超声引导下简易穿刺夹在儿科肾活检中的应用

目的分析超声引导下应用简易穿刺夹肾穿刺活检术在儿科的安全性和诊断价值。方法对52例肾脏病患者,通过简易穿刺夹引导,在超声下进行经皮肾穿刺活检术,术后对其成功率和并发症发生率进行分析。结果49例取得符合病理检查的肾组织,满意率94.23%,3例未取得符合条件肾组织者均在早期开展此手术时出现。术后并发症主要为一过性肉眼血尿,肾周血肿发生率1.92%,未发现其他严重并发症。结论简易穿刺夹使用方便,无菌、安全,并能准确引导进针,成功穿得所需组织,易在基层单位推行。     

1000例肾活检儿童临床与病理分析

目的探讨肾活检儿童的临床、病理特点及两者之间的关系。方法回顾性分析1 000例肾脏病患儿临床与肾脏病理资料。结果 1 000例患儿肾活检取材成功962例,成功率96.2%。患儿术后出现轻度并发症170例,并发症发生率为17%。临床表现与病理大部分符合,但有20例临床与病理诊断不符。结论儿童肾脏病的临床表现轻重与病理改变轻重并不平行,仅凭临床表现进行诊治,有误诊、过度治疗、延误治疗的可能,病理诊断对临床治疗及预后评价具有重要的指导意义。     

高频超声引导下儿童浅表肿块穿刺活检的临床价值

目的探讨高频超声引导下穿刺活检在儿童浅表组织肿块诊断中的应用价值。方法在高频超声引导下对38例小儿浅表软组织肿块进行穿刺活检,取得组织条送病理检查。结果穿刺获取病变组织成功率为100%,无1例并发症。38例患儿通过高频超声引导穿刺活检,均得到明确的病理诊断。结论高频超声引导下对儿童浅表肿块进行穿刺活检是安全、可靠的早期诊断方法,对指导临床手术和治疗有重要的应用价值。     

超声引导下经皮肾活检的安全性、成功率及并发症

目的评价、分析儿童肾活检的安全性、成功率及并发症。方法肾脏病患儿100例在B超引导下经皮穿刺活检,用20g/L利多卡因逐层局部麻醉至肾包膜,不能配合者应用氯硝西泮,镇静后进行。B超定位后,用皮钻或手术刀片于穿刺点皮肤切开0·3～0·5cm切口,在B超监视下将穿刺针逐层进针到达肾脏被膜时,在平静呼吸时嘱患儿屏住呼吸(肾脏位置较高的患儿需深吸气后屏住呼吸),开枪切割,快速拔出穿刺针。术者用手掌压迫穿刺部位10～15min,腹带、沙袋加压包扎。结果99例获得足够肾组织,平均肾小球7～52个[(23.1±12.1)个],满足了光镜、电镜、免疫荧光三镜的需要,并作出完整的病理诊断,1例虽穿刺成功,但全为髓质组织,无肾小球,总成功率99%。其主要并发症:均有疼痛,一过性肉眼血尿3/100例,腰部不适15/100例。无肾周血肿、感染、休克等严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经皮儿童肾活检安全可靠,成功率高,并发症少,其病理诊断对临床治疗及预后评价具有明确的指导意义。     

儿童肾小球疾病肾活检病理类型与临床意义分析

目的 了解儿童肾小球疾病的病理类型分布及其与临床的关系.方法 对2002年6月-2008年6月间行肾活检的216例小儿肾小球疾病的病理资料,结合临床资料和实验室检查进行分析.结果 216例肾小球疾病患儿中男122例,女94例;平均年龄(9.75±3.49)岁.其中原发性肾小球疾病(PGD)172例(79.6%),继发性肾小球疾病(SGD)42例(19.4%),遗传性肾小球疾病2例(0.9%).在PGD中以系膜增生性肾炎(MsPL)为主(占33.7%);在SGD中紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)最多(占76%),狼疮性肾炎(LN)次之(占16.7%).PGD的高发年龄在3～12岁,SGD的高发年龄在7岁以上.各年龄段PGD的发病率均高于SGD.PGD和SGD的性别、民族构成差异无统计学意义.结论 儿童阶段的肾小球疾病仍以原发性为主,病理分型依次为系膜增生性肾炎、微小病变、轻微病变等;在SGD中HSPN占绝大多数.PGD和SGD的高发年龄均在7～12岁.总体构成无性别及族别差异.     

