Early experience with intraoperative radiotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The use of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not been clearly defined. METHODS: The medical records of our first 22 patients receiving IORT for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (2001 to 2006) were reviewed and compared with the records of 27 consecutive patients not receiving IORT for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (2004 to 2006). RESULTS: There were no 30-day mortalities in either group, and complication rates were similar. Local recurrence occurred in 18% in the IORT group (median 14 months) and 12% in the no-IORT group (median 7 months). Distant recurrence occurred in 47% in the IORT group (median 11 months) and 32% in the no-IORT group (median 6.5 months). Median overall, stage-specific, and location-specific survival did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although limited in size and follow-up, our experience showed that complications, recurrence, and survival were not affected by IORT, but time to recurrence may be longer with IORT.     

Early management of traumatic pancreatic transection by spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy

Pancreatic trauma is a common cause of acute pancreatitis in children and is often treated by conservative measures alone. Conservative measures are more likely to fail when there is complete pancreatic duct disruption. We report a case of complete transaction of the pancreatic neck following blunt trauma in a 14-year-old boy. Complete duct disruption was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The patient was successfully managed by a laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy and recovered quickly without complications. The merit of a laparoscopic approach to severe pancreatic injury in children is discussed.     

The use of diagnostic laparoscopy supported by laparoscopic ultrasonography in the assessment of pancreatic cancer

Background: Pancreatic resection with curative intent is possible in a select minority of patients with carcinomas of the pancreatic head. Diagnostic laparoscopy supported by laparoscopic ultrasonography combines the proven benefits of staging laparoscopy with high-resolution intraoperative ultrasound, thus allowing the surgeon to perform a detailed assessment of the pancreatic cancer. Methods: In a prospective study of 26 patients with obstructive jaundice from a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, the curative resectability of tumors was assessed by ultrasound (26 cases), computerized tomography (26 cases), endoscopic ultrasound (16 cases), and a combination of diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound (26 cases). Results: The findings of ultrasound and computerized tomography were comparable: 50% of patients were excluded from curative resection. Endoscopic ultrasound provided precise information on the primary tumors. The accuracy of the combined diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasound, when compared with ultrasound, computerized tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound, was better with respect to minute peritoneal or hepatic metastasis: 80.7% (or a further 30.7%) of patients did not qualify for curative resection. Conclusions: Diagnostic laparoscopy supported by laparoscopic ultrasonography enables detection of previously unsuspected metastases; thus, needless laparotomy can be avoided. It should therefore be considered the first step in any potentially curative surgical procedure. Received: 12 April 1997/Accepted 30 April 1998     

Preliminary experience with intracorporeal laparoscopic ultrasonography using a sector scanning probe

Laparoscopic ultrasonography is a novel technique which may be useful in screening for choledocholithiasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Following concerns regarding the learning curve and accuracy associated with the adoption of this user-dependent technology, we have prospectively evaluated a commercially available 90° sector scanning laparoscopic ultrasound probe during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic ultrasonography was performed in 60 patients and identified common duct stones in nine patients (one false positive and one false negative), and previously unsuspected duct stones were defined in three out of four patients. The gallbladder and portal vein were constantly defined anatomical landmarks throughout the study, whereas the suprapancreatic bile duct, intrapancreatic bile duct, and pancreatic duct were identified in 100%, 80%, and 85% of patients in the third consecutive group of 20 patients examined. Laparoscopic ultrasonography has the potential to accurately identify common duct stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and thereby implement a policy of superselective operative cholangiography. However, adequate training for surgeons unfamiliar with this technology is recommended.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 18–19 April 1994     

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS), a new method of imaging the biliary tree and related structures, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Method: An IOUS probe (Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer was used during cholecystectomy in 124 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis (45 men, 79 women; mean age, 48±14 years). Results: The examination of the common bile duct (CBD) was excellent in 117 patients but unsatisfactory in 7 cases (5.6%) at the level of the head of the pancreas. In 5 patients, IOUS showed unsuspected choledocholithiasis: a subsequent intraoperational cholangiogram confirmed this. In five cases IOUS was able to help the surgeon to localize a Calot area obscured by inflammation. Postoperatively, one patient had an injury of the cystic duct stump: a nasobiliary tube resolved the bile leakage after 7 days. Another patient was submitted to postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for a choledocholithiasis recognized by a trans-cystic-tube cholangiography: the stone was suspected but not demonstrated either by laparoscopic IOUS or by intraoperative cholangiography. During the follow-up period, one patient had an episode of acute pancreatitis. ERCP showed a small stone wedged in the sphincter of Oddi. Conclusions: IOUS may be a real alternative to cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy since it is safer and offers a complete examination of the biliary tree. It has some disadvantages which can solved by additional experience.     

