碱性成纤维细胞生长因子等体外诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的 成人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSCs)体外定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞。方法 采用Percoll分离液离心分离hMSCs，体外扩增，分别采用含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)等无血清DMEM诱导hMSCs分化为神经元。免疫组化鉴定神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经丝蛋白(NF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)。结果 hMSCs在体外扩增传至5代后，流式细胞仪显示99．5％，97．8％，98．8％hMSCs表面抗原CD29、CD44、CD90表达阳性。接种到12孔板，3d后加入bFGF和2-ME联合或2-ME单种诱导剂诱导后，hMSCs胞体收缩，突起伸出；免疫组化显示诱导出的神经元样细胞NSE、NF表达阳性，GFAP阴性。结论 成人骨髓间干细胞在体外可以分化为神经元样细胞。     

成鼠骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元的体外研究

目的 :通过一定的培养条件 ,使骨髓基质细胞 (BMSC)分化为神经元和胶质细胞。方法 :以含有 EGF、b FGF的培养液培养 BMSC,经传代、换液去除杂质细胞 ,撤掉 EGF、 b FGF并加胶质细胞条件培养液及 BDNF,待细胞分化后进行形态学观察及 NSE、 GFAP染色。结果 :撤掉 EGF、 b FGF并加 BDNF,胶质细胞条件培养液后 2天可见分化细胞 ,NSE阳性细胞占细胞总数的 38.47± 3.2 7% ,GFAP阳性细胞占细胞总数的 5 0 .73± 3.2 6 % ,GFAP阳性细胞占细胞总数的 5 0 .73± 4.6 5 %。结论 :本实验通过 EGF、 b FGF及适宜的培养液成功对骨髓基质细胞进行定向 ,使其转化为神经干细胞并最终诱导其分化为神经元和胶质细胞     

成人骨髓基质细胞体外诱导成神经细胞实验研究

目的探讨骨髓基质细胞的体外培养、扩增及诱导其向神经元样细胞定向分化的方法。方法采用改进的全骨髓培养法,培养来源于正常成人献髓者的骨髓基质细胞。传至第5代,用全反式维甲酸(RA)等细胞因子诱导分化,于诱导后第7d和第14d行神经元细胞特异性抗原神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)、神经丝蛋白(β-tublin)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)鉴定,计数诱导前后的细胞。结果成人骨髓基质细胞经RA 碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF) 脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)诱导后可见神经元样细胞出现,经NSE、MAP-2及β-tublin免疫组化和荧光鉴定阳性,NSE表达率达到48.5%±0.2%。结论骨髓基质细胞在体外扩增迅速,纯化需时短,并可在全反式维甲酸等细胞因子诱导下向神经元样细胞分化。     

单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂诱导成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞成为神经前体细胞及其分化作用的研究

目的 探讨单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂(GMI)在诱导成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)成为神经前体细胞及其分化中的作用。方法 取成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞,分别以碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、GMI和bFGF+GM1作为诱导物诱导,3 d后行纤维连接蛋白(fibronectin)、I型胶原(collagen I)免疫细胞化学及巢蛋白(Nestin)免疫荧光染色,7 d后行神经元特异烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及半乳糖脑苷脂(GalC)免疫细胞化学染色。结果 经bFGF或bFGF+GM1诱导后部分骨髓基质细胞转化为神经前体细胞样细胞,继而分化为神经元和星形胶质细胞样细胞,fibronectin、collagen I染色阳性细胞明显减少,Nestin、NSE和GFAP染色阳性细胞比例明显升高(分别为35.22％±4.27％,22.28％±2.97％和26.65％±3.17％),以bFGF+GMI组更为明显(42.17％±3.65％、30.35％±3.51％和32.22％±2.68％),而单独应用GM1无明显作用。结论 联合应用bFGF与GM1后,GM1可增强bFGF的诱导作用,提高MSCs转化,并促进其向神经元及星形胶质细胞样细胞分化。     

脑源性神经营养因子诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞成为神经干细胞及其分化作用的实验研究

