Thermafil根管充填技术的临床评价

目的 :研究Thermafil根管充填技术的效果。方法 :选择牙髓病或根尖周病患者 60例 ,按就诊顺序随机分为 2组。即Thermafil根管充填组 (TC组 )和冷牙胶侧方加压充填组 (LC组 )。对 2组的根管充填时间、术中疼痛情况和根管充填效果进行比较。术后 3个月和 6个月进行复查 ,并拍摄X线片。结果 :以牙为单位 ,TC组适充 18颗 ,超充 11颗 ,欠充 1颗 ;在LC组中 ,适充 2 7颗 ,超充 3颗 ,无欠充 (P <0 .0 5)。TC组术中不适 4颗 ,LC组 2颗 (P >0 .0 5)。以根管为单位 ,根管充填时间Thermafil充填技术组平均 3 6.6s/根管 ,LC组平均 2 47.4s/根管 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :Thermafil充填技术临床操作简便省时 ,但容易造成超充     

垂直加压根管充填技术的临床评价

目的:对垂直加压根管充填技术进行临床疗效评价.方法:选择到本院牙体牙髓科就诊的牙髓病或根尖周病患者60例,按就诊顺序排列随机分为两组.分别采用垂直加压根管充填技术(VC组)和冷牙胶侧方加压充填技术(LC组)进行根管充填.对两组的根管充填时间、术中疼痛情况和根管充填效果进行比较.术后3个月和6个月进行复查.并拍摄X线片进行记录.结果:以牙为单位,VC组适充27例,超充2例,欠充1例;LC组中,适充25例,超充3例,欠充2例.VC组术中不适5例,LC组2例.以根管为单位,VC根管充填时间组平均62.6 s/根管,LC组平均198.9 s/根管(P<0.05).结论:垂直加压充填技术临床操作简便有效,操作时间短.     

根管治疗转诊病例的分析评估

目的通过对根管治疗转诊病例的分析,为建立完善的根管治疗转诊制度提供临床依据。方法随机选取2011年4-6月转诊到四川大学华西口腔医院牙体牙髓病科行根管治疗的312例患者的355颗患牙为研究对象,调查问卷方式记录患者的信息,评估根管治疗难度及转诊原因。结果355颗转诊患牙中,最多的为下颌第一磨牙（17%）,
转诊原因中比例最大的是根管钙化（30%）,其次是根管再治疗（24%）。72%的患牙的根管治疗难度为Ⅲ度,治疗难度为Ⅰ度的仅占7％。不同来源患者的治疗难度间的差异无统计学意义（P=0.9）。结论建立完善的根管治疗转诊制度需要每位医生的配合,治疗前应首先评估根管治疗难度以确定治疗或转诊,根据治疗难度分诊至不同层次的医生进行治疗。     

下颌前磨牙变异根管的显微临床诊治

目的用根管显微技术对根管治疗失败的下颌前磨牙进行再处理。方法收集下颌前磨牙可疑因根管变异导致根管治疗失败的病例38例共41颗牙,其中下颌第一前磨牙19颗。利用根管显微镜对每颗患牙进行根管变异的诊断,并在镜下对各根管进行镍钛机动预备、热牙胶垂直加压充填。根管治疗术后定期复查2年。结果初次治疗时诊断为单根管的35颗患牙,在根管显微镜下无一例为单根管,28颗为双根管,7颗为三根管;初次治疗时诊断为双根管的6颗患牙,有2颗为双根管,4颗为三根管,即41颗再处理患牙有30颗(73.17%)为双根管,有11颗为三根管(26.83%),根管遗漏率达95.12%(39/41)。除一例再处理的患牙在寻找根管的过程中出现侧穿需要MTA修补外,其余患牙均能进行根管定位和完成根管治疗。经复查无一例患牙出现治疗失败。结论根管显微技术能提高对变异根管的识别率,为提高根管再处理成功率提供保障。     

