Four-week course of radiation for breast cancer using hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy with an incorporated boost

PURPOSE: Standard radiation for early breast cancer requires daily treatment for 6 to 7 weeks. This is an inconvenience to many women, and for some a barrier for breast conservation. We present the acute toxicity of a 4-week course of hypofractionated radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 75 patients completed radiation on a Phase II trial approved by the hospital institutional review board. Eligibility criteria were broad to include any patient normally eligible for standard radiation: age >or=18 years, invasive or in situ cancer, American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage 0 to II, breast-conserving surgery, and any systemic therapy not given concurrently. The median age was 52 years (range, 31-81 years). Of the patients, 15% had ductal carcinoma in situ, 67% T1, and 19% T2; 71% were N0, 17% N1, and 12% NX. Chemotherapy was given before radiation in 44%. Using photon intensity-modulated radiation therapy and incorporated electron beam boost, the whole breast received 45 Gy and the lumpectomy bed 56 Gy in 20 treatments over 4 weeks. RESULTS: The maximum acute skin toxicity by the end of treatment was Grade 0 in 9 patients (12%), Grade 1 in 49 (65%) and Grade 2 in 17 (23%). There was no Grade 3 or higher skin toxicity. After radiation, all Grade 2 toxicity had resolved by 6 weeks. Hematologic toxicity was Grade 0 in most patients except for Grade 1 neutropenia in 2 patients, and Grade 1 anemia in 11 patients. There were no significant differences in baseline vs. 6-week posttreatment patient-reported or physician-reported cosmetic scores. CONCLUSIONS: This 4-week course of postoperative radiation using intensity-modulated radiation therapy is feasible and is associated with acceptable acute skin toxicity and quality of life. Long-term follow-up data are needed. This radiation schedule may represent an alternative both to longer 6-week to 7-week standard whole-breast radiation and more radically shortened 1-week, partial-breast treatment schedules.     

Accelerated hypofractionated adjuvant whole breast radiation with simultaneous integrated boost using volumetric modulated arc therapy for early breast cancer: A phase I/II dosimetric and clinical feasibility study from a tertiary cancer care centre of India

Background

Hypofractionation has become standard of care after Breast Conserving Therapy (BCT) in many European and few others western countries. Though still debatable, tumor cavity boost is routinely practised in our centre. Hypofractionation is not yet the current standard of practice in Asian countries. Employing hypofractionation and simultaneous integrated boost to lumpectomy cavity with conformal technique is not the current practice in this region. Hence the study was performed to see whether accelerated hypofractionation and simultaneous boost can be combined using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in treating early breast cancer (EBC) patients.

图像引导鼻咽癌调强放疗的初步观察

调强放疗(intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)技术使鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC)放疗的剂量得以优化,但实施过程中存在着靶区运动、摆位误差等不确定因素,影响IMRT的准确性.我们将影像引导放疗(image guided radiotherapy, IGRT)系统应用于NPC的IMRT,以探讨其应用价值.     

Concomitant boost radiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

The concomitant boost technique is a variant of accelerated fractionation whereby the boost is delivered as a second daily fraction during the basic treatment course to reduce the total duration of treatment. From April 1972 through June 1983, 53 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of various sites in the head and neck region were treated for cure at U.T. M. D. Anderson Hospital with this technique. In 12 patients, the concomitant boost was used because of rapid recurrence following surgical resection either before or after initiation of planned postoperative radiotherapy; the remaining patients had rapidly growing untreated or recurrent disease in the primary site, neck, or both. In most cases, the concomitant boost was delivered in fractions of 120-150 cGy, separated by 3-6 h from the basic daily treatment of 180-200 cGy. The boost treatments were given 2-3 times a week for 3-5 weeks, delivering an average of about 17 Gy in 12 fractions. Two different treatment techniques were used. Patients with predominantly neck disease (30) were treated with glancing AP and PA fields or with appositional electron beam portals to spare the mucous membranes, while those with advanced or rapidly progressive primary lesions, with or without nodal disease (23), received their concomitant boost through lateral photon or high energy electron beams to include the primary tumor site. As expected, the acute mucosal reactions were most severe in the latter group, but only three patients required interruption of treatment because of severe mucositis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of modulated electron radiotherapy to conventional electron boost irradiation and volumetric modulated photon arc therapy for treatment of tumour bed boost in breast cancer

Background and purpose

To compare few leaf electron collimator (FLEC)-based modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT) to conventional direct electron (DE) and volumetric modulated photon arc therapy (VMAT) for the treatment of tumour bed boost in breast cancer.

