituximab as the MT; three included Interferon alfa; other trials include thalidomide, lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and prednisone, serine threonine kinase inhibitor enzastaurin, and mTOR inhibitor everolimus. MT did not improve OS compared to observation, OR 0.91, (95% CI 0.78‐1.07). Results were the same in a subgroup analysis by the type of maintenance (rituximab vs other). MT did decreased relapse rate, RR 0.76 (95% CI 0.65‐0.89) and improved disease control, OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.65‐0.84). Disease control was significantly improved in the subgroup of studies evaluating rituximab as maintenance OR 0.61 (95% CI 0.47‐0.79) and in the subgroup of R‐CHOP induction studies OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.67‐0.88). Serious or grade III/IV adverse events including neutropenia and infections were significantly more common in the maintenance arm, RR = 1.69 (95% CI 1.29‐2.22). MT in patients with DLBCL achieving CR or PR after induction therapy did not affect OS, yet it decreased relapse rate and improved disease control at the cost of higher infection rate. Our data do not support routine administration of MT in patients with DLBCL.     

Prognostic impact of extranodal involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era

BACKGROUND:

Extranodal involvement is considered a poor prognostic factor for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL); however, the prognostic impact of specific sites of involvement has not been fully elucidated.

METHODS:

The authors retrospectively analyzed 1221 patients treated uniformly with standard R‐CHOP therapy between 2003 and 2006. Patients with distinct forms of DLBCL such as intravascular lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, pyothorax‐associated lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and intraocular lymphoma were also excluded. The authors evaluated 26 extranodal sites of involvement with respect to prognostic impact. The median age was 64 years (range, 15‐91 years).

RESULTS:

Univariate analysis revealed that patients with involvement of specific extranodal sites had significantly worse overall survival (OS) than did patients without such involvement; these sites included nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, lung, pleura, small intestine, peritoneum, liver, pancreas, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, testis, bone, bone marrow, peripheral blood, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. Patients with Waldeyer ring involvement had significantly better OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with the involvement of the pleura (P < .001), small intestine (P = .015), peritoneum (P = .002), adrenal gland (P < .001), testis (P = .005), bone marrow (P < .001), and peripheral blood (P = .002) had significantly worse OS, whereas those with Waldeyer ring involvement had significantly better OS (P = .038). Subgroup analysis with the nodal and/or Waldeyer patient group also showed prognostic impact of Waldeyer ring by multivariate analysis (relative risk, 0.3; P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS:

Extranodal involvement affects the prognosis of patients undergoing R‐CHOP therapy for DLBCL. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

Mean platelet volume predicts prognosis in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

To determine the prognostic value of baseline mean platelet volume (MPV) in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. We retrospectively analyzed 161 DLBCL patients who received R‐CHOP chemotherapy. The associations between MPV and clinicopathological factors were assessed. A low MPV (MPV ≤ 9.1 fl, cut‐off was calculated by receiver operating characteristics) was not associated with any other clinicopathological factors. * Patients with MPV ≤ 9.1 fl experienced a shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) (2‐year PFS rate, 60.6% vs 84.0%, P = 0.003) and overall survival (OS) (2‐year OS rate, 70.4% vs 87.9%, P = 0.030), compared with those with MPV > 9.1 fl. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that MPV ≤ 9.1 fl was an independent prognostic factor of OS (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.588, P = 0.045) and PFS (HR = 0.456, P = 0.010). Therefore, we demonstrated that low baseline MPV is an independent prognostic marker of poor outcome in patients with DLBCL.     

Serum level of CXCL10 is associated with inflammatory prognostic biomarkers in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

Inflammatory biomarkers, such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) have been proposed to predict prognosis in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). C‐X‐C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10) is a chemokine released from inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment and is known to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. In this study, we investigated the clinical impact of pretreatment serum level of CXCL10 on the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in 313 patients with DLBCL who were enrolled into a prospective cohort study. Serum level of CXCL10 was measured in archived pretreatment frozen samples. The high CXCL10 (>median value) group was significantly associated with high tumor burden status, including advanced stage (III‐IV), elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase, and a higher risk International Prognostic Index. Progression‐free survival of the high CXCL10 group was significantly worse than that of the low CXCL10 group, and secondary central nervous system involvement was more frequent in the high CXCL10 group. High CXCL10 was associated with high C‐reactive protein level (r  = 0.246), low albumin level (r  = ?0.289), low absolute lymphocyte count (r  = ?0.185), and risk stratification according to NLR, LMR, and GPS. C‐X‐C motif ligand 10 promoted cell migration of patient‐derived cells and several DLBCL cell lines. However, the prognostic value of high CXCL10 was lost in the multivariate analyses. Nevertheless, we suggest serum CXCL10 may have clinical value if it can be more easily assessed because of its contribution to the prognostic value of NLR, LMR, and GPS in DLBCL.     