腹腔镜联合光动力治疗胰腺癌的临床研究

目的比较腹腔镜联合光动力（PDT）与其他方法姑息治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效.方法 28例晚期胰腺癌患者随机分为两组,PDT组13例为腹腔镜联合光动力治疗,对照组15例,采用化疗、放疗、内置架植入和开腹姑息手术等治疗.结果 PDT组患者0.5、1、2年生存率为92.3%,76.9%,12.0%,对照组生存率为66.7%,42.3%和0%,PDT组生存率明显高于对照组,经Log-rank检验,差异有统计学意义（χ2= 3.923,P＜0.05）.结论腹腔镜联合光动力治疗晚期胰腺癌有效.     

腹腔镜在胰腺肿瘤诊断和分期中的价值

目的:总结胰腺肿瘤剖腹手术前先行腹腔镜探查的价值。方法:对12例经B超和CT诊断或怀疑为胰腺肿瘤的病人,在剖腹手术前先行腹腔镜探查,其中2例联合使用腹腔镜超声检查(LUS)。结果:1例CT诊断疑为胰头肿瘤伴少量腹水者,腹腔镜明确为原发性腹膜炎,作冲洗引流而愈。2例影像学检查见胰体尾增厚,怀疑胰腺肿瘤者,腹腔镜检查未见明显异常,再作LUS检查,1例为胰腺囊肿,另1例未见异常。9例腹腔镜检查确诊为胰腺恶性肿瘤病人中,3例明确已有远处转移,从而避免了开腹;另6例腹腔镜探查提示可以切除,结果其中1例由于肠系膜血管被肿瘤包绕而无法切除,余5例(5/9=55.6%)进行了根治性切除。腹腔镜探查在评估胰腺癌不可切除性的敏感性为75%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为83.3%。结论:腹腔镜探查可发现影像学检查不能发现的腹膜转移,结合腹腔镜超声检查可提高胰腺肿瘤诊断、分期的准确性,使部分病人避免了不必要的剖腹手术。     

腹腔镜联合内镜胆肠、胃肠内引流术治疗晚期胰腺癌(附32例报告)

目的探讨对晚期胰腺癌行内镜腹腔镜联合姑息治疗的可行性和临床疗效。方法2002年2月至2004年12月,对32例晚期胰腺癌病人行内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)减黄后,联合腹腔镜胆肠、胃肠内引流术治疗,并观察其临床疗效。结果32例病人,ENBD和腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术历时70～181min,出血35～220mL,术后3～5d胃肠功能恢复,住院9～24d。术后病人黄疸逐渐消退、肝功能得到改善,恢复经口饮食。术后有1例发生切口感染,无其他手术并发症。结论腹腔镜胆肠、胃空肠吻合联合ENBD姑息治疗晚期胰腺癌可行、有效,具有创伤小、减黄彻底、术后痛苦轻、住院时间短等优点。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography allowing expectant management of pancreatic haemangioma

Pancreatic haemangiomas are rare benign tumours that can affect both adults and children. They have an unknown incidence and only 15 adult cases have been reported, all from histological examination. Patients present with vague symptoms relating to tumour mass or they are detected incidentally. Cross-sectional imaging is the mainstay of investigation and may reveal arterially enhancing cystic lesions but in the case presented here, it was non-diagnostic. The use of endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed the nature of the benign lesion, allowing a conservative approach as opposed to operative resection.     

腹腔镜胰腺手术常见并发症分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胰腺手术的常见并发症及其防治。方法:回顾分析2003年3月至2010年3月为56例患者施行腹腔镜胰腺手术的临床资料。2例未找到病灶而终止手术,54例完成手术,其中完全腹腔镜手术46例,中转开腹8例。手术方式包括肿瘤局部切除术25例,胰体尾、脾切除术23例(保留脾脏7例),保留幽门胰十二指肠切除术1例,真性囊肿开窗引流术3例,假性囊肿空肠吻合术2例(联合肝左外叶切除),联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术4例。结果:术中并发症包括中转开腹8例及脾静脉破裂出血2例。术后并发症包括2次手术3例,胰瘘19例。19例胰瘘包括A级12例,B级3例,C级4例,均经非手术方法治愈。术后住院4～31d,平均(10.5±6.2)d。结论:腹腔镜胰腺手术并发症发生率较高,其中出血和胰瘘是最常见的并发症。选择适当的手术方法可降低其发生率,术后早期发现和正确处理胰瘘可预防腹腔感染和继发出血。     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的腹腔镜治疗分析