热牙胶充填与冷牙胶侧方加压在C型根管充填中的效果研究

目的比较热牙胶连续波充填技术与冷牙胶侧方加压技术在C型根管充填中的临床效果。方法选取需要进行根管治疗的下颌第二磨牙(C型根管系统)140颗,随机分为2组,每组70颗患牙,热牙胶组采用Super Endo热牙胶根管充填系统进行热牙胶连续波充填,冷侧压组采用冷牙胶侧方加压充填。比较根充恰填率、根管充填时间、侧副根管充填情况。结果热牙胶组恰填率为91.4%(64/70),冷侧压组恰填率为78.5%(55/70)。热牙胶组恰填率高于冷侧压组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。热牙胶组根管充填时间平均为21.5min,冷侧压组根管充填时间平均为31.7min。热牙胶组侧副根管充填率为11.4%(8/70),冷侧压组为1.4%(1/70),热牙胶组高于冷侧压组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论热牙胶连续波充填技术对于C型根管的根管充填效果优于冷牙胶侧方加压技术。     

乙二胺四乙酸联合次氯酸钠冲洗C形根管的疗效观察

目的评价乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)联合次氯酸钠冲洗根管对C形根管的临床疗效。方法选择C形根管的下颌第二磨牙慢性根尖周炎60例60颗,随机分成2组各30颗,常规Protaper镍钛器械预备根管,试验组采用EDTA联合次氯酸钠冲洗根管,对照组采用双氧水和生理盐水交替冲洗根管,两组患牙均采用热牙胶垂直加压充填,完成根管治疗。半年、1年后回访,观察临床疗效并进行统计学分析。结果半年后60颗患牙回访,试验组与对照组相比,患牙临床症状轻,X线片显示根尖周组织愈合好,试验组成功率为73.3%,对照组43.3%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.809,P=0.016);1年后回访57颗,2组治疗成功率均有上升,试验组为92.9%(26/28),对照组为72.4%(21/29),差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.912,P=0.048)。结论EDTA联合次氯酸钠冲洗根管对下颌第二磨牙慢性根尖周炎的C形根管效果良好。     

根管偏移对充填材料封闭根管能力的影响

目的 :研究弯曲根管预备后的根管偏移对充填材料封闭根管能力的影响。方法 :选取 73颗下颌单根管前磨牙作为研究对象 ,其中弯根管牙 46颗 ,直根管牙 2 7颗。A组 2 3颗弯根管牙用Lightspeed器械预备根管 ,B组 2 3颗弯根管牙、C组 17颗直根管牙以及对照组牙用K锉预备根管 ,预备方法为逐步后退技术。使用双曝光X线技术和Ehrlich法测量根管偏移指数 (ATI)的大小。使用侧向加压技术充填所有根管后 ,用流体传输模型测量每个根管内微渗漏的量。结果 :A组中有 19%的根管发生根管偏移 ,B组中有 85 %的根管发生根管偏移 ,两组之间ATI的大小有高度显著性差异。当ATI大于 0 .3mm时 ,根管内微渗漏的发生率明显增加。结论 :弯曲根管预备中出现的根管偏移会削弱充填材料封闭根管的效果。     