Extranodal involvement in young patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: distribution,prognostic value and treatment options

Objective:Extranodal involvement represents a peculiar presentation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Previous studies have suggested that older patients are more prone to extranodal involvement.This study retrospectively addressed the distribution,prognostic value and treatment options of extranodal involvement in young patients with DLBCL.Methods:A total of 329 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion requirements.The effects of gender,extranodal involvement,age-adjusted international prognostic index (aaIPI),rituximab infusion and radiotherapy on patient outcomes were evaluated.Results:Among these patients,59％ presented extranodal involvement in 16 anatomic sites.More than one instance was linked to many poorer clinical characteristics and poorer survival compared with either nodal disease or one instance.In patients with one extranodal lesion,multivariate analysis revealed that the site of extranodal involvement,but not the aaIPI or rituximab infusion,was independently related to the outcome,and radiotherapy had a negative influence on survival.Conclusions:Extranodal involvement is common in younger patients and exhibits a ubiquitous distribution.The site of extranodal involvement is of strong prognostic significance.Radiotherapy for extranodal lesions does not improve patient outcomes.     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤96例临床及预后分析

目的:分析多种因素对弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)预后的影响。方法:采用Kaplan Meier法分析患者治疗后的生存期,采用Cox比例风险模型分析影响预后的因素。结果:1、2、3和5年生存率Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者为98.8%、91.5%、87.5%、70.3%;Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期患者为62.1%、55.5%、40.1%、23.8%。结论:年龄、乳酸脱氢酶水平、临床分期、身体状况评分是影响DLBCL预后的重要因素。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤125例临床病理分析

目的:分析弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)临床特点及CHOP方案治疗结果,探讨DLBCL的临床预后因素。方法:回顾性分析125例CHOP类方案初次化疗的DLBCL患者的临床特征,结合随访资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法对生存率进行评估,进一步采用Cox回归模型对单因素分析中有统计学意义的参数进行多因素分析。结果:125例DLBCL患者中,男女比例1.3∶1,中位年龄49岁,Ann ArborⅢ~Ⅳ期患者占52.0%,LDH升高占42.1%,IPI中高危组(3~5分)占22.6%。首发为浅表淋巴结肿大60.0%,结外器官受侵72.8%。中位化疗5个周期,CR38.4%,PR 44.8%。中位随访28.2个月,中位生存期(MST)46.5个月,3和5年生存率分别为51.9%和48.9%。单因素分析显示,≤60岁、Ann ArborⅠ~Ⅱ、LDH正常、体能评分好(ECOG 0~1)I、PI评分低、未侵及骨髓、肝未受侵、接受放疗、无B症状以及缓解者是DL-BCL的良好预后因素。Cox多因素分析显示,IPI评分高(P=0.000)、未行放疗(P=0.045)和未能缓解者(P=0.049)是DLBCL的独立不良预后因素。结论:DLBCL结外侵犯发生率高,IPI评分高、未行放疗和一线治疗未能缓解者预后不良。     

感染HBV的弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者临床特征与预后分析

目的 探讨HBV感染与弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)的关系.方法 回顾性分析308例有乙肝两对半检测记录的初治DLBCL患者,分为HBV携带者(HBsAg+)31例、HBV既往感染者(HBsAg-/HbcAb+)90例、无HBV感染者(HBsAg-/HbcAb-)118例,接受CHOP样或R-CHOP样方案化疗.对三组患者的临床特征、生存及化疗期间与化疗结束12个月内肝功能损害情况进行比较分析.结果 三组患者3年总体生存时间(OS)分别为80.9%、74.3%和84.1%,无统计学差异(P=0.946);无进展生存时间(PFS)亦无统计学差异(P=0.405).采用COX回归多因素分析生存的不良预后因素包括男性、年龄大于60岁、IPI评分高、晚期、未联合利妥昔单抗.三组化疗期间肝功能损害发生率分别为36.8%、27.3%、62.1%,HBsAg+组在化疗期间及结束后1～3个月内肝功损害严重度明显高于其他两组,具有统计学差异,P值分别为0.00039和0.008.结论 HBsAg-/HBcAb-、HBsAg-/HBcAb+、HBsAg+三组临床特征生存时间相似,采用联合利妥昔单抗的方案化疗能提高全组患者生存.本研究推荐对HBsAg+的DLBCL患者化疗或免疫治疗时进行预防性抗病毒治疗,同时建议抗病毒治疗至少须延续至化疗结束后3个月,化疗中与化疗后均须密切监测肝功能、HBV-DNA水平.