Materials and methods

Fourteen patients with breast cancer treated by lumpectomy and requiring post-operative whole breast radiotherapy with tumour bed boost were planned retrospectively using conventional DE, VMAT and FLEC-based MERT. The planning goal was to deliver 10 Gy to at least 95% of the tumour bed volume. Dosimetry parameters for all techniques were compared.

Results

Dose evaluation volume (DEV) coverage and homogeneity were best for MERT (D₉₈ = 9.77 Gy, D₂ = 11.03 Gy) followed by VMAT (D₉₈ = 9.56 Gy, D₂ = 11.07 Gy) and DE (D₉₈ = 9.81 Gy, D₂ = 11.52 Gy). Relative to the DE plans, the MERT plans predicted a reduction of 35% in mean breast dose (p < 0.05), 54% in mean lung dose (p < 0.05) and 46% in mean body dose (p < 0.05). Relative to the VMAT plans, the MERT plans predicted a reduction of 24%, 36% and 39% in mean breast dose, heart dose and body dose, respectively (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

MERT plans were a considerable improvement in dosimetry over DE boost plans. There was a dosimetric advantage in using MERT over VMAT for increased DEV conformity and low-dose sparing of healthy tissue including the integral dose; however, the cost is often an increase in the ipsilateral lung high-dose volume.     

乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗瘤床同步补量研究进展北大核心CSCD

放疗为乳腺癌保乳治疗的重要组成部分,目前大分割已成为全乳照射的首选剂量分割模式。瘤床补量可进一步提高局部控制率,推荐高危患者行瘤床序贯补量。随着适形调强放疗的广泛应用,瘤床同步补量提供了剂量学优势和实践便利。本文就乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床补量指征及瘤床同步补量的研究进展进行综述,特别关注全乳常规分割瘤床同步补量和全乳大分割瘤床同步补量的安全性及疗效,并介绍目前正在进行的全乳大分割瘤床同步补量的Ⅲ期随机临床研究。     

Comparison of concomitant boost radiotherapy against concurrent chemoradiation in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers: A phase III randomised trial

Purpose

To test the toxicity and efficacy of concomitant boost radiotherapy alone against concurrent chemoradiation (conventional fractionation) in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer in our patient population.

Methods and materials

In this open-label, randomised trial, 216 patients with histologically proven Stage III–IVA oropharyngeal cancer were randomly assigned between June 2006 and December 2010 to receive either chemoradiation (CRT) to a dose of 66 Gy in 33 fractions over 6.5 weeks with concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m² on days 1, 22 and 43) or accelerated radiotherapy with concomitant boost (CBRT) to a dose of 67.5 Gy in 40 fractions over 5 weeks. The compliance, toxicity and quality of life were investigated. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) curves were estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using log rank test.

Results

The compliance to radiotherapy was superior in concomitant boost with lesser treatment interruptions (p = 0.004). Expected acute toxicities were significantly higher in CRT, except for grade 3/4 mucositis which was seen more in CBRT arm (39% and 55% in CRT and CBRT, respectively; p = 0.02). Late toxicities like Grade 3 xerostomia were significantly high in CRT arm than CBRT arm (33% versus 18%; p < 0.0001). The quality of life was significantly poor in CRT arm at all follow up visits (p < 0.0001). The rates of 2 year disease-free survival were similar with 56% in the chemoradiotherapy group and 61% in CBRT group (p = 0.2; HR-0.81, 95%CI-0.53–1.2). Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with nodal size >2 cm had significantly better DFS with CRT (p = 0.05; HR-1.59, 95%CI-0.93–2.7).

Conclusion

In selected patients of locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer, concomitant boost offers a better compliance, toxicity profile and quality of life with similar disease control, than chemoradiation.     