四种根管充填技术根充同质性和致密度评价

目的 评价4种根管充填方法的根充同质性和致密度,以期为临床应用提供参考.方法 选择40颗单根管牙,镍钛旋转器械进行冠向下法根管预备,按随机数字表法分4组,分别采用热牙胶垂直加压充填法(A组)、固体核心载体充填法(B组)、常温流动牙胶充填法(C组)和冷牙胶侧压充填法(D组)进行根管充填,每组10颗牙.分别对每颗牙在4个水平进行片切,体式显微镜拍照,进行图像分析并计算牙胶充填面积百分比(percentage of gutta-percha filled area,PGFA),比较各组整体及根尖、根中、根冠区不同部分的根充同质性和致密度.结果 根管整体水平A、B、C、D组PGFA值分别为(%.5±3.6)%、(95.6±3.9)%、(86.5±5.7)%、(81.5±4.2)%;根尖区各组PGFA值分别为(96.8±3.8)%、(97.2±4.0)%、(89.4±5.1)%、(79.8±3.4)%;根中区各组PGFA值分别为(95.6±4.0)%、(95.6±3.9)%、(83.4±5.3)%、(80.6±3.6)%;根管整体水平、根尖和根中区均显示A组和B组显著优于C组和D组(P＜0.01),D组显著低于其他各组(P＜0.01);根冠区A组显著高于其他三组(P＜0.01),B组显著低于A组(P＜0.01),但显著高于C和D组(P＜0.01),C、D组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 热牙胶垂直加压充填技术和固体核心载体充填技术在整体和根管各个部位均显示出较好的同质性和致密度;冷牙胶侧压组充填同质性和致密度欠佳.     

混合技术根管预备的临床应用

目的：评价混合技术法对根管预备的临床疗效。方法：91颗患牙分为两组,实验组45颗牙85个根管,采用混合技术进行根管预备,对照组46颗牙92个根管,采用逐步后退技术预备根管,两组均采用冷侧压技术充填根管。X线片结合临床评价根管预备效果。结果：实验组根管未有锥度、流畅度差者,对照组有5根管锥度、流畅度差者（P〈0.05）;术后疼痛实验组少于对照组。结论：混合技术法进行根管预备可形成大锥度、流畅根管形态,减少术后疼痛,可视为临床根管预备的有效方法。     

3 种方法充填下颌第二磨牙C型根管的实验研究

目的:探讨ObturaⅡ、冷侧压法与Thermafil充填下颌第二磨牙C型根管的效果。方法:分别用ObturaⅡ、冷牙胶侧压与Thermafil3种方法充填下颌第二磨牙C型根管,每组7例,X线观察气泡、侧枝和网状根尖三角的出现几率;透明牙法观测根尖渗漏;牙根切片比较牙胶、糊剂、空隙占根颈、根中、根尖三横截面管腔面积百分比。结果:Thermafil组网状根尖三角出现概率最高(4/7),P<0.05;冷侧压法染色线最长(1.47±0.14)mm,与其他2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Thermafil组牙胶占根中、根尖横截面面积百分比最高(P<0.05),糊剂在三截面中占比例最低(P<0.05)。ObturaⅡ组在根中截面空隙比例最低(P<0.05)。结论:在3种充填方法中,Thermafil组C形根管根尖充填效果好,ObturaⅡ组在根中充填效果好。     

Homogeneity and adaptation of a new gutta-percha paste to root canal walls

A new flowable root canal filling material (GuttaFlow) was tested. Under simulated clinical conditions, the middle and coronal thirds of 90 human teeth with 169 root canals were shaped with 6% taper rotary HERO instruments and the apical third with rotary LightSpeed instruments. The root canals were divided into three similar groups and were filled with GuttaFlow (GF), conventional cold laterally condensed gutta-percha (LC), and warm vertically condensed gutta-percha (VC). Roots were sectioned at five levels, digitally photographed and traced. The percentage of voids area showed a statistically significant difference between GF and both LC and VC [GF 1.9% (95% CI = 1.4-2.4), LC 4.4% (95% CI = 2.2-6.6), VC 6.8% (95% CI = 5.4-8.1)]. The frequency of voids was significantly different between all groups [GF 37% (95% CI = 34%-40), LC 10% (95% CI = 8-12), VC 22% (95% CI = 19-24)]. In most sections, GuttaFlow completely filled the prepared root canal, but small voids were frequently present within the core of the filling material.     