目的探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)成为神经干细胞及其分化作用。方法取成年大鼠BMSCs,分别以BDNF和BDNF+RA(维甲酸)作为诱导物诱导,于诱导3d、7d后行巢蛋白(Nestin)、神经元特异烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫细胞化学染色。结果诱导3天后BDNF和BDNF+RA诱导组均有大量Nestin染色阳性细胞,BDNF+RA组阳性率高于BDNF组(P<0.01)。NSE、GFAP免疫阳性细胞在诱导3d后也有少量表达。诱导7天后BDNF和BDNF+RA诱导组Nestin阳性细胞明显减少,与诱导3天后比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),而NSE、GFAP阳性细胞数增多,与诱导3天后相比差异有显著性(P<0.01),且BDNF+RA组阳性率高于BDNF组(P<0.01)。结论联合应用BDNF与RA可提高BMSCs神经转化,并促进其向神经元及星形胶质细胞细胞分化。     

碱性成纤维生长因子等诱导间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

目的　体外定向诱导成人骨髓间质干细胞 (MSC)分化为神经元样细胞。方法　采用Ficoll Paque液 (10 77g/L)离心分离成人MSC ,体外扩增 ,分别采用含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)和叔丁对甲氧酚 (BHA)或硫代甘油等试剂的无血清DMEM诱导MSC分化为神经元。免疫组化鉴定神经元烯醇化酶 (NSE)、神经丝蛋白 (NF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)、巢蛋白 (nestin)的表达。结果　成人骨髓间质干细胞在体外扩增原代可获得 5× 10 5,10代可获得 2× 10 10 个细胞。加入bFGF和BHA等诱导剂或硫代甘油诱导后 ,MSC胞体收缩 ,突起伸出 ;免疫组化显示诱导出的神经元样细胞NSE、NF、nestin表达阳性 ,GFAP阴性。结论　成人骨髓间质干细胞在体外可以分化为神经元样细胞。     

细胞密度与骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

景：细胞种植密度是影响干细胞分化的因素之一,对于细胞种植密度在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化过程中的作用尚缺乏深入研究。 目的：观察细胞种植密度对骨髓间充质干细胞诱导向神经元样细胞分化的影响。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第4代后将其按2×102,2×103,4×103,8×103,2×104,4×104/cm2种植于六孔板,每组均加入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子+表皮生长因子+维甲酸诱导向神经元样细胞分化,并通过免疫组织化学染色鉴定,计算每组细胞出现神经元样细胞的比例,比较各组的分化率。 结果与结论：各组骨髓间充质干细胞加入诱导剂后均出现神经元样细胞,Nestin、NSE、GFAP细胞化学染色呈阳性。不同种植密度组出现神经元样细胞比例不同,以8×103/cm2组神经元样细胞比例最高,且神经元样存活时间最长,达7 d。结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化与细胞接种密度有关,过高或过低细胞密度均不利分化。     

参芪液对成人骨髓问质干细胞的诱导分化作用

目的探讨参芪液体外对成人骨髓间质干细胞(MSC)定向诱导分化为神经元的作用.方法从成人肋骨分离MSC,体外培养扩增,并传代至第5代.含10 mg/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的培养液预诱导24h,再用含不同浓度参芪液的无血清DMEM诱导MSC分化为神经元.免疫组化鉴定神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经丝蛋白(NF)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达.结果成人骨髓间质干细胞在体外扩增5代后,加入参芪液诱导,可见MJSC胞体收缩,突起伸出.免疫组化显示诱导出的神经元样细胞NSE、NF阳性,GFAP阴性.神经分化的定量分析显示NSE、NF阳性细胞分别为(79.5±2.5)%和(76.5±2.3)%.结论参芪液在体外可以诱导成人骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞.     

