注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠治疗新生儿感染的疗效观察

目的:观察注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠治疗新生儿感染的疗效。方法:将140例新生儿感染患儿随机分成治疗组和对照组。治疗组给予注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠100～200mg/(kg·d),对照组给予青霉素G钠10～20万IU/(kg·d),疗程均为5d～10d。结果:治疗组和对照组有效率分别为91.43%、52.86%(P<0.05),细菌总清除率分别为91.6%、65.1%(P<0.05),表皮葡萄球菌清除率分别为81.2%、65.0%(P<0.05),革兰阴性杆菌清除率分别为86.9%、50.0%(P<0.05)。结论:注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠治疗新生儿感染的疗效明显优于青霉素钠,且安全。     

观察注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠治疗新生儿感染的疗效

目的:探讨注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠治疗新生儿感染的临床疗效.方法:选取2014年12月~2015年12月于我院就诊的新生儿感染患者共106例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组53例,给对照组利用青霉素G钠进行治疗;给观察组采用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠注射治疗,比较两组治疗效果、细菌清除情况、不良反应发生率.结果:观察组治疗总有效率为98.11%;对照组治疗的总有效率为77.36%.观察组治疗总有效率显著优于对照组,P<0.05;观察组和对照组细菌清除率分别为98.28%和77.97%,观察组的细菌清除效果优于对照组,P<0.05;另外观察组出现的不良反应情况和对照组出现的不良反应情况,无显著差异.结论:临床上在治疗新生儿感染时,可以采用注射用他唑巴坦钠/哌拉西林钠,能提高治疗效率,清除患者体内的细菌,不良反应发生率低,能够促进患者症状的改善.     

哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染102例疗效观察

目的：评价哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠（百定）治疗下呼吸道感染的临床疗效。方法：102例患者,随机分为两组,治疗组给予百定2.5g,对照组给予头孢拉定2.0g,均分别加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100mL中静滴,q8h,疗程为7-14d。结果：治疗组有效率为95.2%,细菌清除率为91.6%;对照组分别为81.0%和79.1%。结论：哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠对下呼吸道感染临床疗效好,是一种高效安全的抗菌药。     

美洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠和哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗急性细菌性感染临床评价

目的:对美洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠治疗中、重度细菌性感染的有效性和安全性作出评价.方法:本临床试验选用两组药物,采用随机对照方法.试验药美洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠剂量为3.8～5.0 g次-1,tid;对照药:哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠剂量为3.4～4.5 g次,tid;疗程均为7～14 d.结果:本项随机对照临床试验美洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠与哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠组疗效评价分别为35例和36例,临床有效率分别为91.4%和94.4%,产酶( )菌感染的临床有效率分别为100.0%和92.9%,细菌清除率分别为80.6%和92.9%,药物不良反应发生率分别为5.56%和8.11%,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:美洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠与哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠在临床疗效、细菌学疗效、药物不良反应等方面无明显差异,且对敏感菌引起的中、重度感染疗效确切,药物不良反应少而轻微.     

哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠对新生儿感染性疾病抗感染的临床疗效评价

目的:评价注射用哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠对感染性疾病新生儿抗感染的临床疗效与安全性。方法:选取2014年12月—2016年12月期间收治的新生儿感染性疾病患儿84例资料,将其随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组42例;对照组患儿给予头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠抗感染治疗,治疗组患儿给予注射用哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠抗感染治疗,比较两组新生儿用药期间不良反应的发生率、感染性疾病抗感染的总有效率,以及治疗后症状复常时间的差异。结果:治疗组患儿用药期间不良反应的发生率为2.38%低于对照组为16.67%(P<0.05),治疗后的抗感染的总有效率为90.48%高于对照组为69.05%(P<0.05),症状复常时间早于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用注射用哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠治疗感染性疾病新生儿抗感染的临床疗效优于头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠的疗效,安全性高,有效提高了临床抗感染治疗的有效率。     

哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗老年脑卒中急性期中、重度肺部感染的疗效观察

目的以头孢唑肟钠作为对照,评价哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗老年脑卒中急性期中、重度肺部感染的有效性和安全性。方法 61例患者按治疗方式分为治疗组（30例）和对照组（31例）,治疗组哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠4.5g静脉滴注,2次/d或1次/8h;对照组头孢唑肟2g或3g静脉滴注,2次/d,疗程10～14d。结果治疗组治疗中、重度肺部感染治愈率80.0%,有效率93.3%,细菌清除率81.8%,不良反应发生率6.6%;对照组治愈率48.38%,有效率67.7%,细菌清除率51.2%,不良反应发生率6.4%。2组临床疗效有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,细菌清除率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠是一高效、安全广谱抗菌药物,对老年性脑卒中急性期合并中、重度肺部感染的疗效明确     

哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠和青霉素G钠对新生儿细菌性感染患儿的临床疗效比较

目的:比较注射用哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠和青霉素G钠治疗新生儿细菌性感染患儿的临床疗效。方法:选取2014年7月—2016年7月间收治的新生儿细菌性感染患儿90例,根据治疗方法的不同,将其随机分为对照组(给予青霉素G钠治疗)与观察组(给予他唑巴坦钠-哌拉西林钠治疗),每组45例,比较两组患儿治疗后的总有效率和细菌清除率。结果:观察组患儿治疗后的总有效率为97.78%和细菌清除率为88.89%明显高于对照组为73.33%和52.94%(P<0.05)。结论:针对于新生儿细菌性感染患儿,采用哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠治疗,不仅效果确切,而且细菌学疗效较为理想,用药的安全性较高。     

哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠治疗泌尿系感染37例临床观察

目的评价他唑巴坦钠哌拉西林钠治疗泌尿系感染37例的临床疗效于对照组应用头孢他定治疗泌尿系感染37例的疗效观察。方法 A组用他唑巴坦钠哌拉西林3,375g日两次静脉滴注。B组用头孢他啶2g日两次静脉滴注,疗程7～14d。结果一疗程后评定AB两组痊愈率54.05%,48.65显效率91.89%和86.48%P〈0,05。结论他唑巴坦钠哌拉西林治疗泌尿系统感染治疗效果更加显著,临床值得推广使用。     

哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染102例疗效观察

目的:评价哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠(百定)治疗下呼吸道感染的临床疗效.方法 02例患者,随机分为两组,治疗组给予百定2.5g,对照组给予头孢拉定2.0g,均分别加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100mL中静滴,q8h,疗程为7～14d.结果:治疗组有效率为95.2%,细菌清除率为91.6%;对照组分别为81.0%和79.1%.结论:哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠对下呼吸道感染临床疗效好,是一种高效安全的抗茵药.     

哌拉西林／他唑巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染30例疗效观察

目的 探讨哌拉西林／他唑巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效。方法 通过随机分组，将60例患儿分为两组。两组都予以化痰、止咳、平喘，纠正酸碱失衡、水电解质紊乱及退热等对症支持治疗，治疗组予哌拉西林／他唑巴坦钠治疗，对照组应用青霉素肌内注射或静脉滴注，对治疗前后症状、体征及疗效进行对比。结果治疗组在治疗发热、咳嗽、肺部哕音疗效优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 哌拉西林／他唑巴坦钠治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效确切，可加以临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.