儿童肾活检28年临床与病理分析北大核心CSCD

目的了解肾活检患儿肾脏疾病的临床与病理类型构成特点,并分析其相互关系与变迁。方法回顾性分析1984年1月至2011年8月行肾活检、年龄≤14岁的肾脏病患儿的临床及病理资料,并分1984—1997年和1998—2011年两阶段进行分析和比较。结果 28年中行肾活检的患儿共1 462例,1 313例纳入分析。男824例(62.8%),女489例(37.2%);肾活检时中位年龄9岁4个月。PGD(PGD)921例(70.1%),SGD(SGD)312例(23.8%)。PGD中临床主要为肾病综合征(NS,31.2%)、孤立性血尿(16.1%)、急性肾炎(AGN,11.0%);病理类型以Ig A肾病(Ig AN,27.6%)、微小病变/轻微病变(MCD,24.0%)、系膜增生性肾炎(Ms PGN,16.9%)和Ig M肾病(Ig MN,13.8%)为主。SGD主要为狼疮性肾炎(LN,40.7%)、紫癜性肾炎(HSPN,34.3%)和乙肝相关性肾炎(HBV-GN,19.6%)。28年来PGD构成比呈逐年下降趋势,SGD及其他类型肾脏疾病构成比呈上升趋势。与1984—1997年阶段相比,1998—2011年病理表现为Ig AN、MCD及局灶性节段肾小球硬化比例增加,而Ms PGN、Ig MN及新月体肾炎的构成比减少,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。SGD中HBV-GN比例明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肾活检患儿疾病以PGD为主,最常见的病理类型是Ig AN,最常见的临床表现是NS。28年来,肾活检患儿PGD的比例下降,SGD及其他类型肾脏疾病的比例有所上升。     

B型超声仪监护下的小儿肾活检117例分析

我院自1986年9月～1992年7月在B型超声显像仪监护下对小儿肾脏病患者进行经皮肾穿刺活检共117例,并与1979年11月～1986年8月经静脉肾盂造影(IVP)引导下肾穿刺活检的98例作对照分析比较,现报告如下。 资料与方法 一、临床资料 117例中男61例,女56例。年龄2 1/2～13岁,平均年龄8 1/2岁。其中原发性肾病综合征     

1100例小儿肾活检病理资料分析及临床意义的探讨

我科从 1 982年 6月起 ,对 1 1 0 0例肾小球疾病患儿进行了经皮肾活检术 ,现分析总结如下。资料及方法1 临床资料 :1 1 0 0例患儿均为 1 982年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月期间住院的肾小球疾病患儿 ,其中男 62 3例 ,女 487例 ,年龄最小 4个月 ,最大 1 4岁 ,平均 7 8岁。自发病起至肾活检时的病程最短 5ｄ ,最长 74个月 ,平均 1 2 3个月。临床分型依据 1 981年全国儿科肾脏病科研协作组建议。2 穿刺方法 :1 982年 6月～ 1 985年 7月 ,在Ｘ线电视透视下进行抽吸式经皮肾穿刺活检 ;1 985年 8月～ 1 992年 5月 ,在Ｂ超超声探头引导下 ,使用 1 8号薄…     