大鼠骨髓间质干细胞用中药绞股蓝诱导为神经细胞的研究

目的　体外诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞 (rMSC)分化为神经细胞。方法　用SD大鼠股骨骨髓细胞体外培养。用绞股蓝总甙加入无血清L DMEM诱导MSC分化为神经细胞。免疫细胞化学鉴定有神经元烯醇化酶 (NSE)、神经干细胞标志物巢蛋白 (nestin)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)的表达。结果　大鼠骨髓间质干细胞在体外扩增 5～ 2 2代 ,对照组不加任何诱导剂 ,MSC可分化为神经样细胞 (5 3 1%± 4 3% )。加入绞股蓝诱导剂诱导 1～ 5h ,MSC形态转变为典型的神经样细胞(90 0 %± 4 6 % )。免疫细胞化学染色显示诱导出的神经样细胞 ,NSE、nestin、GFAP表达阳性。继续培养 12～ 19d ,5d后对照组所有细胞逐渐死亡。绞股蓝组持续诱导 12～ 19d后神经样细胞形态完好 ,大部分细胞变为圆形并聚集成团 ,NSE、nestin、GFAP表达阳性。如果换回正常培养液 ,神经样细胞可逆转回MSC并传代。结论　骨髓本身可能存在神经干细胞。大鼠骨髓间质干细胞用中成药绞股蓝诱导可分化为多种形态的神经样细胞。     

骨髓基质细胞源性神经干细胞体外分化及电生理特性的研究

目的探索骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)诱导分化为神经干细胞(NSCs),比较血清、维甲酸(RA)、胶质细胞源神经营养因子(GDNF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及2-巯基乙醇(2-ME)等不同浓度诱导条件下BMSCs分化情况,以及分化细胞的电生理特性。方法以恒河猴骨髓中分离出的BMSCs为实验对象,利用神经干细胞培养基和RA、GDNF、BDNF、2-ME等生长因子在不同血清浓度下进行培养增殖和诱导分化。Nestin、CD133抗体免疫细胞化学染色鉴定NSCs,NSE、β-tublin鉴定神经元、GFAP鉴定神经胶质细胞。膜片钳检测细胞的电生理特性。结果低浓度血清(2.5%)+RA(0.3mg/L)+GDNF(20μg/L)诱导分化效果较好,且分化的神经元样细胞较未分化细胞的膜特性[静息膜电位(RMP)、膜电容(Cm)、串联电阻值(Rs)]有了显著改变(P﹤0.01)。部分形态成熟的神经元样细胞表现出TTX敏感的快速激活、快速失活的电压依赖性的Na+通道,而未分化细胞却未记录到内向电流;两类细胞均可记录到外向的K+电流,但神经元样细胞的电流峰值强度要显著高于未分化细胞,并且包括两种电流成分:瞬时外向K+电流和延迟整流型的K+电流。结论RA+GDNF及配合使用低浓度血清能够有效诱导骨髓源神经干细胞向成熟神经系细胞分化,且分化的神经元样细胞具有快速激活、快速失活的电压依赖性Na+通道,类似神经细胞的电生理特性。     

神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞☆

所有的肿瘤组织并不是由均一的肿瘤细胞所组成的,不同的细胞具有不同的增殖、浸润和转移能力,亦即肿瘤的异质性。其中存在少数担当着干细胞角色的肿瘤细胞,具有干细胞的基本特性,包括自我更新能力、无限的增殖能力和多向分化潜能,为肿瘤干细胞。神经干细胞具有很强的自我更新机制,获得较少突变即有可能恶性转化,而且干细胞存活时间较长,这意味着干细胞比成熟细胞发生细胞复制的错误几率更大,因外界环境的刺激而发生突变的机会更多,最终形成脑胶质瘤干细胞,同时调节神经干细胞增殖和自我更新的基因在脑胶质瘤的脑胶质瘤干细胞中也表达,这也是支持神经干细胞是脑胶质瘤干细胞来源的;也有推测认为它可能起源于已分化的细胞,由这些细胞突变发生去分化得来,并通过基因突变而获得了干细胞自我更新的特性,从而形成脑胶质瘤干细胞。通过探讨神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞,为脑胶质瘤的治疗提供依据。     

Quite amusing stem cells:Muse cells

<正>Stem cells may be the future of therapeutics for stroke due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities.Major barriers faced when employing stem cells,however,include faulty migration,low cell survival,and diminished proliferation.M ultilineage-differentiating stress ensuring (Muse) cells,a subset of mesenchymal stem cells,overcome these barriers.Muse cells aid in neuroregeneration,have immense regenerative potential,and are pluripotent,non-tumorigenic,and immunomodulatory.I...     