目的:探讨胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的腹腔镜治疗方法及效果。方法:2014年6月至2017年6月采用完全腹腔镜手术治疗胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤5例,其中男3例,女2例,患者32~62岁。无功能胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤3例,2例表现为腹部不适,1例无症状;功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤2例,均为胰岛素瘤,表现为反复发作的低血糖症状。病程1周~5年。结果:5例均成功施行完全腹腔镜胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤切除术,术后经病理证实符合胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤。手术时间65~420 min,出血量50(20,700)ml,输血1例。术后平均住院(6.4±2.3)d。术后胰腺生化瘘2例,经保守治疗后痊愈。无术后出血、腹腔感染等严重并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗无功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤具有创伤小、康复快的优点,是安全、有效的治疗方法。对于功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤,在术前、术中精准定位的基础上,也可选择腹腔镜手术治疗。     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石57例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆道结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析我们自2003年1月～2006年1月行腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆道结石57例的临床资料.结果 行腹腔镜下胆道镜经胆囊管、胆总管探查术21例,顺利完成15例,转为腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术6例.行腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术42例,中转开腹2例;发生胆漏3例,经腹腔引流后自愈;术后残余结石4例,经窦道取石后取尽.术后随访43例,随访时间3～12个月,未发现残余结石及胆管狭窄.结论 LCBDE是一种治疗胆道结石安全、有效、微创和可行的方法.     

Liver resection with intraoperative and laparoscopic ultrasound: report of 32 cases

Background  Careful staging of hepatic tumors is mandatory for appropriate selection of patients for liver resection. Number and relationships of liver nodules are issues of utmost importance when evaluating resectability. Sensitivity of preoperative imaging for secondary lesions has been reported between 60–75% with spiral contrast-enhanced computed cosmography (CT), 80–85% with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 90–96% with intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). Also for primary lesions IOUS has been reported to allow detection of liver nodules in 17% and modify surgical strategy in 10%. The aim of this study was to point out the usefulness of open (IOUS) and laparoscopic (LIOUS) ultrasound in patients undergoing hepatic surgery for liver tumors. Methods  In the years 2004–2006, 50 patients, mean age 66 years (range 44–76 years) were evaluated for resective surgery at the General Surgery Department of Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. All of them were studied with biphasic CT and transabdominal ultrasound. Eighteen (36%) were judged unresectable. The others were scheduled for laparoscopy and LIOUS, by means of an ALOKA SSD–5500 (Aloka Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan), equipped with linear flexible tip laparoscopic probe. Results  Six patients (18.7%) were excluded because of pathology diffusion; 26 (81.3%) were resected, using ultrasonic shears (Harmonic ACE, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati Oh., USA) for parenchymal transection, 3 (11.5%) laparoscopically and 23 (88.5%) after laparotomy. IOUS was repeated in the latter group. LIOUS spared useless laparotomies in six patients (18.7%) and, coupled with IOUS, found undetected nodes in five patients (19.2%), changing surgical strategy in three patients (11.5%). Conclusion  In our experience LIUOS and IOUS proved to be of utmost importance both in the selection of patients for resective surgery and in planning surgical approach. Ultrasonic shears device and systematic pedicle clamping sped up resection time and reduced intraoperative bleeding.     

手助腹腔镜胆肠、胃肠内引流术联合125I粒子置入术治疗晚期胰腺癌

目的探讨手助腹腔镜胆肠、胃肠内引流术联合125I粒子置入术治疗晚期胰腺癌的可行性和临床疗效. 方法2002年2月～2004年8月,我院行手助腹腔镜胆肠、胃肠内引流术联合125I粒子置入术治疗晚期胰腺癌12例(胰头癌10例,胰体癌2例). 结果 12例手术均获成功.手术时间104～181 min,(122±29) min.术中出血量45～152 ml,(60±18) ml.住院时间6～17 d,(8.5±1.3) d.术后病人黄疸逐渐减退,术后7～10 d肝功能恢复正常.腹痛消失3例,明显缓解7例.2例出现胃肠功能障碍,治疗后缓解.10例术后随访6个月复查CT肿瘤明显缩小(PR)4例,无变化(NC)4例,肿瘤进展(PD) 2例. 结论手助腹腔镜内引流术联合癌组织间125I粒子置入术是治疗晚期胰腺癌,使其缓解症状的有效方法,具有创伤小、恢复快、能改善病人生活质量.     

Early experience with laparoscopic pyloromyotomy in a teaching institution.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common pediatric surgical condition. A Ramstedt pyloromyotomy is performed either via laparotomy or laparoscopy. We report our first 25 cases of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at an academic children's hospital. METHODS: From January 2002 through February 2003, we retrospectively reviewed our first 25 laparoscopic pyloromyotomies. All patients had documented hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by ultrasound criteria. Three incisions were made, one 5-mm umbilical port, one 3-mm right upper quadrant port, and a third left upper quadrant working stab incision. A 4-mm, 30 degrees scope was used in all cases. A longitudinal pyloromyotomy was performed using an arthrotomy scalpel. The pylorus was further separated with a laparoscopic Benson spreader. At the completion of the pyloromyotomy, the stomach was insufflated with air to identify any mucosal injury. RESULTS: Age range was 2.3 weeks to 8.4 weeks. Operating time has decreased from 70 minutes to 15 minutes. Two conversions to an open procedure were necessary, both during the first 10 cases. No mucosal perforations or incomplete pyloromyotomies have occurred. Feeds were started within 4 hours and advanced to goal. Time to discharge ranged from 12 hours to 30 hours. One patient developed umbilical cellulitis that was successfully treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is a safe, effective procedure for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in a resident teaching environment. Laparoscopy permits excellent visualization, has comparable postoperative recovery, and superior cosmesis.     

