Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumothorax

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to show the effectiveness of ultrasound (US) in the evaluation of pneumothorax by comparison with X-rays and computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of 184 patients (130 men and 54 women), aged 26 to 82 years, underwent chest US after percutaneous needle biopsy. US findings were compared with CT postbiopsy selective slices and to X-rays. RESULTS: Pneumothorax was identified in 46 patients (25%) by CT, in 44 by US, with no false positives, and in 19 by X-rays. US sensitivity was 95.65%, specificity 100% and diagnostic effectiveness 98.91%. CONCLUSIONS: Chest US was found to be a valuable diagnostic tool in pneumothorax diagnosis, with diagnostic effectiveness well beyond X-rays and similar to CT.     

Ultrasound diagnosis of horseshoe kidney

Ultrasound diagnosis of horseshoe kidneys depends on the demonstration of an isthmus or band of renal tissue across the midline of abdomen connecting the lower poles of the kidneys. In a number of cases this band of renal tissue may evade ultrasonic detection. In a series of 11 patients with horseshoe kidneys, sonographic detection of renal isthmus was achieved in seven patients, but in all 11 cases there was demonstrable alteration of renal outlines. Instead of normal reniform shape, the kidneys appeared "inverted pyriform" or "inverted triangular". Detection of such an altered renal outline should raise suspicion of horseshoe kidney.     

Ultrasound diagnosis of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common tumour of the lower genitourinary tract in children in the first two decades. Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a significantly better outcome than lesions elsewhere in the genitourinary tract. Although ultrasound is considered the imaging modality of choice for evaluating intrascrotal pathology, the ultrasound appearance of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma has rarely been reported and may be confused with other disease entities such as epididymitis, adenomatoid tumour and leiomyoma. We present the ultrasound features of a paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma, discussing the clinical features and differential diagnosis.     

男性乳腺肥大症的超声诊断

回顾分析17例男性乳腺肥大症的声像图特征，以探讨男性乳腺肥大症的超声诊断的价值及鉴别诊断。     

乳腺癌的超声诊断

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。早期诊断、早期治疗是提高乳腺癌治愈率、延长生存期的关键。而超声在普查、筛查、定期复查及早期发现乳腺肿瘤方面有重要作用,随着超声技术的迅速发展,乳腺癌的超声诊断、鉴别诊断已成为影像学的研究热点。1二维高频超声二维超声能检测乳腺组织内有无肿块,并显示其大小形态、边界、内部及后方回声特征,是超声影像对乳腺肿块进行定性诊断的基础。典型乳腺癌的共同特征为:①边缘不整齐、无包膜,形态不规则,边缘呈毛刺状或蟹足状改变。②内部多呈不均质、实性低回声,中心有液化坏死时,可见无回声暗区,微小…     

Ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid

Ultrasonography of the thyroid gland provides information about the size and shape when localization is normal. Furthermore, by means of density changes, a cyst can be shown as well as disintegration in the cyst or parenchymal changes. Rarefication of sonic echos indicates an increase in fluid (edema, hyperemia, and sometimes tumors). An increase in echos suggests consolidation of tissue (multiplication of fibrous tissue, calcareous deposits). This is demonstrated by ultrasonic examinations of the thyroid, in which the results found by scintigraphy, cytology or operation and histology were verified. In contrast to scintigraphy, ultrasonic diagnostics do not give information about biochemical processes of the activity of the thyroid.     

肝结核的超声诊断

肝结核临床较为少见,由于其临床表现不具有特异性,尤其早期病变可无任何症状,或可被肺或其他器官结核的症状所掩盖,过程隐匿,所以容易造成误诊或漏诊。本文对8例经临床或病理证实的肝结核进行超声图像分析,总结其声像图特征,旨在提高超声对肝结核的诊断率。     

胆道闭锁的超声诊断

目的:总结小婴儿胆道闭锁的超声图像特点,探讨胆囊形态与胆道闭锁的关系.方法:回顾性分析40例经手术病理证实的胆道闭锁婴儿肝胆超声表现,并结合同期经手术证实的非闭锁性黄疸病例加以讨论.结果:胆囊未显示2例.胆囊显示38例,17例长径小于1.5cm,内径2～3mm,其中3例胆囊长径小于0.5cm,内径1mm.17例胆囊长径...     