单中心儿童肾活检1 579例临床和病理类型分析

目的 了解肾穿刺患儿病理特点及其与临床表现的关系,以及疾病谱变迁。方法 调取华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿科1989至2012年行肾活检病例的临床分类和病理学分型资料,依据年龄（<1、～3、～6、～12和～18岁）和性别分组进行构成比的比较和分析,以2001年为时间节点分为2个阶段分析疾病谱的变化趋势。结果 1 579例肾活检患儿进入分析,平均肾穿刺年龄（9.3±3.2）岁,男女比例1.92∶1。①肾活检患儿中原发性肾小球疾病949例（601%）,继发性肾小球疾病493例（31.2%）,遗传性肾脏疾病130例（8.2%）;原发性肾小球疾病中肾病综合征、单纯血尿、急性肾炎分别占44.8%、26.2%和15.3%;继发性肾小球肾炎中紫癜性肾小球肾炎、HBV相关性肾炎（HBVGN）和狼疮性肾炎（LN）分别占55.4%、22.9%和18.4%;遗传性肾脏疾病中薄基底膜病和Alport综合征分别占50.0%和462%。②949例原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型以轻微病变/微小病变(24.8%)、IgA肾病(21.0%)和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(191%)为主;女性新月体性肾小球肾炎构成比显著高于男性。③肾病综合征构成比随年龄增长呈逐渐减少趋势,单纯血尿构成比在～12岁组最高（31.0%）,急性肾炎和慢性肾炎构成比随年龄增长呈逐渐增加趋势;HBVGN主要分布于～3岁组(71.4%),构成比随年龄增长而呈下降趋势。LN主要见于～18岁组,溶血尿毒综合征主要分布于～3岁和～6岁组。④原发性肾小球疾病主要病理类型：肾病综合征为微小病变/轻微病变(31.1%),急性肾炎为毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎(28.3%),慢性肾炎为硬化性肾炎(59.4%)。⑤2002至2012年肾病综合征、紫癜性肾炎、IgA肾病构成比较1989至2001年显著增高,急性肾炎、 HBVGN构成比显著下降。结论 肾活检患儿肾小球疾病临床和病理类型与年龄、性别有一定相关性,23年间某些肾小球疾病的构成比发生变化。     

17例小儿急性肾功能衰竭肾活检分析

本文报告１７例急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）时肾活检的分析及经验。平均年龄７．５岁。其中９例病因不明ＡＲＦ。病理诊断：新月体肾炎８例，弥漫性内皮细胞增生性肾炎５例，ＨＵＳ肾脏病变２例，急性间质性肾炎及硬化性肾炎各１例。肾活检不仅对病因不明的ＡＲＦ有助于诊断且可纠正术前诊断，指导治疗及判断预后。为了减少肾活检并发症，本文强调严重掌握肾活检的适应证，术前准备及术后监护，纠正合并症等重要性，并进行讨论。     

Sequential fine needle aspiration biopsy in glomerulonephritis

Cellular immune mechanisms have been shown to play a prominent role in glomerulonephritis. Cellular mediators of inflammation cause both acute and progressive glomerular and tubular injury. Understanding the mediation pathways offers the opportunity for therapeutic manipulation. In addition to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes/macrophages, B-cells and T-cells subsets are being enumerated in normal and diseased renal tissues. The correlation between immunological findings in peripheral blood and infiltrate composition in renal tissue, by using weekly Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB), for assessing the clinical status and monitoring the immunosuppressive therapy was the aim of this study. When determining the intensity of inflammation the numerical values of the Total Corrected Increment (T.C.I.) were defined as follows: less than 1.5 no inflammation; from 1.5 to 2.0 inflammation possible; greater than 2.0 inflammation. The ratio between OKT4 and OKT8 was used as the index: greater than 2.0 immunologic activation; greater than 2.0 no immunologic activation. When the T.C.I. was greater than 1.5 and the OKT4/OKT8 less than 2.0, or the T.C.I. less than 1.5 and the OKT4/OKT8 greater than 2.0 we used only a standard treatment. When both activation indexes were in the normal range we have not treated the patients. When the T.C.I. was greater than 1.5 and the OKT4/OKT8 was greater than 2.0 we treated the patients with standard treatment plus methylprednisolone pulses every time the activation indexes monitored by FNAB, showed an increase. A spontaneous improvement was obtained in untreated patients. The patients treated by standard therapy alone showed a different outcome. All patients treated with standard therapy plus methyl-prednisolone pulses showed a progressive clinical improvement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

