UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、文拉法辛、罗格列酮和硝苯地平的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、文拉法辛、罗格列酮和硝苯地平浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品经甲醇(含0.1%甲酸)沉淀蛋白后,以盐酸吡格列酮为内标,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS C_(18),流动相为含0.01%甲酸的水溶液-含0.01%甲酸的甲醇溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为50℃,进样量为5μL;采用电喷雾离子源,以多反应监测模式进行正离子扫描,用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 237.00→194.05(卡马西平)、m/z 278.20→58.10(文拉法辛)、m/z 358.08→135.04(罗格列酮)、m/z 347.15→315.17(硝苯地平)、m/z 357.09→134.06(内标)。结果:卡马西平、盐酸文拉法辛、盐酸罗格列酮、硝苯地平血药浓度的线性范围分别为2.00~2 000.00、2.12~2 120.00、2.00~2 000.00、2.04~1 020.00 ng/mL(r分别为0.995 9、0.990 5、0.991 5、0.991 0,n=5),最低检测限分别为0.200、0.106、0.100、1.020 ng/mL;日内、日间RSD均小于15%,相对误差的绝对值小于15%;提取回收率为65.66%~96.36%(RSD<15%,n=5),基质效应为80.99%~114.33%。采用该法测得2例癫痫患者体内卡马西平的血药浓度分别为(1 500.41±169.11)、(1 159.01±59.24)ng/mL(RSD分别为11.27%、5.60%,n=3),2例高血压患者体内硝苯地平的血药浓度分别为(14.68±1.92)、(21.18±3.59)ng/mL(RSD分别为16.98%、13.10%,n=3)。结论:该方法操作简便,专属性强,灵敏度、准确度高,可用于上述药物的血药浓度监测及药动学研究。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中多潘立酮

目的:建立测定人血浆中多潘立酮的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC/ESI-MS/MS)法。方法:待测血浆0.1 mL 用甲醇沉淀蛋白,取离心后的上清液进样10μL在 Phenomenex Gimim-C_(18)柱(2.00 mm×50 mm,5 μm)上分离,流动相为甲醇-水(40:60,v/v,含0.3%醋酸),流速0.2 mL·min~(-1),LC/ESI-MS/MS 采用多离子反应监测,正离子模式,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z426→m/z175(多潘立酮)和 m/z 379→m/z 264(氨溴索,内标)。结果:血浆中的内源性物质不干扰测定,每个样品分析时间约2 min;本法线性范围为0.3～100 ng·mL~(-1),最低定量浓度为0.3 ng·mL~(-1);日内、日间 RSD 分别小于7.1%和13.3%,相对误差小于5.4%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、准确,灵敏度高,可用于多潘立酮临床治疗剂量的药物动力学研究。     

同位素稀释-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中氟康唑的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中氟康唑浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后,以同位素氟康唑-d4为内标,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18),流动相为0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为40℃,进样量为3μL;采用电喷雾离子源,以多反应监测模式进行正离子扫描,用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 307.1→220.0(氟康唑)和m/z 311.1→223.0(内标)。结果:氟康唑血药浓度检测的线性范围为10～5 000 ng/mL(r=0.998 1),定量下限为10 ng/mL;日内、日间RSD均低于8%,准确度为95.8%～106.7%;提取回收率为97.3%～107.3%(RSD<5.0%,n=6),基质效应、稀释效应及残留效应均不影响待测物的定量分析。结论:该方法简便、快速、专属性强、准确度高,可用于氟康唑治疗药物监测及药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以AF2672为内标,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定。色谱柱为Xtimate~(TM) C_(18),流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(含0.1%甲酸)(37∶63,V/V,pH=3.2),流速为0.25 mL/min,柱温为40℃,进样量为6μL。采用电喷雾电离源,以多反应离子监测进行正离子扫描,用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 411.26→191.02(利培酮)、m/z 427.21→206.91(9-羟基利培酮)、m/z 418.00→175.95(内标)。结果:利培酮、9-羟基利培酮血药浓度分别在0.2~50.0、1.0~200.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(r分别为0.999 7、0.998 7);日内、日间RSD<15%,方法回收率分别为92.42%~104.81%、94.51%~100.57%,基质效应分别为98.33%~107.09%、91.05%~105.80%,提取回收率分别为78.11%~92.62%、76.32%~85.09%。采用该法测得78例精神分裂症患者体内利培酮和9-羟基利培酮的血药浓度分别为(13.58±8.31)、(25.62±15.52)ng/mL。结论:该方法操作简便、专属性强、灵敏度高,可用于口服利培酮患者的常规治疗药物监测和急性中毒分析。     

液相色谱-质谱／质谱联用法测定人血浆中加兰他敏

目的:建立测定人血浆中加兰他敏浓度的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法,用于其人体血药浓度测定。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以甲醇-水-甲酸(65:35:1)为流动相,Zorbax SB-C_8柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,采用大气压化学电离源,以选择反应监测方式进行正离子检测。内标为双氢吗啡酮,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z 288→m/z 213(加兰他敏)和 m/z 286→m/z 185(内标)。结果:血浆中加兰他敏最低定量限为0.5ng·mL~(-1),其线性范围为0.5～100ng·mL~(-1)。其高、中、低3个浓度的平均提取回收率为80.9%,方法回收率为100.5%,日内及日间 RSD 均<8%。结论:方法选择性强,灵敏度高,快速准确,可作为加兰他敏人体内药动学研究的手段。     