卵巢卵泡膜细胞瘤的超声诊断分析

本文报告分析经手术病理证实的卵巢卵泡膜细胞瘤30例,旨在探讨该肿瘤的声像图表现与相关病理改变及临床症状之间的关系,为术前超声诊断提供经验。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的超声诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的声像图特征及其鉴别诊断。方法应用二维超声，彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI），频谱多普勒（PW）对经手术病理证实的21例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行研究。结果肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的典型声像图为高回声或混合性回声呈洋葱样，不典型声像图为低回声。CDFI示肿瘤内血流信号少，PW测及其动脉血流为低速高阻型。结论肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤声像图表现与血管、平滑肌、脂肪含量有关。典型声像图较易诊断。不典型声像图需结合彩色多普勒及CT增强扫描进行综合分析，并与肾癌相鉴别。     

非哺乳期乳腺炎症性病变的超声诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨非哺乳期乳腺炎症性病变声像图特点,评价其超声诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析46例非哺乳期乳腺炎的超声特征,与病理结果对照,评价其诊断准确率。结果:46例非哺乳期乳腺炎声像图表现复杂多样;二维和彩色多普勒超声血流显像(CDFI)征象综合诊断符合率较高。结论:非哺乳期乳腺炎有区别于乳腺其他疾病的超声特点,超声对非哺乳期乳腺炎有重要的诊断价值。     

Ultrasound diagnosis of pneumonia in children

PURPOSE: This study was done to compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and chest X-ray (CXR) in children with suspected pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-nine children aged from 6 months to 16 years with clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia underwent lung ultrasound and CXR. RESULTS: Lung ultrasound was positive for the diagnosis of pneumonia in 60 patients, whereas CXR was positive in 53. In four patients with negative CXR and positive ultrasound findings, pneumonia was confirmed by chest computed tomography (CT) (performed for recurrent pneumonia in the same location). In the other three patients with negative CXR and positive ultrasound findings, the clinical course was consistent with pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Lung ultrasound is a simple and reliable tool that can be used by the clinician in the case of suspected pneumonia. It is as reliable as CXR, can be easily repeated at the patient's bedside and carries no risk of irradiation.     

Ultrasound for diagnosis of apophyseal injuries

Avulsion injuries of the apophysis is a problem in young athletes. A correct diagnosis is necessary for establishing the appropriate treatment and the rehabilitation program. However, it is often difficult to distinguish between a simple muscle strain and an avulsion fracture. The X-ray examination is helpful only when an ossification center of the apophysis exists. Ultrasonography is considered the suitable diagnostic tool for these cases. From June 1988 to June 1993, 243 young athletes were seen with an anamnestic and clinically suspected apophyseal injury of the lower extremity. In all cases X-ray examination and ultrasound examination were performed. In 80 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by X-ray examination and in 97 by ultrasonography. Four criteria were defined for the sonographic examination: (a) a hypoechogenic zone, (b) increased distance to the apophysis, (c) dislocation of the apophysis, and (d) mobility of the apophysis on dynamic examination. These criteria are correlated to (a) edema, (b) lysis, (c) avulsion, and (d) unstable avulsion of the apophysis. Ultrasonography is a proven technique for the detection of apophyseal injuries. In comparison to X-ray examination, it has the advantages of no radiation exposure, early detection even without ossification center, and dynamic examination.     

Ultrasound diagnosis of liver hydatid disease

A clinical study of 42 patients with hydatid disease was carried out using a real-time gray scale B-scanner. All cases were confirmed surgically. The ultrasound characteristics of the hydatid cysts were classified into three groups: Type I, simple hydatid cyst (19 of the 42 cases), type II, hydatid cyst with a disrupted wall and septa (14 cases), and type III, hydatid cyst with a heterogeneous echo pattern (9 cases). It was concluded that ultrasound classification of the cysts increases diagnostic accuracy. However, if a hydatid cyst becomes secondarily infected these typical changes are lost and the ultrasound diagnosis may then become more difficult. Periodic examinations should be performed with ultrasound after surgery.     

脾脏占位性病变的超声诊断

目的:探讨脾脏占位性病变的超声诊断价值.方法:分析15例经病理和临床证实的脾脏占位性病变的超声资料,包括脾卡波西氏肉瘤1例,脾血管肉瘤1例,脾弥漫性非何杰金氏淋巴肉瘤1例,脾非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤2例,脾何杰金氏病(结节型)1例,脾转移癌4例,脾淋巴管瘤2例,脾囊肿2例,脾脓肿1例.结果:超声检查能清楚的显示,脾脏占位病变的大小、形态回声特征与周围器官组织的关系;超声对脾脏占位性病变的检出率100%,定性准确率为73.3%.结论:超声对脾脏占位性病变有较高的诊断价值,可作为首选的影像学检查方法.     

膀胱憩室的超声诊断价值

本文回顾性分析了我院近10年来经手术及病理证实的21例膀胱憩室的声像图特征，讨论其形成机理、诊断与鉴别诊断，以明确超声检查对膀胱憩室的诊断价值。     

超声对子宫内膜病变的鉴别诊断

阴道出血是妇科疾病中比较常见的临床症状。子宫内膜息肉、粘膜下肌瘤、内膜增生过长和子宫内膜癌等内膜病变是引起阴道出血的重要原因。本文对其声像图特征进行对比分析，找出子宫内膜病变的鉴别诊断要点。