Evaluation of single root canals filled using the lateral compaction, tagger's hybrid, microseal and guttaflow techniques

The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of voids, gutta-percha and root canal sealer using 4 different filling techniques. Fifty-two extracted maxillary lateral incisors were prepared using the crown-down pressureless technique. The teeth were randomly divided in 4 groups (n=13): Lateral compaction (LC), Tagger's hybrid (TH), MicroSeal (MS) and GuttaFlow (GF) techniques. Horizontal cross-sections were made at the 2, 10 and 15 mm levels from the apex. Digital images of the root canal areas were acquired using a stereomicroscope and examined using the Image Tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=0.05). In general, a significant decrease in the gutta-percha filled area and increase of sealer area were observed at the apical level for all the evaluated techniques (p<0.05). With regard to the presence of voids, no significant difference was found. MS and TH techniques showed a larger gutta-percha filled area than LC and GF techniques at the coronal and middle third level (p<0.05). From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that the gutta-percha filled area of fillings decrease at the apical level, regardless of the filling technique used.     

Evaluation of Root Canal Obturation: A Three-dimensional In Vitro Study

The aim of the study was to measure percentage of volume of voids and gaps in root canals obturated with different obturation materials by using micro–computed tomography (micro-CT). Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were collected and decoronated, and root canals were prepared by using rotary files. The roots were randomly allocated into 4 groups, and each group was obturated by using cold lateral compaction with a different material (gutta-percha and TubliSeal sealer, EndoRez points and EndoRez sealer, RealSeal points and RealSeal sealer, and a gutta-percha point and GuttaFlow sealer). Roots were scanned with micro-CT, and volume measurements for voids and gaps in the obturated roots were carried out by using specialized CT software. Percentage of gaps and voids was calculated. Statistical analysis showed that gutta-percha exhibited an overall significantly lower percentage (1.02%) of voids and gaps. The present study showed that none of the root canal filled teeth were gap-free. Roots filled with gutta-percha showed less voids and gaps than roots filled with the remaining filling materials.     

不同根管充填方法的封闭能力比较

目的：比较冷侧压和垂直加热加压根管充填方法及根管封闭剂的封闭能力。方法：60颗单根管离体前牙、前磨牙,用TF锉冠向下法根管预备至#.06/25。随机分为4组,每组15颗牙。A组：牙胶尖＋AH Plus冷侧压充填,B组：牙胶尖＋冷侧压充填,C组：牙胶尖＋AH Plus＋BeeFill热牙胶注射充填,D组：牙胶尖＋BeeFill热牙胶注射充填。用2%亚甲基蓝染料7d后颊舌向纵切后,用根管显微镜放大20倍并测量染料渗透,采用Kruskal-Wal-lis检验和Mann-Whitney U检验。结果：各实验组间染料渗漏有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,A组和C组之间染料渗漏无显著性差异。无根管封闭剂组染料渗漏明显多于有根管封闭剂组。结论：热垂直加压充填和冷侧压充填技术在根尖渗漏方面无统计学差异,根管封闭剂的使用对减少根管的微渗漏、提高根管封闭性能具有重要意义。     

Quality of Obturation Achieved by a Non–gutta-percha–based Root Filling System in Single-rooted Canals

Introduction

The present study examined the quality of obturation in root canals filled by an experimental non–gutta-percha–based (NGP) root filling system using warm vertical or cold lateral compaction. The quality of obturation was evaluated by comparing the volumetric percentage of gaps and voids identified from similar canals obturated with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin–based sealer using the same obturation techniques.

Methods

Forty single-rooted premolars with oval-shaped canals were cleaned, shaped, and obturated with 1 of the 4 material/obturation technique combinations (n = 10). Filled canals were scanned with micro–computed tomographic imaging. Reconstructed images were analyzed for the volumetric percentage of gaps and voids at 3 canal levels (0–4, 4–8, and 8–12 mm from the working length). Roots were sectioned at the 4-mm, 8-mm, and 12-mm levels. Scanning electron microscopic images of negative replicas of root sections were examined to quantify the circumferential percentage of interfacial gaps and the area percentage of intracanal voids. Data were analyzed with parametric or nonparametric statistical methods.

