山东省丝虫病防治后期监测的研究

山东省丝虫病基本消灭后，为探讨防治后期流行动态及阻断传播，以达到消灭丝虫病，对原丝虫病流行区人群进行了病原学、蚊媒和血清学等后期监测。结果横向监测1—11年均可检出微丝蚴血症者，微丝蚴率由0．134％降至0．002％，第12—22年共监测714个乡镇，4317个村，血检1430354人，分别占流行乡镇数、村数和人口数的73．8％、11．7％和5．0％，未检出微丝蚴血症者；解剖淡色库蚊274067只，未查出含人体幼丝虫感染蚊；血清学监测IFAT和IgG．阳性率分别为1．4％和0．43％。纵向监测连续10年观察，微丝蚴阳性村于第2—9年降为0，蚊虫自然感染率至第6年降为0，实现了全省消灭丝虫病目标。     

基本消灭班氏丝虫病后的远期监测

本文报道采用海群生对象治疗加流行村全民服药和对象治疗加食用海群生药盐基本消灭班氏丝虫病后的纵向和横向监测结果。两种不同措施基本消灭丝虫病后已监测9－11年，人群微丝蚴率均在逐年下降，前6年仍可检出残存微丝蚴血症者，以后连续5年未再发现微丝蚴阳性，蚊媒调查亦未发现幼丝虫自然感染，IFAT检测人群丝虫抗体阳性率为1．4－5．5％，降至非丝虫病流行区抗体水平，证明丝虫病的传播已被阻断。认为基本消灭班氏丝虫病后监测年限以10年左右为宜，并需连续3年以上未检出微丝蚴血症者和感染蚊，人群丝虫抗体阳性率降至当地非流行区水平，可以确认丝虫病已达到消除。     

山东省丝虫病防治后期监测的研究

山东省丝虫病基本消灭后，为探讨防治后期流行动态及阻断传播，以达到消灭丝虫病，对原丝虫病流行区人群进行了病原学、蚊媒和血清学等后期监测。结果横向监测１－１１年均可检出微丝蚴血症者，微线蚴率为由０．１３４％降至０．００２％，第１２－２２年共监测７１４个乡镇，４３１７个村，血检１４３０３５４人，分别占流行乡镇数、村数和人口数的７３．８％、１１．７％和５．０％，未检出微丝蚴血症者；解剖淡色库蚊２７４０６７     

1989～1996年湖北省丝虫病监测结果与分析

为探讨基本消灭丝虫病后丝虫病的流行动态和残存微丝蚴血症者的传播作用 ,从 1989年开始在全省范围内开展了丝虫病横向监测和纵向监测。 1989～ 1996年 ,全省共监测 12 37871人 ,查出微丝蚴血症者 140例 ,其中 ,1989～ 1993年的年微丝蚴率分别为 0 .0 5 %、0 .0 2 %、0 .0 1%、0 .0 1%和 0 .0 0 4% ,从 1994年以后未发现微丝蚴血症者 ;解剖蚊媒 8995 7只 ,从 1993年以后 ,未发现蚊媒人体幼丝虫。结果提示 ,湖北省的丝虫病传播已被阻断     

湖南省基本消灭丝虫病后的监测

目的：探讨自1986年湖南省达到基本消灭丝虫病后该病残存传染源消长规律及传播作用。方法：应用常规方法进行病原学、蚊媒和血清学纵向、横向监测以及流动人口监测，对薄弱环节采取适当的巩固措施。结果：在55个县（市）的横向监测中，末次检出微丝蚴阳性者系于1993年，蚊媒监测已有12年未查见人体幼丝虫感染蚊。血清学（IFAT）监测，平均人群抗体阳性率从1987年的13．15％至1996年降为1．06％，与非流行区人群水平相似。5个县（市）6个纵向监测点连续10－17年的观察结果，检获的11例残存微丝蚴血症者，有10例均在1－10年内阴转，另1例至14年未阴转。蚊媒监测，2个马来丝虫病监测点均未查见幼丝虫，4个班氏丝虫病监测点于第1－3年查见幼丝虫，其自然感染率为0．38％－1．98％，第4年以后均为阴性。结论：湖南省基本消灭丝虫病后残存传染源逐年减少，丝虫病传播已被阻断。     