甲状腺细针吸取细胞学检查对儿童甲状腺疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨细针吸取细胞学检查对儿童甲状腺疾病诊断的价值。方法甲状腺肿大患儿１６例，男２例，女１４例，用细针吸取甲状腺组织，放在玻片上经特殊染色后，于光学显微镜下观察细胞形态学的改变。结果１６例患儿共行２０次穿刺，１９次为一次穿刺成功。于光学显微镜下直接作出细胞组织学的诊断。２０次穿刺均无不良反应。结论细针吸取细胞学检查的方法同样可应用于儿童甲状腺疾病的诊断，而且这种方法操作简便，安全。     

细针穿刺细胞学检查对小儿甲状腺疾病的诊断价值

自1992年7月至2001年12月对262例小儿甲状腺肿大性疾病进行了非抽吸穿刺细胞学检查,其中资料完整的124例,现总结如下。     

Percutaneous fine needle biopsy in pediatrics

We performed 25 percutaneous fine needle biopsies (PFNB) on pediatric patients during a 3-year period. Of 17 patients with proven malignancies, PFNB was true positive in 16 and false negative in one. In nine patients with benign or inflammatory disorders, there were three true positives and six false negatives. There were no complications either from PFNB or larger caliber core biopsies, which were also performed in selected cases. All procedures were performed with ultrasound and/or fluoroscopic guidance. General anesthesia was not required, except in cases where PFNB was performed together with a surgical procedure. PFNB is as accurate and safe in pediatric patients as in adults. It should be considered prior to any open surgical procedure performed for biopsy alone.     

甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查对桥本甲状腺炎的诊断价值

目的　探讨甲状腺非抽吸细针穿刺细胞学 (FNAB)检查对儿童慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎 (HT)诊断价值。方法　对 16 9例弥散性甲状腺肿儿童进行FNAB检查、甲状腺自身抗体测定 ,分别行FNAB诊断和临床诊断 ,并进行随访。结果　 16 9例中 76例诊断为儿童HT ;FNAB初诊准确率 98.6 8% (75 /76 ) ,明显高于临床初诊准确率 80 .2 6 % (6 1/76 ) (P <0 .0 1) ;HT 76例FNAB细胞学表现可分为 3种类型 :以淋巴细胞为主型最多(37/76 ) ,以嗜酸性变型最典型 ,上皮破坏型少见。结论　FNAB检查对诊断儿童HT和细胞学分型有较好的实用价值     

Clinical utility of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma

Eleven fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies were performed in five children with neuroblastoma, including one patient with peripheral neuroectodermal tumor of the thoracopulmonary region (Askin tumor). Cytologic features in conjunction with immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy on the aspirated material enabled us to make a primary diagnosis in four of the five patients and diagnose local recurrence and metastatic disease in three patients. There were no false-positive or false-negative cytologic diagnoses; therefore, diagnostic accuracy was 100%. FNA is an extremely useful technique for the primary diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma and excludes other small cell malignancies of children. The results of this study and literature review demonstrate that FNA cytology coupled with ancillary techniques of immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy is a rapid, safe, minimally invasive procedure which can aid in the diagnosis and management of patients with neuroblastoma without resorting to more aggressive diagnostic procedures in selective cases.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules

BACKGROUND—Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is a routine diagnostic technique for evaluating thyroid nodules. Many reports in adults consider that FNA is superior to thyroid ultrasonography (USG) and radionuclide scanning (RS). Only five studies have been published on FNA of childhood thyroid nodules.
AIMS—To investigate the reliability of FNA in the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules, and compare the results of FNA, USG, and RS with regard to final histopathological diagnosis.
METHODS—FNA was performed in 46 children with thyroid nodules after USG and RS examination. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of USG, RS, and FNA in their management.
RESULTS—Six patients who had malignant or suspicious cells on FNA examination underwent immediate surgery. The other 40 patients received medical treatment according to their hormonal status. Fifteen of these nodules either disappeared or decreased in number and/or size. Surgery was performed in 25 patients who did not respond to therapy. Statistical analysis revealed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values respectively as follows: 60%, 59%, 59%, 15%, and 92% for USG; 30%, 42%, 39%, 12%, and 68% for SC; 100%, 95%, 95%, 67%, and 100% for FNAB.
CONCLUSION—FNAB is as reliable in children as in adults for definitive diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Using this technique avoids unnecessary thyroid surgery in children.