Results

A statistically significant difference was found for the volumetric percentage distribution of gaps and voids for “obturation technique” but not for “material.” Significantly higher percentages of gaps and voids were identified in canals obturated with the NGP system using cold lateral compaction. Examination of negative replicas ascribed this difference to a higher area percentage of interfacial gaps rather than more intracanal voids.

Conclusions

Using warm vertical compaction, the NGP system fulfils the objective of 3-dimensional obturation of the canal space in a manner comparable with the results achieved with gutta-percha and a root canal sealer.     

Micro–computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Quality of Root Canal Fillings in Mandibular Molars after Obturation for 54 Months

IntroductionThe present study evaluated the percentage volume of voids in root canals of mandibular molars that had been obturated for 54 months.MethodsThirty extracted human mandibular molars were instrumented and debrided. The teeth were assigned to 3 groups (n = 10) according to the filling technique and sealer used: the single-cone technique using AH Plus sealer (AHS; Dentsply Sirona Endodontics, Tulsa, OK) or EndoSequence BC sealer (BCS; Brasseler USA Dental LLC, Savannah, GA) and the warm vertical compaction technique using AH Plus sealer (AHW). The specimens were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity. Micro–computed tomographic imaging was used to scan each specimen 1 day 54 months after obturation. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and the paired t test.ResultsThe percentage volume of voids in the teeth 1 day after obturation in the AHS group was higher than in the BCS group and the AHW group (P < .05). After 54 months, the proportion of voids decreased in all groups (P < .05). No significant difference was observed between the AHS group and the BCS group after 54 months. Teeth in the AHW group contained fewer voids than the AHS group (P < .05).ConclusionsVoids in root canal filling were reduced 54 months after obturation. The warm vertical compaction technique achieved better root canal filling quality in mandibular molars than the single-cone technique when using AHS after long-term storage at 100% humidity.     

Effectiveness of different gutta-percha techniques when filling experimental internal resorptive cavities

Aim To determine the quality of root fillings in teeth with artificial internal resorptive cavities filled with Thermafil, JS Quick‐Fill, Soft Core, System B and Microseal, and by cold lateral compaction (LC) technique. Methodology Sixty maxillary incisor teeth were selected. After access cavity preparation and root canal instrumentation, the roots were sectioned horizontally and artificial internal resorption cavities were prepared on the canal walls. The tooth sections were cemented together and the root canals were filled using one of six different techniques: Thermafil, JS Quick‐Fill, Soft Core, System B and Microseal, and by LC. The roots were then divided at the level of the previous section and each root surface was photographed. Image analysis program was used to calculate the percentage of sealer, gutta‐percha and void in the internal resorptive cavities. All measurements were analysed statistically using One‐way anova and Newman–Keuls tests. Results The Microseal technique filled 99% of the artificial resorptive area followed by LC (92%), SystemB (89%), Quick‐Fill (88%), Thermafil (74%) and Soft‐Core (73%). Warm gutta‐percha compaction techniques filled the resorption areas with more gutta‐percha than sealer (Microseal 68%, System B 62%) compared to the other techniques (LC 48%, Quick Fill 41%, Soft Core 34%, Thermafil 35%). In addition, core techniques left a considerable volume of voids in the resorptive areas (Quick‐Fill 12%, Thermafil 26%, Soft Core 27%). Conclusions Warm gutta techniques filled artificial resorption cavities significantly better than the other gutta‐percha techniques.     