神经干细胞诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化

目的：研究骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化的条件。方法：神经十细胞诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化，免疫细胞化学方法对分化的和未分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果：神经于细胞可诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化，分化的细胞表达神经元的标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)。结论：骨髓组织中存在能分化为神经元的于细胞，可能成为中枢神经系统自体移植的于细胞的来源。     

Oligodendroglioma-like cells (clear cells) in ependymoma

A brain tumor of a 22-year-old man was composed mostly of round cells with perinuclear halos (clear cells), forming clusters intersected by small blood vessels. In some areas, the tumor cells showed perivascular arrangement and epithelial pattern. Phosphotungstic-acid hematoxylin stain and immunoperoxidase stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) technique failed to stain the clear cells. Electron microscopy of the clear cells revealed them to be classical ependymoma cells with well developed intercellular junctions, microvilli and cilia. As no reporters in the past showed the evidence to clarify the nature of the clear cells, this case is considered a good example to support the viewpoint that the clear cells (oligodendroglioma-like cells) commonly observed in ependymomas are in reality ependymoma cells. It is stressed that the diagnosis of "mixed glioma" or "oligoependymoma" should be made with sufficient caution despite the recent advances of GFAP technique.     

Transplanted human bone marrow cells generate new brain cells

Multiple studies have reported that adult cells of bone marrow origin can differentiate into muscle, skin, liver, lung, epithelial cells, and neurons. To determine whether such cells might produce neurons and other cells in the human brain, we examined paraffin sections from female patients who had received bone marrow transplants from male donors. Y-chromosomes were labeled using autoradiography and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Neurons and astrocytes were identified histologically and immunohistochemically in neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. However, most labeled cells in both gray and white matter appeared to be glia. Others have suggested that such Y-labeling represents fusion between host and donor cells, rather than true transdifferentiation. The possibilities of fusion and microchimerism were therefore examined using buccal epithelial cells as a model system. The female patients in this study had received either bone marrow or stem cell (CD34+ enriched) transplants from their brothers. Double labeling for X- and Y-chromosomes showed that Y-labeled buccal cells could not be explained by fusion. Genotyping studies of one patient, her brother, and her son ruled out the possibility of microchimerism. Whether, and under what circumstances, some form of bone marrow transplantation might provide adequate number of cells capable of replacing lost brain cells or enhancing their function will require additional studies.     

Differentiation of radial glia-like cells from embryonic stem cells

Radial glial cells play important roles in neural development. They provide support and guidance for neuronal migration and give rise to neurons and glia. In vitro, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes can be generated from neural and embryonic stem cells, but the generation of radial glial cells from these stem cells has not yet been reported. Since the differentiation of radial glial cells is indispensable during brain development, we hypothesize that stem cells also generate radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we utilized five different clones of mouse embryonic (ES) and embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell lines to investigate the differentiation of radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that radial glia-like cells can be generated from ES/EC cell lines. These ES/EC cell-derived radial glia-like cells are similar in morphology to radial glial cells in vivo, i.e., they are bipolar with an unbranched long process and a short process. They also express several cytoskeletal markers, such as nestin, RC2, and/or GFAP, that are characteristics of radial glial cells in vivo. The processes of these in vitro generated radial glia-like cells are organized into parallel arrays that resemble the radial glial scaffolds in neocortical development. Since radial glia-like cells were observed in all five clones of ES/EC cells tested, we suggest that the differentiation of radial glial cells may be a common pathway during in vitro neural differentiation of ES cells. This novel in vitro model system should facilitate the investigation of regulation of radial glial cell differentiation and its biological function.     

The tropism of embryoid body cells for glioma cells

It has been demonstrated that several types of adult stem cells have a common attribute of tropism for gliomas. In our study, we provided evidence that embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid body (EB) cells also exhibited a tropism for gliomas. Chemotaxis assays and organotypic hippocampal slice culture experiments showed that EB cells were attracted by the conditioned medium from C6 glioma cells and by C6 glioma cells deposited on the slice. Aggregate culture assays showed that EB cells could coaggregate with C6 glioma cells. Embryoid body cells injected intratumorally were found to distribute throughout the tumor mass. All data indicated that EB cells displayed a tropism for gliomas.