1989—1996年湖北省丝虫病监测结果与分析

为探讨基本消灭丝虫病后丝虫病的流行动态和残存微丝蚴血症者的传播作用,从１９８９年开始在全省范围内开展了丝虫病横向监测和纵向监测。１９８９－１９９６年,全省共监测１２３７８７１人,查出微丝蚴血症者１４０例,其中,１９８９－１９９３年的年微丝蚴率分别为０．０５％、０．０２％、０．０１％和０．００４％,从１９９４年以手未发现微丝蚴血症者;解纹媒８９９５７只,从１９９３年以手,未发现蚊媒体幼丝虫。结果提示     

山东班氏丝虫病防治后期纵向监测及其传播潜势的研究

为探讨基本消灭丝虫病后丝虫病的流行动态和残存微丝蚴血症的传播作用，１９８４－１９９３年连续十年对原高，中度流行区的１８个村进行纵向监测，结果人群微丝蚴率和密度逐年下降，分别由１９８４年０．１７％和１４．２％条／１２０μｌ     

A GREAT SUCCESS IN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS CONTROL IN CHINA

中国的淋巴丝虫病防治于１９５６年列入国家规划。１９５６－１９９４年，全国共血检普查丝虫病７０７４２１７３６人次，查出微丝蚴血症２３４２８４８０人次；海群生化疗２６００４１６４５人次，其中治疗微丝蚴血症３３８８８９９７人次，全民服药３１６１８１４４人次，食用药盐１８３７０１６５８人次。迄１９９４年，全国１５个省、自治区、直辖市共８６４个流行县、市通过考核均已达到基本消灭丝虫病标准（以行政村为单位，经防治使微丝蚴率降至１％以下）。已达基本消灭丝虫病地区，正开展丝虫病系统监测。按各省、自治区、直辖市达基本消灭丝虫病标准第２年起的监测资料，１９８４－１９９３年，累计血检调查８０８５５０８人次，查出微丝蚴血症３２１４人次，各地病原学监测的微丝蚴率、蚊媒监测的幼丝虫自然感染率及血清学监测的ＩＦＡ和ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体阳性率均呈逐年下降趋势。初步监测结果显示，在基本消灭丝虫病后的大多数原流行区淋巴丝虫病的传播已被阻断，但仍存在少数防治过程中的薄弱环节地区。按病原学和临床学监测资料，估计目前全国尚有微丝蚴血症者１０５７３２人和有丝虫病临床表现者１３９６６６５人。     

济南市消除淋巴丝虫病的对策与效果

目的 总结丝虫病防治对策和技术措施，评价防治效果。方法 采用回顾性调查的方法，收集济南市丝虫病防治资料，对防治丝虫病对策及效果进行总结和评价。结果 在流行病学调查的基础上，开展了海群生治疗丝虫病，海群生药盐防治丝虫病的试点研究，确立了以消灭传染源为主导的对策，采取了分阶段实施不同查治方法结合重点人群预防服药的措施。1980年通过了基本消除丝虫病效果考核，平均微丝蚴率由防治前的3．10％降为0．12％(75／62216)。1981～2002年开展丝虫病纵、横向监测，检出微丝蚴血症者30人，微丝蚴率0．03％。末次病原学阳性后血检37944人，未发现微丝蚴阳性者。2003年达到卫生部消除丝虫病标准。结论 在流行病学调查和防治试点的基础上，采取以消灭传染源为主的防治对策和预防服药以及基本消除丝虫病后进行纵、横向监测的方法，是消除丝虫病的关键措施。     

涪陵市基本消灭丝虫病后流行病学监测

涪陵市属班氏丝虫病低度流行区,流行区人口129026人,防治前乡最高微丝蚴率为5.51％,平均微丝蚴率1.65％。基本消灭丝虫病后,于1983～1990年开展了流行病学监测。一、病原学监测 (一)纵向监测 1986年以来共血检4次计5204人次,仅1986年检出微丝蚴阳性者1例,微丝蚴率0.06％,微丝蚴密度1mf/120μl。 (二)横向监测先后在10个乡的12个村82个组共血检8430人,检出微丝蚴血症者1人,微丝     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.