鼻咽癌同步推量调强放疗与传统调强放疗的近远期疗效比较

目的 目前,调强放射治疗技术已被广泛应用于鼻咽癌的治疗中,本研究旨在探讨同步推量调强放射治疗与传统调强放疗治疗在鼻咽癌患者的近期和远期治疗效果.方法 选取2008-04-12-2010-07-01山东省肿瘤医院收住的鼻咽癌患者102例,根据放疗方式不同分为研究组(50例)和对照组(52例).研究组采用同步推量调强放疗,对照组采用传统调强放疗,比较两组的近期有效率、毒副作用和远期疗效.结果 两组总有效率分别为90.0％(45/50)和86.5％(45/52);其近期疗效差异无统计学意义,x2=0.022,P=0.882;研究组和对照组3～4级口腔黏膜急性毒副作用分别为54.0％和55.8％(P=0.858),面颈部皮肤反应分别为4.0％和11.5％(P=0.245);两组5年无进展生存率、总生存率分别为76.0％和69.2％(x2 =1.14,P=0.286)和84.0％、82.7％(x2=0.031,P=0.859).结论 与传统调强放疗相比,同步推量调强放疗在鼻咽癌近期和远期疗效及副作用方面的效果相似,两者差异无统计学意义.     

Comparison of three concomitant boost techniques for early-stage breast cancer

PURPOSE: Whole breast radiotherapy (RT) followed by a tumor bed boost typically spans 5-6 weeks of treatment. Interest is growing in RT regimens, such as concomitant boost, that decrease overall treatment time, lessening the time/cost burden to patients and facilities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Computed tomography (CT) scans from 20 cases were selected for this retrospective, dosimetric study to compare three different techniques of concomitant boost delivery: (1) standard tangents plus an electron boost, (2) intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) tangents using custom compensators plus an electron boost, and (3) IMRT tangents plus a conformal photon boost. The equivalent uniform dose model was used to compare the plans. RESULTS: The average breast equivalent uniform dose value for the three techniques (standard, IMRT plus electrons, and IMRT plus photons) was 48.6, 47.9, and 48.3, respectively. The plans using IMRT more closely approximated the prescribed dose of 46 Gy to the whole breast. The breast volume receiving >110% of the dose was less with the IMRT tangents than with standard RT (p = 0.037), but no significant difference in the maximal dose or other evaluated parameters was noted. CONCLUSION: Although the IMRT techniques delivered the prescribed dose with better dose uniformity, the small improvement seen did not support a goal of improved resource use.     

Randomized controlled study comparing simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy versus simultaneous integrated boost intensity modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer

Objectives

Comparison of two fractionation schedules of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for locally advanced head and neck cancer – simultaneous integrated boost (SIB-IMRT) and simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy (SMART) boost in terms of toxicity and survival end-point measures.

前列腺癌同步加量放疗dIMRT和RapidArc比较研究

目的 前列腺大分割照射与盆腔常规分割预防照射相结合的同步加量放疗可提高前列腺癌临床疗效,本研究比较固定野动态调强(dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy,dIMRT)与快速旋转调强(RapidArc)在前列腺癌同步加量放疗中的剂量分布、治疗效率和执行精度的差异,为临床应用提供参考.方法 选取2013-01-04-2013-12-31在中山大学肿瘤防治中心行放疗的10例前列腺癌高危风险患者,靶区包括前列腺、精囊和盆腔淋巴结.以相同的剂量目标和优化参数分别设计9野dIMRT、单弧和双弧RapidArc同步加量治疗计划,分别用9F、1ARC和2ARC表示.比较分析3种计划的靶区剂量学特点,直肠、膀胱、小肠和双侧股骨头等危及器官的受照剂量及体积,机器跳数,治疗时间以及剂量验证通过率.结果 对于PTV1,9F的D2％为(69.37±0.89) Gy,D50％为(66.92±0.63) Gy,HI为0.09±0.02,CI为0.83±0.05;1ARC的D2％为(71.13±1.21) Gy,D50％为(68.50±0.76) Gy,HI为0.12±0.02,CI为0.74±0.07;9F均优于1ARC,差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05;9F与2ARC的各参数差异均无统计学意义,P＞0.05.对于PTV2,9F的V5％为(99.45±0.78)％,优于1ARC的(99.35±1.28)％,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;9F与2ARC各参数的差异均无统计学意义,P＞0.05.对于膀胱Dmean,3组计划差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05;对于直肠V67.5Gy,9F与2ARC的差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05;对于左右股骨头Dmean,1ARC和2ARC低于9F,差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;各OAR其余评价指标9F均低于1ARC和2ARC,差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05.1ARC和2ARC相比于9F机器跳数平均减少了70.0％和67.2％,治疗时间平均缩短了81.7％和61.0％.9F、1ARC和2ARC的3％/3 mm标准的γ通过率分别为97.8％、98.9％和99.4％,差异均具有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论 相比于dIMRT,RapidArc可显著提高治疗效率,其双弧计划具有相仿的靶区覆盖,但对膀胱、直肠和小肠的保护更差,dIMRT更适用于前列腺癌同步加量放射治疗.     