Palliative laparoscopic hepatico- and gastrojejunostomy for advanced pancreatic cancer.

Only 10% to 20% of pancreatic tumors are resectable at the time of diagnosis. Patients with advanced disease have a median survival of 4.9 months. Palliation is often required for biliary or duodenal obstruction, or both, and for pain. Optimal palliation should guarantee the shortest possible hospital stay and as long a survival as possible with a good quality of life. In recent years, treatment options for palliation of biliary and duodenal obstruction due to pancreatic cancer have broadened. Endoscopic and percutaneous biliary stenting have been shown to be successful tools for safe palliation of high-risk patients. Nevertheless, fit patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer benefit from surgery, which allows long-lasting biliary and gastric drainage. While laparoscopic cholecystojejunostomy and gastroenterostomy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have been widely reported, laparoscopic hepatico-jejunostomy has been rarely described. In this article, we describe our technique of laparoscopic hepatico-jejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy. We also discuss current evidence on the indications for these procedures in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.     

腹腔镜胰腺癌根治术的热点与展望

随着微创技术的不断发展,腹腔镜手术已广泛应用于胰腺疾病的手术治疗中。相比于胰腺良性或低度恶性肿瘤,胰腺癌的手术治疗相对复杂,腹腔镜技术在胰腺癌手术治疗中的应用也相对滞后。近年来,腹腔镜技术在胰腺癌中的应用得到了长足的发展,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术(LPD)及腹腔镜胰体尾切除术(LDP)逐步在胰腺癌根治术中开展应用,体现出了腹腔镜技术的微创优势,其安全性及有效性也得到了初步的证实。但目前仍需高质量的相关研究,促进腹腔镜技术在胰腺癌治疗的不断发展、成熟,为更多的胰腺癌患者带来益处。     

达芬奇手术机器人下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术1例报告并文献复习

目的:总结达芬奇手术机器人系统(Da Vinci surgical system,DVSS)治疗慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺体尾部囊肿的治疗方法。方法:回顾分析为1例慢性胰腺炎合并胰腺体尾部囊肿患者行DVSS的临床资料,并结合国内外文献进行总结。结果:患者在DVSS辅助下顺利完成胰腺体尾切除术,术后无并发症发生,患者康复良好。结论:结合文献认为,DVSS治疗慢性胰腺炎、胰体尾良性病变具有手术创伤小、操作方便、手术时间短、术后康复快等优点,临床价值较高。     

Intraoperative ultrasound assessment in management of complex pancreatic pseudocysts

Preoperative imaging studies and operative inspection may provide insufficient information to appropriately manage certain complex pancreatic pseudocysts. Intraoperative ultrasound accurately identifies and localizes peripancreatic fluid collections, cyst wall thickness, parenchymal and ductal anatomy, and relationships to adjacent visceral and vascular structures. Adjunctive use of intraoperative ultrasonography altered the surgical management in the clinical case described herein and is advocated for assessment of problematic pancreatic pseudocysts. Received: 19 June 1996/Accepted: 27 October 1996     

Intraoperative ultrasonography is useful for diagnosing pancreatic duct injury and adjacent tissue damage in a patient with penetrating pancreas trauma

We report a case of pancreatic injury, caused by a stab wound, in which ductal injury and wound depth were clearly identified by intraoperative ultrasonography. A 65-year-old woman was emergently admitted to our hospital after stabbing herself in the abdomen in a suicide attempt. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) and laboratory examination revealed liver and pancreatic injury with massive abdominal bleeding and free air. Operative findings included injuries of the stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, and pancreas. The pancreatic lacerations were 1cm in length, in the body. Intraoperative ultrasonography enabled the diagnosis of a lacerated main pancreatic duct with no damage to the major vessels posterior to the pancreas. Distal pancreatectomy; simple repairs of the liver, small bowel, and stomach; exteriorization of the injured colon; cholecystostomy; gastrostomy; and jejunostomy were performed. The patient recovered and was transferred to a psychiatric hospital 87 days after surgery. In this patient, intraoperative ultrasonography was successfully used to identify the degree of injury to the pancreatic duct, as well as the depth of the stab wound. In conclusion, intraoperative ultrasonography should be routinely performed to detect main pancreatic duct injury in penetrating pancreatic trauma.