A comparative study of lateral condensation,heat-softened gutta-percha,and a modified master cone heat-softened backfilling technique

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the quality of root fillings completed by lateral condensation (L), Thermafil (TF), and a new technique using Thermafil for backfilling (BF), with special emphasis on control of overfilling. METHODOLOGY: Sixty curved canals in plastic blocks were prepared with the ProFile system to size 40/04 taper in the apical half and to 06 taper in the coronal half. The canals were divided into three groups of 20. Apical patency was verified with a size 15 K-file. The canals were then filled using three different techniques: LC (20 canals), TF (20 canals), and BF, where a size 40 master point with sealer was seated prior to the introduction of a size 30 Thermafil point (20 canals). The same resin-based sealer was used on each occasion. The root fillings were assessed using stereo-microscopy for material extrusion, digital radiography for occurrence of voids, and microscopy of sections for voids and thickness of sealer layer. RESULTS: Extrusion of both gutta-percha and sealer occurred in all 20 canals filled with the TF technique, but only three and five cases of sealer extrusion were detected with LC and BF techniques, respectively. No voids were detected in the TF group, whereas small voids were present in most fillings in the LC and BF groups. The average total length of the voids was less than 1 mm per canal. The thickness of the sealer layer in the middle and apical parts was greater in the LC and BF groups than in the TF group. CONCLUSIONS: LC and BF techniques resulted in fewer overfills than TF. Voids were absent in TF fillings, whilst small voids were found in the LC and BF groups.     

3种根管糊剂的根管密封性能研究

目的比较Vitapex糊剂、AH-Plus糊剂和GuttaFlow常温流动牙胶根管充填的致密性。方法选择30颗单根管牙,随机分3组,每组10颗牙。分别用Vitapex糊剂(A组)、AH-Plus糊剂(B组)、GuttaFlow常温流动牙胶(C组)充填根管。分别对每颗牙在距根尖2、4、6、8 mm进行片切,MIAS-2000图像分析并计算各横断面的根管面积(area of canal,AC)以及其中的空隙面积百分比(perceentage of voild-filled area,PV)。记录结果,并进行统计学分析。结果各组根充材料在距离根尖相同处的根管面积(AC值)虽有所差异,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在距根尖2、4、6、8 mm处C组材料的PV值与其他各组均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在距根尖2、4 mm处A、B组的PV值有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组的PV值无统计学意义(P>0.05);在距根尖6、8 mm处3组间的PV值均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 GuttaFlow常温流动牙胶和AH-Plus糊剂在距根尖不同部位均显示出较好的致密度;Vitapex糊剂的致密度欠佳。     

终末冲洗方案对根管封闭剂与根管壁牙本质粘接强度的影响

目的：比较不同终末冲洗方案对根管封闭剂 AH Plus 及 GuttaFlow 与根管壁牙本质之间粘接强度的影响。方法：60颗单根离体人牙截冠后用冠向下法进行常规根管机械化学预备,按终末冲洗方案随机分为3组（n ＝20）。组1：17％乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）＋2％氯己定（CHX）;组2：5．25％次氯酸钠（NaOCl）＋17％ EDTA;组3：0．9％生理盐水（NS）对照组。每组根据使用的根管封闭剂分为2个亚组（n ＝10）：组 a．AH Plus;组 b．GuttaFlow。每个牙根自冠方向根方获取3个厚度约为2mm 的水平切片进行薄片推出实验。体视显微镜下观察断裂形式。结果：3种冲洗方案,AH Plus 的粘接强度均显著高于GuttaFlow（P ＜0．05）。使用 AH Plus 根管充填时,组1、组2和组3的粘接强度分别为（5．37±2．80）MPa、（8．81±4．38） MPa、（9．07±2．77）MPa（组1与组2或组3比较,P ＜0．05,组2与组3间比较,P ＞0．05）。使用 GuttaFlow 根管充填时,组1、组2和组3粘接强度分别为（1．40±0．59）MPa、（1．26±0．62）MPa 和（1．05±0．27）MPa（两两比较,P ＞0．05）。各组试件均以混合型断裂为主要断裂方式,但 GuttaFlow 组内粘接型断裂形式所占比例显著高于 AH Plus 组。结论：GuttaFlow 对牙本质的粘接强度显著低于 AH Plus。17％ EDTA ／2％ CHX 终末冲洗方案可显著降低 AH Plus 与根管壁牙本质的粘接强度,但对 GuttaFlow 的粘接性能无显著影响。