Role of hypofractionated radiotherapy in breast locoregional radiation

Long-term results of randomised trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of hypofractionated radiotherapy using approximately 2.6 Gy per fraction to lower total doses of 40–42.6 Gy delivered over 3 weeks, for postoperative treatment of early breast cancer. In these trials, hypofractionated radiotherapy was predominantly used for breast only treatment, while there are fewer trials that specifically examined hypofractionated radiotherapy to the breast plus regional nodes. Hypofractionated locoregional radiation is considered a standard of care in the United Kingdom and in some parts of Canada. We aim to review the radiobiology and normal tissue effects of hypofractionated locoregional radiation and to summarize available published clinical experiences using this treatment strategy as adjuvant therapy after breast conserving surgery or mastectomy for women with early breast cancer.     

早期左侧乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗同期瘤床加量的安全性及心脏亚结构剂量评估的重要性研究

背景与目的：早期乳腺癌保乳术后辅助大分割放疗已被指南推荐,但大分割放疗同期瘤床加量是否可行目前尚无定论。本随机对照研究对大分割同期瘤床加量和常规分割同期瘤床加量两种放疗计划的心脏剂量学参数和心超指标等进行比较,以评估前者在心脏毒性方面的安全性。方法：纳入复旦大学附属中山医院2017年3月—2018年3月收治的符合入组标准的早期乳腺癌保乳术后左侧乳腺癌患者40例,随机分为两组,20例制定大分割同期瘤床加量放疗计划(全乳放疗剂量4 005 cGy/15次,同期瘤床加量至4 500 cGy/15次),20例制定常规分割同期瘤床加量放疗计划(全乳放疗剂量5 000 cGy/25次,同期瘤床加量至6 000 cGy/25次),比较两组患者的心脏剂量学参数和心脏超声检查指标,剂量学参数包括全心脏、左心室、右心室、右室游离壁、室间隔和冠状动脉左前降支(left anterior descending,LAD)的平均剂量(D_mean)以及各结构受到5～35 Gy照射的相对体积分数(V_{5 Gy}～V_{35 Gy})。心超随访指标包括主动脉根部直...     

乳腺癌保乳术后同步加量IMRT前瞻性研究

目的 前瞻性评估乳腺癌保乳术后瘤床同步加量IMRT的疗效和不良反应。     

乳腺癌保乳术+化疗后动态调强放疗的临床观察

目的 观察乳腺癌保乳术+化疗后动态调强放疗的疗效和美容效果.方法 117例乳腺癌患者保乳术后先行4～6周期化疗再三维适形(6例)和动态调强放疗(111例).化疗分别采用CAF(环磷酰胺+多柔比星+氟尿嘧啶)、AC(多柔比星+环磷酰胺)、TA(紫杉醇+多柔比星)、NE(长春瑞滨+表阿霉素)、TX(紫杉醇+卡培他滨)方案.放疗采用6 MV-X线全乳腺调强放疗50Gy,瘤床电子线外照射加量10 Gy;其中68例患者锁骨上预防性照射50 Gy,42例肿块位于内侧象限的同时照射内乳淋巴引流区,锁骨上区、内乳区及胸壁均包在一个靶区里.雌、孕激素受体阳性加用内分泌治疗.治疗结束后6～12个月由2位医师评分评价美容效果.结果 随访至2009年9月,随访率为94.0%,随访满3、5年者分别为114、91例.全组3生存率为99.1%,5年生存率为96%,5年无瘤生存率为88%,局部复发率为3.6%,美容效果满意者为100%.放疗中及放疗结束后未出现明显放射性心肺等重要脏器损伤.结论 乳腺保乳术+化疗后胸壁动态调强放疗使靶区得到更均匀照射,有望提高局部控制率和生存率并降低正常组织并发症、肿瘤复发率.     