用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血清中加巴喷丁的含量

目的:建立测定人血清中加巴喷丁含量的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法。方法:以磺胺二甲异嘧啶为内标,血清用乙腈直接沉淀蛋白质后进样分析。色谱条件:XBridge Phenyl(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相:0.02%甲酸的乙腈溶液-0.02%甲酸的水溶液(15∶85)。电喷雾离子源,正离子MRM扫描分析。结果:加巴喷丁和内标磺胺二甲异嘧啶离子对分别为m/z172→154.1和m/z279→124。加巴喷丁在50~5 000 ng/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),检测限为50 ng/ml。批内、批间RSD均<10%,平均提取回收率为97.7%~108.5%。结论:本方法灵敏度高、专一性好,可用于人血清中加巴喷丁的检测。     

液相色谱-质谱／质谱联用法测定健康志愿者血清中阿德福韦

目的:建立测定人血清中阿德福韦的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用(LC～MS/MS)方法。方法:血清样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白,上清液吹干,200μL流动相复溶,离心,取40μL进样。色谱柱为 Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-甲酸(20:80:0.1,v/v/v),流速0.6 mL·min~(-1),采用电喷雾离子化四极杆串联质谱,多反应监测方式测定样品浓度。监测离子对分别为 m/z274→m/z162(阿德福韦)和 m/z226→m/z135(内标阿昔洛韦)。结果:阿德福韦在1.25～160μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992,n=5),最低定量限为1.25μg·L~(-1)。低、中、高3种浓度质控样品的日内、日间精密度小于8.64%,方法回收率99.20%～101.98%,阿德福韦提取回收率56.50%～59.26%。结论:该方法灵敏度高,定量准确,适用于阿德福韦酯人体药代动力学研究。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮及其代谢物奥沙西泮浓度

目的 建立同时测定人血浆中卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮及其代谢物奥沙西泮浓度的方法。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法（UPLC-MS/MS）,以磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ）为内标,血浆经甲醇直接沉淀后进样分析。色谱柱为WatersACQUITYUPLCHSSPFP柱（2.1mm×100mm,1.8μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸的5mmol·L1乙酸铵水溶液-0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液（0~5min,35∶65→10∶90）,流速为0.2mL·min1。电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测扫描分析,卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮和奥沙西泮的离子对分别为m/z237.0→194.06、m/z255.98→144.95、m/z316.01→270.0、m/z285.04→193.07和m/z287.02→241;内标磺胺甲噁唑的离子对为m/z253.96→91.97。结果 卡马西平、拉莫三嗪、氯硝西泮、地西泮和奥沙西泮血药浓度分别在2.4~600ng·mL1（r=0.9997）,2.52~630ng·mL1（r=0.9920）,2.08~520ng·mL1（r=0.9979）,2.28~570ng·mL1（r=0.9982）,8.0~800ng·mL1（r=0.9992）线性关系良好;最低检出限分别为0.24,0.63,0.52,0.57,3.2ng·mL1。日内、日间精密度均〈15%;提取回收率均〉70%,且RSD〈15%。结论 该方法灵敏、快速、专属性强,可用于临床血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定肿瘤患者恶性腹水中紫杉醇的含量

目的:建立测定肿瘤患者恶性腹水中紫杉醇含量的方法。方法:采用液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)技术,以文多灵为内标,测定肿瘤患者给予紫杉醇后恶性腹水中紫杉醇的含量,色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18,流动相为水溶液(含0.1%甲酸和10 mmol/L醋酸铵)-乙腈溶液(40∶60,V/V),流速为0.25 m L/min,柱温为30℃,进样量为5μL,离子源为电喷雾离子源,检测模式为多重反应离子监测正离子模式,干燥气温度为350℃,干燥气流速为10 L/min,毛细管电压为4 000 V,紫杉醇和内标在正离子模式下质荷比(m/z)分别为876.5→308.0、457.3→188.1,碎片电压分别为250、150 V,碰撞电压分别为30、20 eV。结果:紫杉醇检测质量浓度的线性范围为25~2 500 ng/mL(r^2=0.996 5,n=7);定量下限为25 ng/mL;日内、日间精密度试验的RSD为0.61%~3.62%(n=5、3);准确度为95.34%~98.76%(n=5、3);提取回收率的RSD为3.19%~3.72%(n=3);基质效应的CV为1.52%~2.93%(n=3);稳定性试验的RE均小于3%(n=3)。结论:该方法简便、准确,可用于测定肿瘤患者恶性腹水中紫杉醇的含量。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中伊托必利的浓度

目的:建立HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中的伊托必利浓度.方法:以舒必利为内标,选用液液萃取法,然后进行LC-MS/MS分析.色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-10 mmol·L-1甲酸胺水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)(60:40),流速为0.2 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,进样量为10μL,质谱采用ESI正离子方式进行扫描,MRM方式检测,用于定量分析的监测离子为m/z 359.9→71.9(伊托必利)和m/z 343.0→112.2(舒必利).结果:本方法线性范围是0.336～688 ng·mL-1,r=0.999 3,最低定量限为0.336 ng·mL-1.绝对回收率均在80%以上,相对回收率在85%～115%之间,日内、日间RSD均<5%.结论:本方法灵敏、快速和稳定,可用于伊托必利血药浓度检测和药动学研究.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.