Limited benefit of inversely optimised intensity modulation in breast conserving radiotherapy with simultaneously integrated boost

Background and purpose

To examine whether in breast-conserving radiotherapy (RT) with simultaneously integrated boost (SIB), application of inversely planned intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT-SIB) instead of three-dimensional RT (3D-CRT-SIB) has benefits that justify the additional costs, and to evaluate whether a potential benefit of IMRT-SIB depends on specific patient characteristics.

Material and methods

3D-CRT-SIB and various IMRT-SIB treatment plans were constructed and optimised for 30 patients with early stage left-sided breast cancer. Coverage of planning target volumes (PTVs) and dose delivered to organs at risk (OARs) were determined for each plan. Overlap between heart and breast PTV (OHB), size of breast and boost PTVs and boost location were examined in their ability to identify patients that might benefit from IMRT-SIB.

Results

All plans had adequate PTV coverage. IMRT-SIB generally reduced dose levels delivered to heart, lungs, and normal breast tissue relative to 3D-CRT-SIB. However, IMRT-SIB benefit differed per patient. For many patients, comparable results were obtained with 3D-CRT-SIB, while patients with OHB > 1.4 cm and a relatively large boost PTV volume (>125 cm³) gained most from the use of IMRT-SIB.

Conclusions

In breast-conserving RT, results obtained with 3D-CRT-SIB and IMRT-SIB are generally comparable. Patient characteristics could be used to identify patients that are most likely to benefit from IMRT-SIB.     

低分割三维适形调强放疗治疗局部进展期胰腺癌的临床观察

目的 探讨氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）联合低分割影像引导的三维适形调强放疗治疗局部进展期胰腺癌的疗效和毒副反应。方法 收集2011年6月至2014年12月间收治的37例经病理组织学证实的不可切除局部进展期胰腺癌,均采用CT引导下三维适形调强放疗技术,放疗采用大分割3.0～3.1 Gy／次,16次,DT 48～49.6 Gy;同步化疗方案：5-FU 350 mg／m2,每日1次,一周5次,与放疗同步进行。观察疗效和毒副反应,并随访生存。结果 所有患者均完成放疗。同步放化疗获CR 5例,PR 14例,SD 14例,PD 4例,有效率为51.4％（19/37）;临床受益反应有效者21例,临床受益率为56.8％（21/37）。同步放化疗期间发生3级以上骨髓抑制7例,严重胆道梗阻1例,胃十二指肠溃疡2例。37例患者1、2年无远处转移生存率分别为36.0％、4.8％;1、2年生存率分别为51.3％、11.6％。至随访截止日期,13例患者出现局部复发,26例患者出现远处转移。结论 氟尿嘧啶联合低分割影像引导的适形调强放疗治疗局部进展期胰腺癌疗效较好,毒副反应可耐受。     

直肠癌术前五野静态调强和容积弧形调强放疗剂量学的比较研究

目的 探讨直肠癌术前五野静态调强（5F-IMRT）和容积弧形调强（VMAT）放疗计划的剂量学特点。方法 应用CMS monaco治疗计划系统分别对23例术前同期放化疗的直肠癌患者行5F-IMRT和 VMAT放疗计划设计,比较两种放疗技术的靶区剂量分布特点以及小肠、膀胱、双侧股骨头等正常组织的受照射剂量及体积。结果 5F-IMRT计划的适形指数（CI）为0.810±0.043,VMAT计划的CI为0.822±0.062,两者均能很好满足95％等剂量曲线对100％ PTV体积的完全覆盖;5F-IMRT计划中GTV、CTV和PTV的均匀指数（HI）分别为1.052±0.019、1.063±0.016、1.075±0.020,VMAT计划分别为1.037±0.008、1.047±0.008、1.072±0.018,差异均无统计学意义。5F-IMRT和VMAT计划中重要的危及器官如小肠、膀胱和股骨头等的关键剂量评价指标（D₅、D_min、D_mean和D_max）差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。小肠、膀胱和股骨头等受照射体积的关键评价指标（V20、V₃₀、V₄₀和V₅₀）在两种放疗计划中差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 5F-IMRT和VMAT计划靶区的剂量分布均较理想,对小肠、膀胱、双侧股骨头等正常组织均有很好的保护作用。